The variance shared across forms of childhood trauma is strongly associated with liability for psychiatric and substance use disorders.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Kristjansson, Sean; McCutcheon, Vivia V; Agrawal, Arpana; Lynskey, Michael T; Conroy, Elizabeth; Statham, Dixie J; Madden, Pamela A F; Henders, Anjali K; Todorov, Alexandre A; Bucholz, Kathleen K; Degenhardt, Louisa; Martin, Nicholas G; Heath, Andrew C; Nelson, Elliot C
- Year
- 2016
- Journal
- Brain and behavior
- PMID
- 26811803
- DOI
- 10.1002/brb3.432
- PMCID
- PMC4720689
INTRODUCTION: Forms of childhood trauma tend to co-occur and are associated with increased risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders. Commonly used binary measures of trauma exposure have substantial limitations. METHODS: We performed multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), separately by sex, using data from the Childhood Trauma (CT) Study's sample of twins and siblings (N = 2594) to derive three first-order factors (childhood physical abuse, childhood sexual abuse, and parental partner abuse) and, as hypothesized, one higher order, childhood trauma factor (CTF) representing a measure of their common variance. RESULTS: CFA produced a good-fitting model in the CT Study; we replicated the model in the Comorbidity and Trauma (CAT) Study's sample (N = 1981) of opioid-dependent cases and controls. In both samples, first-order factors are moderately correlated (indicating they measure largely unique, but related constructs) and their loadings on the CTF suggest it provides a reasonable measure of their common variance. We examined the association of CTF score with risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders in these samples and the OZ-ALC GWAS sample (N = 1538) in which CT Study factor loadings were applied. We found that CTF scores are strongly associated with liability for psychiatric and substance use disorders in all three samples; estimates of risk are extremely consistent across samples. CONCLUSIONS: The CTF is a continuous, robust measure that captures the common variance across forms of childhood trauma and provides a means to estimate shared liability while avoiding multicollinearity.
No figures extracted from this document.
1–20 of 40
Next →
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
| Citation | PMID | DOI | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agrawal, A. , E. C. Nelson , A. K. Littlefield , K. K. Bucholz , L. Degenhardt , A. K. Henders , et al. 2012 Cannabinoid receptor genotype moderation of the effects of childhood physical abuse on anhedonia and depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69:732–740.2239320410.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2273PMC3706194 | — | — | — |
| Bernstein, D. P. , J. A. Stein , M. D. Newcomb , E. Walker , D. Pogge , T. Ahluvalia , et al. 2003 Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 27:169–190.1261509210.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0 | — | — | — |
| Bevilacqua, L. , V. Carli , M. Sarchiapone , D. K. George , D. Goldman , A. Roy , et al. 2012 Interaction between FKBP5 and childhood trauma and risk of aggressive behavior. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69:62–70.2221379010.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.152PMC3437943 | — | — | — |
| Bucholz, K. K. , R. Cadoret , C. R. Cloninger , S. H. Dinwiddie , V. M. Hesselbrock , J. I. Jr Nurnberger , et al. 1994 A new, semi‐structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: a report on the reliability of the SSAGA. J. Stud. Alcohol 55:149–158.818973510.15288/jsa.1994.55.149 | — | — | — |
| Conroy, E. , L. Degenhardt , R. P. Mattick , and E. C. Nelson . 2009 Child maltreatment as a risk factor for opioid dependence: comparison of family characteristics and type and severity of child maltreatment with a matched control group. Child Abuse Negl. 33:343–352.1947700410.1016/j.chiabu.2008.09.009PMC2729332 | — | — | — |
| Crocker, L.M. , and J. Algina . 1986 Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, NY. | — | — | — |
| Dong, M. , R. F. Anda , V. J. Felitti , S. R. Dube , D. F. Williamson , T. J. Thompson , et al. 2004 The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse Negl. 28:771–784.1526147110.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.008 | — | — | — |
| Fergusson, D. M. , and M. T. Lynskey . 1997 Physical punishment/maltreatment during childhood and adjustment in young adulthood. Child Abuse Negl. 21:617–630.923854510.1016/s0145-2134(97)00021-5 | — | — | — |
