Trends in the genetic influences on smoking.
- Authors
- Boardman, Jason D; Blalock, Casey L; Pampel, Fred C
- Year
- 2010
- Journal
- Journal of health and social behavior
- PMID
- 20420298
- DOI
- 10.1177/0022146509361195
- PMCID
- PMC3158572
Using twin pairs from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, we estimate that 35 percent of the variance in regular smoking is due to additive genetic influences. When we disaggregate the sample by birth cohort we witness strong genetic influences on smoking for those born in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1950s, but negligible influences for those born in the 1940s and 1960s. We show that the timing of the first Surgeon General's Report coincides with an increase in the genetic influences on regular smoking, but subsequent legislation prohibiting smoking in public places has significantly reduced these influences. These results are in line with existing gene-environment interaction theory, and we argue that variation in genetic influences across cohorts makes it difficult and potentially misleading to estimate genetic effects on health behaviors from data obtained from a single point in time.
Changes in the Heritability of Regular Smoking across Four Birth Cohorts in the United States: 1920–1970.Note: Data come from the 1995 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) [Brim et al. 1996]. The values in the figure are obtained from Table 3. The heights of the bars represent the estimated heritability of regular smoking for each of the four birth cohorts.
Yearly Heritability Estimates for Regular Smoking in the United States: 1922–1968.Note: Data come from the 1995 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) [Brim et al. 1996]. Estimates are obtained from a series of multivariate Cox regression models with shared frailty among twin pairs, and they describe the heritability of regular smoking for each year of birth. The bars around each point estimate describe the 95% confidence intervals for each year. These confidence intervals were bootstrapped from 200 runs for each zygosity using the coxph package for R 2.7.1 for all years between 1922 and 1968. Each birth year contains the four years before and after and thus describes a nine-year window for the estimated genetic influences on smoking at that time.
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