Reduced resource optimization in male alcoholics: N400 in a lexical decision paradigm.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Roopesh, Bangalore N; Rangaswamy, Madhavi; Kamarajan, Chella; Chorlian, David B; Pandey, Ashwini K; Porjesz, Bernice
Year: 2010
Journal: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research
PMID: 20659074
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01279.x
PMCID: PMC3601919

BACKGROUND: Event Related Potential (ERP) studies have highlighted some measures, notably P3 amplitude, that are associated with both state and trait deficits in alcoholism, while studies examining N400 amplitude in alcoholism are few. The present study aims to examine differences in the N400 component, an electrophysiological correlate of semantic priming, in event-related potentials from a lexical decision task in 87 alcohol dependent subjects and 57 community controls. METHODS: Each subject was presented with 300 stimuli sequentially in a quasi-randomized design, where 150 stimuli were words and 150 were non-words. The subjects made a lexical decision indicating the word/non-word status with a button press. Among the words, 50 words (primed) were always preceded by their antonyms (prime, n=50), whereas the remaining 50 words were unrelated. N400 amplitude and latency measures were compiled from ERPs to the primed and unprimed words. Corresponding reaction time (RT) and response characteristics were also analyzed. RESULTS: Control subjects revealed a significant attenuation of the N400 response to the primed word when compared to the unprimed word. Significantly less attenuation was observed in alcohol dependent subjects. No significant group differences were seen for latency and behavioral measures. All subjects had slower RT for unprimed words compared to primed words; however significantly less RT savings between the unprimed and primed condition was noted for alcoholics. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a reduced flexibility in the cognitive networks and a lack of resource optimization in alcoholics. The reduced attenuation of N400 during the primed condition in the alcohol dependent subjects may reflect an inability to engage similar neuronal substrates associated with semantic relatedness as seen in the controls. As diminished N400 attenuation during priming is observed in both alcoholics and high risk subjects, it may be a marker of risk and a good endophenotype for alcoholism.

#	Section	Preview
0	1. INTRODUCTION	Cognitive deficits in alcohol dependent subjects have been described extensively, and can vary from…
1	1. INTRODUCTION	al., 1998; Rodriguez Holguin et al., 1999a; Rodriguez Holguin et al., 1999b; Zhang et al., 2001). In…
2	1. INTRODUCTION	In contrast, not many studies have examined semantic processing substrates in the context of alcohol…
3	1. INTRODUCTION	N400 can be elicited from different experimental paradigms. One such paradigm is the lexical…
4	1. INTRODUCTION	There are several proposed theories regarding the N400 in a priming paradigm and the most favored…
5	1. INTRODUCTION	long as 2000 ms (Deacon et al., 1999). In general, research evidence suggests that the N400 in…
6	1. INTRODUCTION	Studies have shown that the distribution of N400 is different for different types of auditory…
7	1. INTRODUCTION	There is a dearth of studies exploring N400 in alcoholism and few studies have examined priming and…
8	1. INTRODUCTION	and one study reported increased latency in adult alcoholics. These studies have not clarified if…
9	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.1. Subjects	Eighty-seven male alcohol dependent subjects with an age range of 19 - 47 years (Mean = 30.12, SD =…
10	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.1. Subjects	All the subjects were right handed and had at least a minimum of ten years of education. In the…
11	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.2. Data recording	Subjects were seated on a comfortable chair in a sound-attenuated, temperature-regulated, and dimly…
12	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.2. Data recording	beginning 187 ms prior to and continuing for 1413 ms after the stimulus onset. Artifact rejection…
13	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.3. Lexical Decision Task	Semantic priming in the current study was investigated using a lexical decision task that required…
14	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.3. Lexical Decision Task	word of the antonym pair as ‘Primed’. Thus, in total there were 50 Prime and 50 Primed words.…
15	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.3. Lexical Decision Task	Word length was the same for primed and unprimed conditions and averaged 4.5 letters. Non-word…
16	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.3. Lexical Decision Task	Averaged waveforms for the primed (words) and unprimed stimuli (words) for each subject were used to…
17	2. METHODS AND MATERIALS — 2.4. Statistical analysis	Data were analyzed using SPSS version 12.0. Of the 32 channels, data from fifteen electrodes were…
18	3. RESULTS — 3.1. Demographic, clinical and Performance variables	Both groups showed no significant difference with respect to age of the subjects (t = -0.755, p =…
19	3. RESULTS — 3.2. Amplitude Measure	The mean N400 amplitudes at frontal, temporo-central and parietal regions in primed and unprimed…

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