| Fergusson, D. M. , L. J. Horwood , and M. T. Lynskey . 1996a Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 35:1365–1374.888559110.1097/00004583-199610000-00024 | — | — | — |
| Fergusson, D. M. , L. J. Horwood , F. T. Shannon , and J. M. Lawton . 1989 The Christchurch Child Development Study: a review of epidemiological findings. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 3:302–325.267196110.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00382.x | — | — | — |
| Fergusson, D. M. , M. T. Lynskey , and L. J. Horwood . 1996b Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: I. Prevalence of sexual abuse and factors associated with sexual abuse. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 35:1355–1364.888559010.1097/00004583-199610000-00023 | — | — | — |
| Grabe, H. J. , C. Schwahn , J. Mahler , A. Schulz , C. Spitzer , K. Fenske , et al. 2012b Moderation of adult depression by the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5‐HTTLPR), childhood abuse and adult traumatic events in a general population sample. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 159B:298–309.2232841210.1002/ajmg.b.32027 | — | — | — |
| Grabe, H. J. , C. Schwahn , J. Mahler , K. Appel , A. Schulz , C. Spitzer , et al. 2012a Genetic epistasis between the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and the 5‐HTT promoter polymorphism moderates the susceptibility to depressive disorders after childhood abuse. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 36:264–270.2199627810.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.09.010 | — | — | — |
| Grant, J. D. , A. C. Heath , K. K. Bucholz , P. A. Madden , A. Agrawal , D. J. Statham , et al. 2007 Spousal concordance for alcohol dependence: evidence for assortative mating or spousal interaction effects? Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 31:717–728.1737892110.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00356.x | — | — | — |
| Green, J. G. , K. A. McLaughlin , P. A. Berglund , M. J. Gruber , N. A. Sampson , A. M. Zaslavsky , et al. 2010 Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: associations with first onset of DSM‐IV disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67:113–123.2012411110.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186PMC2822662 | — | — | — |
| Hardt, J. , and M. Rutter . 2004 Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 45:260–273.1498224010.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x | — | — | — |
| Heath, A. C. , J. B. Whitfield , N. G. Martin , M. L. Pergadia , A. M. Goate , P. A. Lind , et al. 2011 A quantitative‐trait genome‐wide association study of alcoholism risk in the community: findings and implications. Biol. Psychiatry 70:513–518.2152978310.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.028PMC3210694 | — | — | — |
| Heath, A. C. , K. K. Bucholz , P. A. F. Madden , S. H. Dinwiddie , W. S. Slutske , L. J. Bierut , et al. 1997 Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol dependence risk in a national twin sample: consistency of findings in women and men. Psychol. Med. 27:1381–1396.940391010.1017/s0033291797005643 | — | — | — |
| Heath, A. C. , W. Howells , K. M. Kirk , P. A. F. Madden , K. K. Bucholz , E. C. Nelson , et al. 2001 Predictors of non‐response to a questionnaire survey of a volunteer twin panel: findings from the Australian 1989 twin cohort. Twin. Res. 4:73–80.1166533910.1375/1369052012182 | — | — | — |
| Huang, M. C. , M. L. Schwandt , V. A. Ramchandani , D. T. George , and M. Heilig . 2012 Impact of multiple types of childhood trauma exposure on risk of psychiatric comorbidity among alcoholic inpatients. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 36:598–606.10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01695.xPMC337006422420670 | — | — | — |
| Kendler, K. S. , C. M. Bulik , J. Silberg , J. M. Hettema , J. Myers , and C. A. Prescott . 2000 Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: an epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57:953–959.1101581310.1001/archpsyc.57.10.953 | — | — | — |
| Kessler, R. C. , C. G. Davis , and K. S. Kendler . 1997 Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol. Med. 27:1101–1119.930051510.1017/s0033291797005588 | — | — | — |
| Keyes, K. M. , N. R. Eaton , R. F. Krueger , K. A. McLaughlin , M. M. Wall , B. F. Grant , et al. 2012 Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry 200:107–115. Epub 2011 December 8.2215779810.1192/bjp.bp.111.093062PMC3269653 | — | — | — |
| Knopik, V. S. , A. C. Heath , T. Jacob , W. S. Slutske , K. K. Bucholz , P. A. F. Madden , et al. 2006 Maternal alcohol use disorder and offspring ADHD: disentangling genetic and environmental effects using a children‐of‐twins design. Psychol. Med. 36:1461–1471.1673494210.1017/S0033291706007884 | — | — | — |
