Forkhead box, class O transcription factors in brain: regulation and behavioral manifestation.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Polter, Abigail; Yang, Sufen; Zmijewska, Anna A; van Groen, Thomas; Paik, Ji-Hye; Depinho, Ronald A; Peng, Stanford L; Jope, Richard S; Li, Xiaohua
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- Biological psychiatry
- PMID
- 18823877
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.005
- PMCID
- PMC2630515
BACKGROUND: The mammalian forkhead box, class O (FoxO) transcription factors function to regulate diverse physiological processes. Emerging evidence that both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and lithium suppress FoxO activity suggests a potential role of FoxOs in regulating mood-relevant behavior. Here, we investigated whether brain FoxO1 and FoxO3a can be regulated by serotonin and antidepressant treatment and whether their genetic deletion affects behaviors. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were treated with D-fenfluramine to increase brain serotonergic activity or with the antidepressant imipramine. The functional status of brain FoxO1 and FoxO3a was audited by immunoblot analysis for phosphorylation and subcellular localization. The behavioral manifestations in FoxO1- and FoxO3a-deficient mice were assessed via the Elevated Plus Maze Test, Forced Swim Test, Tail Suspension Test, and Open Field Test. RESULTS: Increasing serotonergic activity by d-fenfluramine strongly increased phosphorylation of FoxO1 and FoxO3a in several brain regions and reduced nuclear FoxO1 and FoxO3a. The effect of D-fenfluramine was mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Chronic, but not acute, treatment with the antidepressant imipramine also increased the phosphorylation of brain FoxO1 and FoxO3a. When FoxO1 was selectively deleted from brain, mice displayed reduced anxiety. In contrast, FoxO3a-deficient mice presented with a significant antidepressant-like behavior. CONCLUSIONS: FoxOs may be a transcriptional target for anxiety and mood disorder treatment. Despite their physical and functional relatedness, FoxO1 and FoxO3a influence distinct behavioral processes linked to anxiety and depression. Findings in this study reveal important new roles of FoxOs in brain and provide a molecular framework for further investigation of how FoxOs may govern mood and anxiety disorders.
No figures extracted from this document.
1β20 of 38
Next β
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| Akt | gene |
| amygdalohippocampal region local | anatomy |
| Antidepressant-like behavioral phenotype local | phenotype |
| antidepressant phenotype local | phenotype |
| antidepressants | drug |
| Antidepressive behavioral phenotype local | phenotype |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| anxiety-like behavior | phenotype |
| Anxiolytic behavioral phenotype local | phenotype |
| anxiolytic phenotype local | phenotype |
| apoptosis | phenotype |
| Bdnf | gene |
| behavioral phenotypes | phenotype |
| Bim local | gene |
| brain | anatomy |
| Brain FoxO1 knockout mice local | cohort |
| Brain FoxO1-knockout mice local | cohort |
| Brain FoxO1 knockout mouse local | cohort |
| brain-targeted FoxO1 knockout mice local | cohort |
| C57BL/6J | cohort |
| Caenorhabditis elegans | cohort |
| cancer | phenotype |
| cell cycle arrest | phenotype |
| cell survival | phenotype |
| chloroform | drug |
| Chronic imipramine-treated mice local | cohort |
| cortex | anatomy |
| CREB1 | gene |
| DAF16 local | gene |
| d-amphetamine | drug |
| dentate gyrus | anatomy |
| DEPC-treated water local | drug |
| depression | phenotype |
| Depression-like behavioral phenotype local | phenotype |
| depressive behavior | phenotype |
| d-fenfluramine local | drug |
| diabetes | phenotype |
| dorsal striatum | anatomy |
| Elevated Plus Maze Test local | phenotype |
| embryonic lethality | phenotype |
| enhanced chemiluminescence local | drug |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| ethidium bromide | drug |
| Female homozygous FoxO3a-deficient mice local | cohort |
| female mice | cohort |
| forced swim test | phenotype |
| Forced Swim Test local | cohort |
| forced swim test (FST) local | phenotype |
| forkhead transcription factors local | gene |
| FoxO | gene |
| FoxO1 | gene |
| FoxO1 knockout local | variant |
| FoxO1 knockout mice local | cohort |
| FOXO1 knockout mice local | cohort |
| FoxO3a | gene |
| FoxO3a-deficient mice local | cohort |
| FoxO3A-deficient mice local | cohort |
| FoxO3a-deficient mouse local | cohort |
| FoxO4 local | gene |
| FoxO6 local | gene |
| FoxOs local | gene |
| frequency entering closed arms local | phenotype |
| growth factor receptors local | drug |
| GSK3 local | gene |
| heterozygous FoxO1 knockout local | variant |
| heterozygous FoxO1 knockout mouse local | cohort |
| Heterozygous FoxO3a-deficient mice local | cohort |
| heterozygous mice local | cohort |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| Hoechst 33,258 local | drug |
| homozygous FoxO1 knockout local | variant |
| homozygous FoxO1 knockout mouse local | cohort |
| homozygous mice local | cohort |
| horseradish peroxidase | drug |
| imipramine local | drug |
| Imipramine local | drug |
| immobility | phenotype |
| Immobility time local | phenotype |
| impaired vasculogenesis local | phenotype |
| isopropanol | drug |
| ketamine | drug |
| lithium | drug |
