Event-related potential indices of semantic priming using masked and unmasked words: evidence that the N400 does not reflect a post-lexical process.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
Several authors have contended that the N400 is a reflection of a post-lexical event such as that proposed by Neely and Keefe [J.H. Neely, D.E. Keefe, Semantic context effects on visual word processing: a hybrid prospective/retrospective processing theory, in: G.H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. 23, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 207-248.], whereby the subject compares the word on the current trial to the "context" provided by the word on the preceding trial [M. Besson, M. Kutas, The many facets of repetition: A cued-recall and event-related potential analysis of repeating words in same versus different sentence contexts, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19 (5) (1993), 1115-1133; C. Brown, P. Hagoort, The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(1) (1993), 34-44; P.J. Holcomb, Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for the role of the N400 in language processing, Psychophysiology 30 (1993), 47-61; M.D. Rugg, M.C. Doyle, Event-related potentials and stimulus repetition in indirect and direct tests of memory, in: H. Heinze, T. Munte, G.R. Mangun (Eds), Cognitive Electrophysiology, Birkhauser Boston, Cambridge, MA, 1994]. A study which used masked primes to directly test this possibility has been reported by Brown and Hagoort [C. Brown, P. Hagoort, The processing nature of the N400: evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(1) (1993), 34-44]. When the primes were masked, no priming effect was observed on the N400. When behavioral data were collected in the same paradigm, from another group of subjects, the usual priming effect on RT was obtained. Considered together, the data from the two groups of subjects indicated that activation of semantic representations had occurred without conscious awareness. As no N400 priming effect was observed, it was suggested that N400 must reflect a post-lexical process. This interpretation, however, is at odds with the findings of other studies which have reported N400 priming effects under conditions where post-lexical processes would not be thought to operate[J. Anderson, P. Holcomb, Auditory and visual semantic priming using different stimulus onset asynchronies: an event-related brain potential study. Psychophysiology 32 (1995), 177-190; J. Boddy, Event-related potentials in chronometric analysis of primed word recognition with different stimulus onset asynchronies, Psychophysiology 23 (1986), 232-245; D. Deacon, T. Uhm, W. Ritter, S. Hewitt, The lifetime of automatic priming effects may exceed two seconds, Cognitive Brain Research 7 (1999), 465-472; P.J. Holcomb, Automatic and attentional process: an event-related brain potential analysis of semantic priming. Brain and Language 35 (1998) 66-85]. The present study replicated Brown and Hagoort using a repeated measures design, a shorter SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony), and a slightly different threshold setting procedure. Significant priming effects were obtained on the mean amplitude of the N400 regardless of whether the words were masked or unmasked. The findings imply that the processing subserving the N400 is not postlexical, since the N400 was manipulated without the subjects being aware of the identity of the words.
No figures extracted from this document.
No chunks β full text not yet ingested.
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
No citations found.
