Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Williams, Nigel M; Zaharieva, Irina; Martin, Andrew; Langley, Kate; Mantripragada, Kiran; Fossdal, Ragnheidur; Stefansson, Hreinn; Stefansson, Kari; Magnusson, Pall; Gudmundsson, Olafur O; Gustafsson, Omar; Holmans, Peter; Owen, Michael J; O'Donovan, Michael; Thapar, Anita
- Year
- 2010
- Journal
- Lancet (London, England)
- PMID
- 20888040
- DOI
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61109-9
- PMCID
- PMC2965350
BACKGROUND: Large, rare chromosomal deletions and duplications known as copy number variants (CNVs) have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders similar to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We aimed to establish whether burden of CNVs was increased in ADHD, and to investigate whether identified CNVs were enriched for loci previously identified in autism and schizophrenia. METHODS: We undertook a genome-wide analysis of CNVs in 410 children with ADHD and 1156 unrelated ethnically matched controls from the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Children of white UK origin, aged 5-17 years, who met diagnostic criteria for ADHD or hyperkinetic disorder, but not schizophrenia and autism, were recruited from community child psychiatry and paediatric outpatient clinics. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in the ADHD and control groups with two arrays; CNV analysis was limited to SNPs common to both arrays and included only samples with high-quality data. CNVs in the ADHD group were validated with comparative genomic hybridisation. We assessed the genome-wide burden of large (>500 kb), rare (<1% population frequency) CNVs according to the average number of CNVs per sample, with significance assessed via permutation. Locus-specific tests of association were undertaken for test regions defined for all identified CNVs and for 20 loci implicated in autism or schizophrenia. Findings were replicated in 825 Icelandic patients with ADHD and 35,243 Icelandic controls. FINDINGS: Data for full analyses were available for 366 children with ADHD and 1047 controls. 57 large, rare CNVs were identified in children with ADHD and 78 in controls, showing a significantly increased rate of CNVs in ADHD (0Β·156 vs 0Β·075; p=8Β·9Γ10(-5)). This increased rate of CNVs was particularly high in those with intellectual disability (0Β·424; p=2Β·0Γ10(-6)), although there was also a significant excess in cases with no such disability (0Β·125, p=0Β·0077). An excess of chromosome 16p13.11 duplications was noted in the ADHD group (p=0Β·0008 after correction for multiple testing), a finding that was replicated in the Icelandic sample (p=0Β·031). CNVs identified in our ADHD cohort were significantly enriched for loci previously reported in both autism (p=0Β·0095) and schizophrenia (p=0Β·010). INTERPRETATION: Our findings provide genetic evidence of an increased rate of large CNVs in individuals with ADHD and suggest that ADHD is not purely a social construct. FUNDING: Action Research; Baily Thomas Charitable Trust; Wellcome Trust; UK Medical Research Council; European Union.
CNVs identified at chromosome 16p13.11Log R ratio and B allele frequency plots of the six copy number variants (CNVs; all duplications) larger than 500 kb identified at the chromosome 16p13.11 region in participants with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Positions of CNVs identified at chromosome 16p13.11The positions of rare copy number variants (CNVs) larger than 500 kb identified at the chromosome 16p13.11 region. Green lines show the six duplications identified in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the red line shows the deletion identified in a single control. The consensus region that is spanned by all CNVs is shown by the arrow. Orange bars show known segmental duplications and therefore the most likely location of the breakpoints for the CNVs identified. The relative locations of genes are based on National Center for Biotechnology Information reference build 36.1 in the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser.
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