| locomotor activity | phenotype |
| LY294002 | drug |
| Male homozygous FoxO3a-deficient mice local | cohort |
| male mice | cohort |
| mice | cohort |
| Monoamine reuptake inhibitor antidepressants local | drug |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| Mood-relevant behavior local | phenotype |
| mouse brain | anatomy |
| Nestin-Cre:FoxO4-floxed local | cohort |
| neuronal differentiation | phenotype |
| neuropsychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| nucleus accumbens | anatomy |
| open arm time local | phenotype |
| Open field test | phenotype |
| Open Field Test local | cohort |
| oxidative stress resistance local | phenotype |
| phospho-Ser253-FoxO3a local | variant |
| Phospho-Ser253-FoxO3a local | variant |
| phospho-Ser256-FoxO1 local | variant |
| Phospho-Ser256-FoxO1 local | variant |
| phospho-Ser473-Akt local | variant |
| phospho-Thr308-Akt local | variant |
| Phospho-Thr308-Akt local | variant |
| phospho-Thr32-FoxO3a local | variant |
| PI3K | gene |
| PI3K/Akt signaling pathway local | drug |
| piriform cortex | anatomy |
| premature ovarian failure local | phenotype |
| prolonged immobility local | phenotype |
| Reduced immobility in forced swim test local | phenotype |
| saline | drug |
| serotonin | drug |
| stress | phenotype |
| striatum | anatomy |
| SuperScript III One-step RT-PCR system local | drug |
| systemic FoxO1 knockout mice local | cohort |
| Systemic FoxO3a-deficient mice local | cohort |
| Tail Suspension Test local | cohort |
| Tail Suspension Test local | phenotype |
| time spent in closed arms local | phenotype |
| time spent in open arms local | phenotype |
| Trizol reagent | drug |
| TUBB | gene |
| ventral CA3 area of the hippocampus local | anatomy |
| wild-type control mouse local | cohort |
| wild-type controls local | cohort |
| wild-type mice | cohort |
| xylazine | drug |
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overexpression of FoxO3a in the dentate gyrus alleviates CUS-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. | Yi S et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Alleviation of Microglia Mediating Hippocampal Neuron Impairments and Depression-Related Behaviors by Urolithin B via the SIRT1-FOXO1 Pathway. | Liu C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| A spatially informed matrix normal model for gene co-expression analysis in spatial transcriptomics studies. | Tan C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Biochemical neuroplasticity in the cerebellum after physical exercise: Systematic review and meta-analysis. | CorrΓͺa MG et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Computational biological analysis reveals that HIF-1 and FoxO signaling pathways influence cognitive impairment in patients with depression. | Zhuo C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Fluorescent Tagging of Endogenous FOXO for Live Imaging and Pull-Down Assays. | SuΓ±er IG et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Identifying behavior regulatory leverage over mental disorders transcriptomic network hubs toward lifestyle-dependent psychiatric drugs repurposing. | Turky MA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Integrated single-cell multiomic profiling of caudate nucleus suggests key mechanisms in alcohol use disorder. | Green NC et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Knowledge Domain and Emerging Trends in Heart Failure and Anxiety Comorbidity: A Scientometric Analysis. | Yang D et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Multi-ancestry epigenome wide association study of generalized anxiety disorder | Gupta P et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Repurposing of rebamipide as a neuroprotective agent to alleviate letrozole-induced depressive-like behaviors in female rats: Targeting SIRT1/FoxO1/wnt/ Ξ²-catenin, and related ferroptosis pathways. | Hamdy A et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Anti-Aging Drugs and the Related Signal Pathways. | Du N et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Extracellular microRNAs associated with psychiatric symptoms in the Normative Aging Study. | Qiu X et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Microglial forkhead box O3a deficiency attenuates LPS-induced neuro-inflammation and depressive-like behaviour through regulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Ξ³. | Wang R et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Stroke Related Brain-Heart Crosstalk: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Underlying Mechanisms. | Fan X et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The role of Foxo3a in neuron-mediated cognitive impairment. | Liu QQ et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Acne Transcriptomics: Fundamentals of Acne Pathogenesis and Isotretinoin Treatment. | Melnik BC | β | 2023 | β |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus paracasei alleviate sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in aged mice by regulating gut microbiota-mediated AKT, NF-ΞΊB, and FOXO3a signaling pathways. | Baek JS et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Changes in Multiple microRNA Levels with Antidepressant Treatment Are Associated with Remission and Interact with Key Pathways: A Comprehensive microRNA Analysis. | Funatsuki T et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Characterization of