Higher-order genetic and environmental structure of prevalent forms of child and adolescent psychopathology.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Lahey, Benjamin B; Van Hulle, Carol A; Singh, Amber L; Waldman, Irwin D; Rathouz, Paul J
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Archives of general psychiatry
- PMID
- 21300945
- DOI
- 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.192
- PMCID
- PMC3322461
CONTEXT: It is necessary to understand the etiologic structure of child and adolescent psychopathology to advance theory and guide future research. OBJECTIVE: To test alternative models of the higher-order structure of etiologic effects on 11 dimensions of child and adolescent psychopathology using confirmatory factor analyses of genetic and environmental covariances. DESIGN: Representative sample of twins. SETTING: Home interviews. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1571 pairs of 9- to 17-year-old twins. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Structured assessments of psychopathology using adult caregivers and youth as informants. RESULTS: The best-fitting genetic model revealed that most genetic factors nonspecifically influence risk for either all 11 symptom dimensions or for dimensions of psychopathology within 1 of 2 broad domains. With some notable exceptions, dimension-specific genetic influences accounted for modest amounts of variance. CONCLUSIONS: To inform theory and guide molecular genetic studies, an etiologic model is offered in which 3 patterns of pleiotropy are hypothesized to be the principal modes of genetic risk transmission for common forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Some common environmental influences were found, but consistent with a "generalist genes, specialist environments" model, there was little sharing of environmental influences. This implies that prevalent dimensions of child and adolescent psychopathology mostly share their genetic liabilities but are differentiated by nonshared experiences.
Proportions of genetic variance in combined caretaker- and youth-reported dimensions of child and adolescent psychopathology in Model 5 (Table 3) associated with three higher-order latent genetic factors and unique to each specific dimension of psychopathology (gu). Inatt = inattention; H/I = hyperactivity-impulsivity; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; CD = conduct disorder; MDD = major depression; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; SoPh = social phobia; Ag = agoraphobia; SAD = separation anxiety disorder; SpPh = specific phobia; OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Proportions of non-shared environmental variance in combined caretaker- and youth-reported dimensions of child and adolescent psychopathology in Model 5 (Table 4) associated with three higher-order latent nonshared environmental factors and unique to each specific dimension of psychopathology (gu). Inatt = inattention; H/I = hyperactivity-impulsivity; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; CD = conduct disorder; MDD = major depression; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; SoPh = social phobia; Ag = agoraphobia; SAD = separation anxiety disorder; SpPh = specific phobia; OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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