| Lubke, G. H. , and B. Muthen . 2004 Applying multigroup confirmatory factor models for continuous outcomes to Likert scale data complicates meaningful group comparisons. Struct. Equ. Modeling 11:514–534. | — | — | — |
| McCutcheon, V. V. , A. C. Heath , E. C. Nelson , K. K. Bucholz , P. A. F. Madden , and N. G. Martin . 2010 Clustering of trauma and associations with single and co‐occurring depression and panic attack over twenty years. Twin. Res. Hum. Genet. 13:57–65.2015830710.1375/twin.13.1.57PMC2850813 | — | — | — |
| McLaughlin, K. A. , J. G. Green , M. J. Gruber , N. A. Sampson , A. M. Zaslavsky , and R. C. Kessler . 2010 Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: associations with persistence of DSM‐IV disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67:124–132.2012411210.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187PMC2847359 | — | — | — |
| Meredith, W. 1993 Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Pyschometrika 58:525–543. | — | — | — |
| Molnar, B. E. , S. L. Buka , and R. C. Kessler . 2001 Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Am. J. Public Health 91:753–760.1134488310.2105/ajph.91.5.753PMC1446666 | — | — | — |
| Mullen, P. E. , J. L. Martin , J. C. Anderson , S. E. Romans , and G. P. Herbison . 1993 Childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life. Br. J. Psychiatry 163:721–732.830611310.1192/bjp.163.6.721 | — | — | — |
| Muthen, L.K. , and B.O. Muthen . 1998 Mplus user's guide, 5th ed. Muthen & Muthen: 1998‐2007, Los Angeles, CA. | — | — | — |
| Muthén, B. 1984 A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika 49:115–132. | — | — | — |
| Nelson, E. C. , A. C. Heath , M. T. Lynskey , K. K. Bucholz , P. A. F. Madden , D. J. Statham , et al. 2006 Childhood sexual abuse and risks for licit and illicit drug‐related outcomes: a twin study. Psychol. Med. 36:1473–1483.1685424810.1017/S0033291706008397 | — | — | — |
| Nelson, E. C. , A. C. Heath , P. A. F. Madden , M. L. Cooper , S. H. Dinwiddie , K. K. Bucholz , et al. 2002 Association between self‐reported childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychosocial outcomes: results from a twin study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 59:139–145.1182513510.1001/archpsyc.59.2.139 | — | — | — |
| Nelson, E. C. , M. T. Lynskey , A. C. Heath , N. Wray , A. Agrawal , F. Shand , et al. 2013 ANKK1, TTC12, and NCAM1 polymorphisms and heroin dependence: importance of considering drug exposure. JAMA Psychiatry 70:325–333.2330348210.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.282PMC3789525 | — | — | — |
| Nelson, E. C. , M. T. Lynskey , A. C. Heath , P. A. F. Madden , and N. G. Martin . 2010 A family study of adult twins with and without a history of childhood abuse: stability of retrospective reports of maltreatment and associated family measures. Twin. Res. Hum. Genet. 13:121–130.2039774210.1375/twin.13.2.121PMC2995987 | — | — | — |
| Raudenbush, S. W. , and A. S. Bryk . 2002 Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods, 2nd ed. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. | — | — | — |
| Sartor, C. E. , J. D. Grant , M. T. Lynskey , V. V. McCutcheon , M. Waldron , D. J. Statham , et al. 2012 Common heritable contributions to low‐risk trauma, high‐risk trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69:293–299.2239322110.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1385PMC3594801 | — | — | — |
| SAS Institute, Inc. (2013) SAS® 9.4 guide to software updates. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC. | — | — | — |
| Scher, C. D. , M. B. Stein , G. J. Asmundson , D. R. McCreary , and D. R. Forde . 2001 The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: psychometric properties and normative data. J. Trauma. Stress 14:843–857.1177642910.1023/A:1013058625719 | — | — | — |
| Scott, K. M. , D. R. Smith , and P. M. Ellis . 2010 Prospectively ascertained child maltreatment and its association with DSM‐IV mental disorders in young adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67:712–719.2060345210.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.71 | — | — | — |
| Shand, F. L. , L. Degenhardt , T. Slade , and E. C. Nelson . 2011 Sex differences amongst dependent heroin users: histories, clinical characteristics and predictors of other substance dependence. Addict. Behav. 36:27–36.2083348010.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.008PMC2981789 | — | — | — |