placental endocrine function and fetal brain development in a mouse model of small for gestational age. | Lopez-Tello J et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Clinical and preclinical evaluation of miR-144-5p as a key target for major depressive disorder. | Wu X et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| FoxO3 and oxidative stress: a multifaceted role in cellular adaptation. | Bernardo VS et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| FOXO3 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for premature ovarian insufficiency (Review). | Meng X et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| FOXO family isoforms. | Santos BF et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Ring neurons in the Drosophila central complex act as a rheostat for sensory modulation of aging. | Gendron CM et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The forkhead box O3 (FOXO3): a key player in the regulation of ischemia and reperfusion injury. | Omorou M et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Role of Inositol Hexakisphosphate Kinase in the Central Nervous System. | Heitmann T et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| A Whole Transcriptome Analysis in Peripheral Blood Suggests That Energy Metabolism and Inflammation Are Involved in Major Depressive Disorder. | Wang Y et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Central Adiponectin Signaling - A Metabolic Regulator in Support of Brain Plasticity. | Formolo DA et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| L-Serine Influences Epigenetic Modifications to Improve Cognition and Behaviors in Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Knockout Mice. | Zhang F et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| The neuroprotective mechanism of lithium after ischaemic stroke. | Chen B et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Tsukushi proteoglycan maintains RNA splicing and developmental signaling network in GFAP-expressing subventricular zone neural stem/progenitor cells. | Istiaq A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Altered mRNA expression levels of autophagy- and apoptosis-related genes in the FOXO pathway in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine. | Gu S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Depression and Antidepressants During Pregnancy: Craniofacial Defects Due to Stem/Progenitor Cell Deregulation Mediated by Serotonin. | SΓ‘nchez N et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Elucidating the Possible Role of FoxO in Depression. | Rana T et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| FOXO and related transcription factors binding elements in the regulation of neurodegenerative disorders. | Oli V et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Implication of sestrin3 in epilepsy and its comorbidities. | Lovisari F et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Increased Oxidative Stress in the Prefrontal Cortex as a Shared Feature of Depressive- and PTSD-Like Syndromes: Effects of a Standardized Herbal Antioxidant. | de Munter J et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Role of FoxO transcription factors in aging and age-related metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. | Du S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Therapeutic strategies targeting FOXO transcription factors. | Calissi G et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Xiaoyao Pills Ameliorate Depression-like Behaviors and Oxidative Stress Induced by Olfactory Bulbectomy in Rats via the Activation of the PIK3CA-AKT1-NFE2L2/BDNF Signaling Pathway. | Ji Y et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Enrichment and Correlation Analysis of Serum miRNAs in Comorbidity Between Arnold-Chiari and Tourette Syndrome Contribute to Clarify Their Molecular Bases. | Mirabella F et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Evaluation of miRNA Expression Profiles in Schizophrenia Using Principal-Component Analysis-Based Unsupervised Feature Extraction Method. | Pala E et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Fusaric acid alters Akt and ampk signalling in c57bl/6 mice brain tissue. | Dhani S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Identification of the significant pathways of Banxia Houpu decoction in the treatment of depression based on network pharmacology. | Chen ZY et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| MicroRNA Alterations in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons from Bipolar Disorder Patients: Pathways Involved in Neuronal Differentiation, Axon Guidance, and Plasticity. | Bame M et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Sleep Deprivation Selectively Down-Regulates Astrocytic 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> Receptors and Triggers Depressive-Like Behaviors via Stimulating P2X<sub>7</sub> Receptors in Mice. | Xia M et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Statistical analysis of spatial expression patterns for spatially resolved transcriptomic studies. | Sun S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The BDNF-FoxO1 Axis in the medial prefrontal cortex modulates depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable stress in postpartum female mice. | Liu J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Yuzu and Hesperidin