A latent class analysis of alcohol and posttraumatic stress symptoms among offspring of parents with and without alcohol use disorder.
paper
Primary
Public
- Authors
- Bender, Annah K; Meyers, Jacquelyn L; di Viteri, Stacey Subbie-Saenz; Schuckit, Marc; Chan, Grace; Acion, Laura; Kamarajan, Chella; Kramer, John; Anohkin, Andrey; Kinreich, Sivan; Pandey, Ashwini; Hesselbrock, Victor; Hesselbrock, Michie; Bucholz, Kathleen K; McCutcheon, Vivia V
- Year
- 2021
- Journal
- Addictive behaviors
- PMID
- 32957005
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106640
- PMCID
- PMC10913466
The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is widely known, yet few studies have examined whether and how AUD symptoms co-occur with PTSD symptom clusters of hypervigilance, avoidance/numbing, and re-experiencing. The purpose of this study was to examine potential overlap between AUD and posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and to characterize the resultant latent classes in terms of demographics, drinking behaviors, parental AUD, and specific traumas experienced (physical violence, sexual violence, and non-assaultive trauma). We hypothesized that classes would be differentiated by type and severity of AUD and PTS symptoms. Drawing from a sample of white and Black participants from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), we examined young adults between the ages of 18-35 who had experienced trauma (N = 2478). A series of LCA models based on the type of trauma experienced, posttraumatic stress symptoms and problematic alcohol use were then fitted to the data. A four-class solution provided the best fit, consisting of a low symptom class (N = 1134), moderate alcohol/low PTS severity (N = 623), mild alcohol/high PTS severity (N = 544), and high symptom severity (N = 177). Higher prevalence of sexual assault was associated with membership in high PTS severity classes, and parent AUD was associated with membership in each class, particularly when the mother or both parents had the disorder. Using person-centered methods such as LCA is a commonsense approach to understanding the heterogeneity of symptoms, trauma types, and individual-level characteristics associated with trauma-exposed individuals and comorbid AUD-PTSD, and our study is one of relatively few to empirically ascertain the co-occurrence of alcohol and PTS symptoms in a high-risk family sample.
Latent classes of alcohol and posttraumatic stress symptomology. Note: Variables displayed from left to right are AUD symptoms 1–11, abbreviated to fit within the figure. Regarding PTS symptoms Cluster B refers to “re-experiencing” symptoms; Cluster C refers to “numbing” symptoms; Cluster D refers to “hyperarousal” symptoms.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 1505 young adults local | cohort |
| adverse childhood experiences | phenotype |
| African American | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Alcoholic proband | cohort |
| Alcohol Problems | phenotype |
| Alcohol Symptom Severity local | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | phenotype |
| all forms of trauma local | phenotype |
| AUD | phenotype |
| AUD-PTSD local | phenotype |
| Avoidance/numbing symptoms local | phenotype |
| avoidance of stimuli local | phenotype |
| avoidance symptoms local | phenotype |
| biological father-only AUD local | phenotype |
| biological mother-only AUD local | phenotype |
| Black | phenotype |
| Black youth | cohort |
| both biological parents affected by AUD local | phenotype |
| Both-parent AUD local | phenotype |
| both parents with AUD local | phenotype |
| Breslau 2005 community samples local | cohort |
| Childhood Physical Violence local | phenotype |
| Childhood Sexual Violence local | phenotype |
| class 1 | cohort |
| class 2 | cohort |
| class 3 | cohort |
| class 4 | cohort |
| Class 4 local | phenotype |
| Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) | cohort |
| comorbid AUD-PTSD local | phenotype |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| Co-occurring alcohol and trauma symptoms local | phenotype |
| Criterion B local | phenotype |
| Criterion B (re-experiencing) local | phenotype |
| Criterion C (numbing) local | phenotype |
| Criterion C (numbing/avoidance) local | phenotype |
