Many studies have shown that early-life stress is a nonspecific predictor of many types of pathological behavior and psychopathology, including early-onset adolescent drinking and adult AUDs and DD [9•]. Early-life stress can be grouped into childhood maltreatment (childhood sexual abuse [CSA], physical and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect) and stressful life events (SLEs), although these two groups of stressors often co-occur [10]. Little specificity has been found for the association of particular types of childhood maltreatment and SLEs with particular psychiatric disorders [10, 11], and the severity is positively correlated with poorer outcomes in adulthood [9•].