Ameliorate Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption during Hypoxia via Antioxidant Activity. | Lee BK et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Investigation of the underling mechanism of ketamine for antidepressant effects in treatment-refractory affective disorders via molecular profile analysis. | Qiao J et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Lanthanum chloride induces autophagy in rat hippocampus through ROS-mediated JNK and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. | Gao X et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Loss of function of NCOR1 and NCOR2 impairs memory through a novel GABAergic hypothalamus-CA3 projection. | Zhou W et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Neuroinflammation and aberrant hippocampal plasticity in a mouse model of emotional stress evoked by exposure to ultrasound of alternating frequencies. | Pavlov D et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Short-term environmental enrichment, and not physical exercise, alleviate cognitive decline and anxiety from middle age onwards without affecting hippocampal gene expression. | Singhal G et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The susceptibility to chronic social defeat stress is related to low hippocampal extrasynaptic NMDA receptor function. | Tse YC et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| FoxO1, A2M, and TGF-Ξ²1: three novel genes predicting depression in gene X environment interactions are identified using cross-species and cross-tissues transcriptomic and miRNomic analyses. | Cattaneo A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| FOXO in Neural Cells and Diseases of the Nervous System. | Santo EE et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Cacna1c in the Prefrontal Cortex Regulates Depression-Related Behaviors via REDD1. | Kabir ZD et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| From Gene to Behavior: L-Type Calcium Channel Mechanisms Underlying Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. | Kabir ZD et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Neuronal functions of FOXO/DAF-16. | Kim SY et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Nutrients, neurogenesis and brain ageing: From disease mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. | Fidaleo M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The Atypical Antipsychotic Agent, Clozapine, Protects Against Corticosterone-Induced Death of PC12 Cells by Regulating the Akt/FoxO3a Signaling Pathway. | Zeng Z et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The Progestin Receptor Interactome in the Female Mouse Hypothalamus: Interactions with Synaptic Proteins Are Isoform Specific and Ligand Dependent. | Acharya KD et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Brain Insulin Signaling Is Increased in Insulin-Resistant States and Decreases in FOXOs and PGC-1Ξ± and Increases in AΞ²1-40/42 and Phospho-Tau May Abet Alzheimer Development. | Sajan M et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| FoxO1 in dopaminergic neurons regulates energy homeostasis and targets tyrosine hydroxylase. | Doan KV et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| In vivo veritas, the next frontier for functionally selective GPCR ligands. | Beaulieu JM | β | 2016 | β |
| Involvement of PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a and PKA/CREB Signaling Pathways in the Protective Effect of Fluoxetine Against Corticosterone-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells. | Zeng B et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Lithium ions attenuate serum-deprivation-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through regulation of the Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathways. | Zeng Z et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Obesity and Its Potential Effects on Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Depressive Disorders: A Literature Review. | Woo YS et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Resveratrol induces apoptosis through modulation of the Akt/FoxO3a/Bim pathway in HepG2 cells. | Liu MH et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Endotoxaemia resulting from decreased serotonin tranporter (5-HTT) function: a reciprocal risk factor for depression and insulin resistance? | Pomytkin IA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Functional Selectivity and Antidepressant Activity of Serotonin 1A Receptor Ligands. | Chilmonczyk Z et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Maternal hydroxytyrosol administration improves neurogenesis and cognitive function in prenatally stressed offspring. | Zheng A et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Novel antidepressant candidate RO-05 modulated glucocorticoid receptors activation and FKBP5 expression in chronic mild stress model in rats. | Xing Y et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Risk factors for suicide in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. | Costa Lda S et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| The loss of NDRG2 expression improves depressive behavior through increased phosphorylation of GSK3Ξ². | Ichikawa T et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Insulin, IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling in neurodegenerative disorders: targets for disease modification? | Bassil F