| Criterion D (hyperarousal) local | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| difficulty concentrating | phenotype |
| difficulty sleeping local | phenotype |
| Dioxin local | drug |
| dissociative subtype local | phenotype |
| DSM-5 AUD | phenotype |
| DSM-IV | phenotype |
| DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder local | phenotype |
| early alcohol use | phenotype |
| Early initiation of drinking behaviors local | phenotype |
| European ancestry | cohort |
| exaggerated startle response local | phenotype |
| externalizing behavior | phenotype |
| externalizing disorders | phenotype |
| externalizing symptom profile local | phenotype |
| families with no parental AUD local | phenotype |
| father-only AUD | phenotype |
| Females exposed to assaultive traumas local | cohort |
| Females not exposed to trauma local | cohort |
| flashbacks local | phenotype |
| High alcohol/low PTSD severity group local | phenotype |
| highest severity local | phenotype |
| high PTS local | phenotype |
| High PTSD/low alcohol severity group local | phenotype |
| high-risk families | cohort |
| high-risk sample | cohort |
| hypervigilance | phenotype |
| illicit drugs | phenotype |
| Inability to cut back local | phenotype |
| intense distress local | phenotype |
| intermediate disturbance local | phenotype |
| internalizing disorders | phenotype |
| internalizing-externalizing group local | phenotype |
| internalizing symptom profile local | phenotype |
| Intravenous Drug Dependence local | phenotype |
| intrusive thoughts | phenotype |
| irritability | phenotype |
| larger/longer | phenotype |
| latent class local | phenotype |
| Latent Class 4 local | cohort |
| Latent classes local | phenotype |
| Latent classes of AUD and PTSD symptom clusters local | phenotype |
| low alcohol local | phenotype |
| low PTS local | phenotype |
| men | cohort |
| moderate alcohol local | phenotype |
| mother AUD | phenotype |
| night terrors local | phenotype |
| no disturbance local | phenotype |
| nonassaultive trauma | phenotype |
| numbing of general responsiveness local | phenotype |
| numbing symptoms local | phenotype |
| offspring | cohort |
| Offspring of Alcohol Use Disorder local | cohort |
| other racial groups local | cohort |
| outbursts of anger local | phenotype |
| parental alcoholism | phenotype |
| paternal alcohol use disorder | phenotype |
| Persistent re‑experiencing of trauma local | phenotype |
| pervasive disturbance local | phenotype |
| physical abuse | phenotype |
| physical trauma | phenotype |
| post-traumatic stress | phenotype |
| posttraumatic stress disorder | phenotype |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | phenotype |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms | phenotype |
| potentially traumatic event (PTE) local | phenotype |
| problematic alcohol use | phenotype |
| Prospective Study Cohort local | cohort |
| PTS Criterion B local | phenotype |
| PTS Criterion C local | phenotype |
| PTS Criterion D local | phenotype |
| PTSD symptom cluster B local | phenotype |
| PTSD symptom cluster C local | phenotype |
| PTSD symptom cluster D local | phenotype |
| PTS symptomology local | phenotype |
| PTS Symptom Severity local | phenotype |
| race/ethnicity | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| sexual trauma | phenotype |
| Shankman 2009 longitudinal study local | cohort |
| specific traumas local | phenotype |
| Specific traumas local | phenotype |
| SSAGA | cohort |
| Study sub-sample local | cohort |
| subclinical alcohol use local | phenotype |
| symptom 10 (tolerance) local | phenotype |
| symptom 1 (larger/longer) local | phenotype |
| symptom 2 (inability to cut back) local | phenotype |
| symptom 8 (recurrent use in situations that are physically hazardous) local | phenotype |
| tobacco use | phenotype |
| trauma | phenotype |
| trauma-exposed individuals | cohort |
| Trauma-exposed young adult cohort local | cohort |
| trauma exposure | phenotype |
| Trauma symptoms local | phenotype |
| two community samples local | cohort |
| White | phenotype |
| White adolescents | cohort |
| Young Adult Offspring local | cohort |
| young adults | cohort |
| Young adult trauma cohort local | cohort |
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