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual Differences in Statistical Learning and Semantic Adaptation: An N400 Study. | Munding M et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| The N400 component reflecting semantic and repetition priming of visual scenes is suppressed during the attentional blink. | Guida C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| No electrophysiological evidence for semantic processing during inattentional blindness. | Hutchinson BT et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| No Electrophysiological Evidence for Semantic Processing During Inattentional Blindness | Hutchinson BT et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Examining the context benefit in older adults: A combined behavioral-electrophysiologic word identification study. | Bieber RE et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Neuroscientific Evidence for Processing Without Awareness. | Mudrik L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Task cue influences on lexical decision performance and masked semantic priming effects: The role of cue-task compatibility. | Berger A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| The impact of learning new meaning on the previously learned meaning of L2 ambiguous words: The role of semantic similarity. | Zhang Y et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Ultra-rapid and automatic interplay between L1 and L2 semantics in late bilinguals: EEG evidence. | BermΓΊdez-Margaretto B et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| First Language Attrition: What It Is, What It Isn't, and What It Can Be. | Gallo F et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity Modulate Electrophysiological Correlates of Semantic Negative Priming From Single Words. | MegΓas M et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Influence of Auditory Attention on Rhythmic Speech Tracking: Implications for Studies of Unresponsive Patients. | Sokoliuk R et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Lexical access versus lexical decision processes for auditory, visual, and audiovisual items: Insights from behavioral and neural measures. | LΓ³pez Zunini RA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Attentional modulation of masked semantic priming by visible and masked task cues. | Kiefer M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cognitive control over unconscious cognition: flexibility and generalizability of task set influences on subsequent masked semantic priming. | Kiefer M | β | 2019 | β |
| Electrophysiological correlates of masked repetition and conceptual priming for visual objects. | Li B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus' Role in Visual Processing and Language Comprehension: A Combined MEG-DTI Study. | Shin J et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Measuring brand association strength with EEG: A single-trial N400 ERP study. | Camarrone F et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| No language unification without neural feedback: How awareness affects sentence processing. | Mongelli V et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Novel Word Learning: Event-Related Brain Potentials Reflect Pure Lexical and Task-Related Effects. | BermΓΊdez-Margaretto B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The time course of semantic and relational processing during verbal analogical reasoning. | Kmiecik MJ et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Electrophysiological study of action-affordance priming between object names. | Feven-Parsons IM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Exploring the Organization of Semantic Memory through Unsupervised Analysis of Event-related Potentials. | van Vliet M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| N400 amplitude does not recover from disappearance after repetitions despite reinitiated semantic integration difficulty. | Huang Y et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Subliminal Priming-State of the Art and Future Perspectives. | Elgendi M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| A Neurophysiological Study of Semantic Processing in Parkinson's Disease. | Angwin AJ et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Automaticity of phonological and semantic processing during visual word recognition. | Pattamadilok C et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Differential Processing for Actively Ignored Pictures and Words. | Walker M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Electrophysiological signals associated with fluency of different levels of processing reveal multiple contributions to recognition memory. | Li B et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Native vs. second language discrimination in the modulation of the N400/N400m. | Anurova I et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Opposite ERP effects for conscious and unconscious semantic processing under continuous flash suppression. | Yang YH et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The onset and time course of semantic priming during rapid recognition of visual words. | Hoedemaker RS et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The priming of priming: Evidence that the N400 reflects context-dependent post-retrieval word integration in working memory. | Steinhauer K et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Does Temporal Integration Occur for Unrecognizable Words in Visual Crowding? | Zhou J et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Grammatical markers switch roles and elicit different electrophysiological responses under shallow and deep semantic requirements. | Soshi T et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Masked repetition priming hinders subsequent recollection but not familiarity: A behavioral and event-related potential study. | Li B et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Personal semantics: Is it distinct from episodic and semantic memory? An electrophysiological study of memory for autobiographical facts and repeated events in honor of Shlomo Bentin. | Renoult L et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Sentence Context Prevails Over Word Association in Aphasia Patients with Spared Comprehension: Evidence from N400 Event-Related Potential. | Khachatryan E et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Shape Representation of Word Was Automatically Activated in the Encoding Phase. | Zeng T et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The semantic origin of unconscious priming: Behavioral and event-related potential evidence during category congruency priming from strongly and weakly related masked words. | Ortells JJ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Visual naming deficits in dyslexia: An ERP investigation of different processing domains. | AraΓΊjo S et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Abnormal interactions between context, memory structure, and mood in schizophrenia: an ERP investigation. | Pinheiro AP et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| A saw is first identified as an object used on wood: ERP evidence for temporal differences between Thematic and Functional similarity relations. | Wamain Y et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Conceptual fluency increases recollection: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. | Wang W et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Neural Patterns of the Implicit Association Test. | Healy GF et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Psychophysical "blinding" methods reveal a functional hierarchy of unconscious visual processing. | Breitmeyer BG | β | 2015 | β |
| Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously? | van Gaal S et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Effects of context on implicit and explicit lexical knowledge: an event-related potential study. | Choi S et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| From literal meaning to veracity in two hundred milliseconds. | Martin CD et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Immediate auditory repetition of words and nonwords: an ERP study of lexical and sublexical processing. | Cheng X et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Processing visual words with numbers: electrophysiological evidence for semantic activation. | Lien MC et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Two-character Chinese compound word processing in Chinese children with and without dyslexia: ERP evidence. | Tong X et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| An ERP study of passive creative conceptual expansion using a modified alternate uses task. | KrΓΆger S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Automatic semantic facilitation in anterior temporal cortex revealed through multimodal neuroimaging. | Lau EF et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Correlation between prime duration and semantic priming effect: evidence from N400 effect. | Liu B et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Electrophysiological evidence for the action of a center-surround mechanism on semantic processing in the left hemisphere. | Deacon D et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Getting it right: word learning across the hemispheres. | Borovsky A et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Interactions between mood and the structure of semantic memory: event-related potentials evidence. | Pinheiro AP et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| No semantic illusions in the "Semantic P600" phenomenon: ERP evidence from Mandarin Chinese. | Chow WY et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The building blocks of social communication. | Niznikiewicz MA | β | 2013 | β |
| Electrophysiological correlates of object-repetition effects: sLORETA imaging with 64-channel EEG and individual MRI. | Kim MS et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Event-related potential evidence for two functionally dissociable sources of semantic effects in the attentional blink. | Peressotti F et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Evidence for a deficit in orthographic structure processing in Chinese developmental dyslexia: an event-related potential study. | Chung KK et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Exploring semantic and phonological picture-word priming in adults who stutter using event-related potentials. | Maxfield ND et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Olfactory ERPs in an odor/visual congruency task differentiate ApoE Ξ΅4 carriers from non-carriers. | Kowalewski J et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Once is Enough: N400 Indexes Semantic Integration of Novel Word Meanings from a Single Exposure in Context. | Borovsky A et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| On the automaticity of semantic processing during task switching. | Vachon F et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: event-related potentials during sentence reading. | Dambacher M et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Testing the attentional boundary conditions of subliminal semantic priming: the influence of semantic and phonological task sets. | Adams SC et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The N400 and Late Positive Complex (LPC) Effects Reflect Controlled Rather than Automatic Mechanisms of Sentence Processing. | Daltrozzo J et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The temporal dynamics of inflected word recognition: a masked ERP priming study of French verbs. | Royle P et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Unconscious high-level information processing: implication for neurobiological theories of consciousness. | van Gaal S et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Accessing semantic person knowledge: temporal dynamics of nonstrategic categorical and associative priming. | Wiese H et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| An integrated neural model of semantic memory, lexical retrieval and category formation, based on a distributed feature representation. | Ursino M et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Differential age effects on lexical ambiguity resolution mechanisms. | Lee CL et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| ERP signatures of cross-modal semantic fragment priming: early context effects in speech perception. | Scharinger M et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Implicit and explicit mechanisms of word learning in a narrative context: an event-related potential study. | Batterink L et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Neural correlates of foreign-language learning in childhood: a 3-year longitudinal ERP study. | Ojima S et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Semantic analysis does not occur in the absence of awareness induced by interocular suppression. | Kang MS et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Semantic processing in children and adults: incongruity and the N400. | Benau EM et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The acceleration of spoken-word processing in children's native-language acquisition: an ERP cohort study. | Ojima S et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Automatic and controlled aspects of lexical associative processing in the two cerebral hemispheres. | Kandhadai P et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Contextual influences of emotional speech prosody on face processing: how much is enough? | Paulmann S et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Electrophysiological correlates of the masked translation priming effect with highly proficient simultaneous bilinguals. | DuΓ±abeitia JA et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Event-related potentials