et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Cancer genetics and genomics of human FOX family genes. | Katoh M et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| FoxO3a negatively regulates nerve growth factor-induced neuronal differentiation through inhibiting the expression of neurochondrin in PC12 cells. | Wang H et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Glucocorticoid receptor and FKBP5 expression is altered following exposure to chronic stress: modulation by antidepressant treatment. | Guidotti G et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Serotonin promotes the proliferation of serum-deprived hepatocellular carcinoma cells via upregulation of FOXO3a. | Liang C et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The role of Akt/FoxO3a in the protective effect of venlafaxine against corticosterone-induced cell death in PC12 cells. | Wang H et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| 18Ξ²-glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis through modulation of Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. | Sharma G et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| A role for Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 as integrators of dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission in mental health. | Beaulieu JM | β | 2012 | β |
| Behavioral stress-induced activation of FoxO3a in the cerebral cortex of mice. | Zhou W et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Expression of constitutively active FoxO3 in murine forebrain leads to a loss of neural progenitors. | Schmidt-Strassburger U et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| FoxO6 regulates memory consolidation and synaptic function. | Salih DA et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Functional significance of glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulation by serotonin. | Polter AM et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Noradrenergic antidepressant responses to desipramine in vivo are reciprocally regulated by arrestin3 and spinophilin. | Cottingham C et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Protective potential of IL-6 against trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. | Tran HY et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Review of pharmacological treatment in mood disorders and future directions for drug development. | Li X et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Selective deletion of forebrain glycogen synthase kinase 3Ξ² reveals a central role in serotonin-sensitive anxiety and social behaviour. | Latapy C et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The possible role of the Akt signaling pathway in schizophrenia. | Zheng W et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| A metabolomic and systems biology perspective on the brain of the fragile X syndrome mouse model. | Davidovic L et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Genetic variations in FOXO3A are associated with Bipolar Disorder without confering vulnerability for suicidal behavior. | Magno LA et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 is an Intermediate Modulator of Serotonin Neurotransmission. | Polter AM et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Isotretinoin and FoxO1: A scientific hypothesis. | Melnik BC | β | 2011 | β |
| Stressor-induced NMDAR dysfunction as a unifying hypothesis for the aetiology, pathogenesis and comorbidity of clinical depression. | Marsden WN | β | 2011 | β |
| The role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in the development and treatment of uterine cancer. | Naumann RW | β | 2011 | β |
| Transcriptional regulation of neuronal polarity and morphogenesis in the mammalian brain. | de la Torre-Ubieta L et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| 5-HT1A receptor-regulated signal transduction pathways in brain. | Polter AM et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Activation of Akt signaling in rat brain by intracerebroventricular injection of ouabain: a rat model for mania. | Yu HS et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Brain distribution of genes related to changes in locomotor activity. | Mignogna P et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Foxo1, a novel regulator of osteoblast differentiation and skeletogenesis. | Teixeira CC et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Is glycogen synthase kinase-3 a central modulator in mood regulation? | Li X et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Is nuclear deficiency of FoxO1 due to increased growth factor/PI3K/Akt-signalling in acne vulgaris reversed by isotretinoin treatment? | Melnik BC | β | 2010 | β |
| Molecular actions and therapeutic potential of lithium in preclinical and clinical studies of CNS disorders. | Chiu CT et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| [Psychotropic drugs and the involvement of the Akt/GSK3 signalling pathway in mental illnesses]. | Del'Guidice T et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Uncovering molecular biomarkers that correlate cognitive decline with the changes of hippocampus' gene expression profiles in Alzheimer's disease. | GΓ³mez Ravetti M et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Prenatal stress decreases glycogen synthase kinase-3 phosphorylation in the rat frontal cortex. | SzymaΕska M et al. | β | 2009 | β |