| Spinhoven, P. , B. W. Penninx , M. Hickendorff , A. M. van Hemert , D. P. Bernstein , and B. M. Elzinga . 2014 Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: factor structure, measurement invariance, and validity across emotional disorders. Psychol. Assess. 26:717–729.2477303710.1037/pas0000002 | — | — | — |
| Straus, M. A. , E. M. Kinard , and L. M. Williams . 1995 The neglect scale. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH. | — | — | — |
| Straus, M. A. 1979 Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the conflict tactics (CT) scales. J. Marriage Fam. 41:75–88. | — | — | — |
| Viel, K. R. , D. M. Warren , A. Buil , T. D. Dyer , T. E. Howard , and L. Almasy . 2005 A comparison of discrete versus continuous environment in a variance components‐based linkage analysis of the COGA data. BMC Genet. 6(Suppl 1):S57.1645166910.1186/1471-2156-6-S1-S57PMC1866726 | — | — | — |
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| An Examination of Underlying Domains in Childhood Adversity: A Scoping Review of Studies Conducting Factor Analyses on Adverse Childhood Experiences. | Willoughby K et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Types of childhood maltreatment as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder severity and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with substance use disorders. | Lortye SA et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Genomic risk for post-traumatic stress disorder in families densely affected with alcohol use disorders. | Saenz de Viteri S et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The effects of childhood trauma and mental disorders on treatment engagement, contact with the criminal justice system, and mortality among people with opioid dependence. | Santo T et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Waiting for Care: Length of Stay for ED Mental Health Patients by Disposition, Diagnosis, and Region (2009-2015). | Simko L et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| A randomised, double-blind study investigating the relationship between early childhood trauma and the rewarding effects of morphine. | Carlyle M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| DHEA Moderates the Impact of Childhood Trauma on the HPA Axis in Adolescence. | Taylor-Cavelier SJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Family alcohol use, rather than childhood trauma, is more likely to cause male alcohol use disorder: findings from a case-control study in northern China. | Chen X et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Prevalence of childhood trauma measured by the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in people with substance use disorder: A meta-analysis. | Zhang S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Adverse Consequences of Co-Occurring Opioid Use Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder Compared to Opioid Use Disorder Only. | De Aquino JP et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Early Sexual Trauma Exposure and Neural Response Inhibition in Adolescence and Young Adults: Trajectories of Frontal Theta Oscillations During a Go/No-Go Task. | Meyers J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Psychosocial moderation of polygenic risk for cannabis involvement: the role of trauma exposure and frequency of religious service attendance. | Meyers JL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The intergenerational transmission of childhood maltreatment: Nonspecificity of maltreatment type and associations with borderline personality pathology. | Paul SE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Trauma-associated anterior cingulate connectivity during reward learning predicts affective and anxiety states in young adults. | Eckstrand KL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus for cannabis dependence. | Agrawal A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Largest genome-wide association study for PTSD identifies genetic risk loci in European and African ancestries and implicates novel biological pathways | Nievergelt CM et al. | — | 2018 | — |
| Psychoactive substance use in specialized psychiatric care patients. | Karpov B et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The Basic Pharmacology of Opioids Informs the Opioid Discourse about Misuse and Abuse: A Review. | Pergolizzi JV et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Associations between Polygenic Risk for Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Involvement. | Carey CE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The variance shared across forms of childhood trauma is strongly associated with liability for psychiatric and substance use disorders. | Kristjansson S et al. | — | 2016 | → |