reveal the effects of aging on meaning selection and revision. | Meyer AM et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Graded effects of regularity in language revealed by N400 indices of morphological priming. | Kielar A et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Lexical quality in the brain: ERP evidence for robust word learning from context. | Frishkoff GA et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Masked immediate-repetition-priming effect on the early lexical process in the bilateral anterior temporal areas assessed by neuromagnetic responses. | Fujimaki N et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Neural correlates of cross-domain affective priming. | Zhang Q et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Neural correlates of semantic activation spreading on the path to picture naming in adults who stutter. | Maxfield ND et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Reduced resource optimization in male alcoholics: N400 in a lexical decision paradigm. | Roopesh BN et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Schizotypal traits and N400 in healthy subjects. | PrΓ©vost M et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Separating the visual sentence N400 effect from the P400 sequential expectancy effect: cognitive and neuroanatomical implications. | Dien J et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| The processing of morphological structure information in Chinese coordinative compounds: an event-related potential study. | Chung KK et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| The role of awareness in semantic and syntactic processing: an ERP attentional blink study. | Batterink L et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood: An Event-Related Potential Study of Lexical Relationships and Prediction in Context. | Laszlo S et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Brain potentials reveal semantic priming in both the 'active' and the 'non-attended' language of early bilinguals. | Martin CD et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Electrophysiological evidence for incremental lexical-semantic integration in auditory compound comprehension. | Koester D et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Electrophysiology reveals semantic priming at a short SOA irrespective of depth of prime processing. | KΓΌper K et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| ERP correlates of transposed-letter priming effects: the role of vowels versus consonants. | Carreiras M et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| ERP Effects of Short Interval Masked Associative and Repetition Priming. | Holcomb PJ et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Hemispheric contributions to semantic activation: a divided visual field and event-related potential investigation of time-course. | Smith ER et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Masked repetition and translation priming in second language learners: a window on the time-course of form and meaning activation using erps. | Midgley KJ et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| N400 repetition effect in unidentifiable Chinese characters: evidence for automatic process. | Wang Q et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Priming deficiency in male subjects at risk for alcoholism: the N4 during a lexical decision task. | Roopesh BN et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Semantic activation in Parkinson's disease patients on and off levodopa. | Angwin AJ et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Wait, what? Assessing stereotype incongruities using the N400 ERP component. | White KR et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Watching the Word Go by: On the Time-course of Component Processes in Visual Word Recognition. | Grainger J et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Event-related potentials associated with masked priming of test cues reveal multiple potential contributions to recognition memory. | Woollams AM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Interplay of orthography and semantics in reading: an event-related potential study. | Martin CD et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Knowledge inhibition and N400: a within- and a between-subjects study with distractor words. | Debruille JB et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Methadone: does it really have low efficacy at micro-opioid receptors? | Rodriguez-Martin I et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Minding the PS, queues, and PXQs: uniformity of semantic processing across multiple stimulus types. | Laszlo S et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| N400 lexicality effect in highly blurred Chinese words: evidence for automatic processing. | Wang Q et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Neural correlates of immediate and delayed word recognition memory: an MEG study. | Kim MS et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Summing it up: semantic activation processes in the two hemispheres as revealed by event-related potentials. | Kandhadai P et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Top-down modulation of unconscious 'automatic' processes: A gating framework. | Kiefer M | β | 2008 | β |
| An MEG study of silent meaning. | PylkkΓ€nen L et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Automatic semantic priming in the left and right hemispheres. | Korsnes MS et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Congruency effects in the letter search task: semantic activation in the absence of priming. | Hutchison KA et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| ERP evidence of morphological analysis from orthography: a masked priming study. | Lavric A et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Hemispheric differences in the time-course of semantic priming processes: evidence from event-related potentials (ERPs). | Bouaffre S et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Iconic gestures prime related concepts: an ERP study. | Wu YC et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Influence of syllabic lengthening on semantic processing in spoken French: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. | Magne C et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking. | Kouider S et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| N400, the reference electrode, and the semantic activation in prime-task experiments: a reply to Dombrowski and Heil (2006). | MarΓ-Beffa P et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Semantic priming modulates the N400, N300, and N400RP. | Franklin MS et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Sex differences in two event-related potentials components related to semantic priming. | Daltrozzo J et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Synchronizing timelines: relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence reading. | Dambacher M et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| The effects of context, meaning frequency, and associative strength on semantic selection: distinct contributions from each cerebral hemisphere. | Meyer AM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Unconscious word processing engages a distributed network of brain regions. | Diaz MT et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Attentional modulation of unconscious "automatic" processes: evidence from event-related potentials in a masked priming paradigm. | Kiefer M et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Electrophysiological correlates of visual affective priming. | Zhang Q et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| ERP measures of auditory word repetition and translation priming in bilinguals. | Phillips NA et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| ERPs and contextual semantic discrimination: degrees of congruence in wakefulness and sleep. | IbÑñez A et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading. | Dambacher M et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Is "Blank" a suitable neutral prime for event-related potential experiments? | Dien J et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Neural correlates of Chinese word-appropriateness judgment: an MEG study. | Lin YY et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Reading words in discourse: the modulation of lexical priming effects by message-level context. | Ledoux K et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Semantic activation, letter search and N400: A reply to Mari-Beffa, Valdes, Cullen, Catena and Houghton (2005). | Dombrowski JH et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Age-related differences in automatic stimulus-response associations: insights from young and older adults' parity judgments. | Fabre L et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| An electrophysiological study of cross-modal repetition priming. | Holcomb PJ et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies. | van Herten M et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Dissociation of conscious and unconscious repetition priming effect on event-related potentials. | Matsumoto A et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Event-related potential measures of consciousness: two equations with three unknowns. | Kotchoubey B | β | 2005 | β |
| Imaging implicit perception: promise and pitfalls. | Hannula DE et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| On the role of attention for the processing of emotions in speech: sex differences revisited. | Schirmer A et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| SOA-dependent N400 and P300 semantic priming effects using pseudoword primes and a delayed lexical decision. | Hill H et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The effects of prime visibility on ERP measures of masked priming. | Holcomb PJ et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The influence of increased working memory load on semantic neural systems: a high-resolution event-related brain potential study. | D'Arcy RC et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Zooming into L2: global language context and adjustment affect processing of interlingual homographs in sentences. | Elston-GΓΌttler KE et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Automatic semantic activation is no myth: semantic context effects on the N400 in the letter-search task in the absence of response time effects. | Heil M et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Contextual modulation of N400 amplitude to lexically ambiguous words. | Titone DA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Dopamine and semantic activation: an investigation of masked direct and indirect priming. | Angwin AJ et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Electrophysiological correlates of stimulus-driven multiplication facts retrieval. | Galfano G et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Event-related brain potential studies in language. | Friederici AD | β | 2004 | β |
| Evidence for a new conceptualization of semantic representation in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. | Deacon D et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Face repetition effects in direct and indirect tasks: an event-related brain potentials study. | Trenner MU et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Physiological evidence that a masked unrelated intervening item disrupts semantic priming: implications for theories of semantic representation and retrieval models of semantic priming. | Deacon D et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Priming by natural category membership in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. | Grose-Fifer J et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Repetition and semantic priming of nonwords: implications for theories of N400 and word recognition. | Deacon D et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Are poor readers semantically challenged? An event-related brain potential assessment. | Silva-Pereyra J et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Breaking the waves: age differences in electrical brain activity when reading text with distractors. | Phillips NA et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Event-related potential indices of masked repetition priming. | Misra M et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| High density ERP indices of conscious and unconscious semantic priming. | Ruz M et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| N400 during lexical decision tasks: a current source localization study. | Silva-Pereyra J et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Semantic processing of unattended words and pseudowords in first and second language: an ERP study. | Sinai A et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Tracking the time course of word recognition with MEG. | PylkkΓ€nen L et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Automatic vs. controlled processes in semantic priming--differentiation by event-related potentials. | Hill H et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| Neuromagnetic evidence for the timing of lexical activation: an MEG component sensitive to phonotactic probability but not to neighborhood density. | PylkkΓ€nen L et al. | β | 2002 | β |
| The N400 is modulated by unconsciously perceived masked words: further evidence for an automatic spreading activation account of N400 priming effects. | Kiefer M | β | 2002 | β |
| Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. | Dehaene S et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Change blindness and time to consciousness. | Niedeggen M et al. | β | 2001 | β |
| Cognitive representations underlying the N400 priming effect. | Koivisto M et al. | β | 2001 | β |