The prevalence of confirmed maltreatment among US children, 2004 to 2011.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Wildeman, Christopher; Emanuel, Natalia; Leventhal, John M; Putnam-Hornstein, Emily; Waldfogel, Jane; Lee, Hedwig
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- JAMA pediatrics
- PMID
- 24887073
- DOI
- 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.410
- PMCID
- PMC5087599
IMPORTANCE: Child maltreatment is a risk factor for poor health throughout the life course. Existing estimates of the proportion of the US population maltreated during childhood are based on retrospective self-reports. Records of officially confirmed maltreatment have been used to produce annual rather than cumulative counts of maltreated individuals. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportion of US children with a report of maltreatment (abuse or neglect) that was indicated or substantiated by Child Protective Services (referred to as confirmed maltreatment) by 18 years of age. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) Child File includes information on all US children with a confirmed report of maltreatment, totaling 5,689,900 children (2004-2011). We developed synthetic cohort life tables to estimate the cumulative prevalence of confirmed childhood maltreatment by 18 years of age. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The cumulative prevalence of confirmed child maltreatment by race/ethnicity, sex, and year. RESULTS: At 2011 rates, 12.5% (95% CI, 12.5%-12.6%) of US children will experience a confirmed case of maltreatment by 18 years of age. Girls have a higher cumulative prevalence (13.0% [95% CI, 12.9%-13.0%]) than boys (12.0% [12.0%-12.1%]). Black (20.9% [95% CI, 20.8%-21.1%]), Native American (14.5% [14.2%-14.9%]), and Hispanic (13.0% [12.9%-13.1%]) children have higher prevalences than white (10.7% [10.6%-10.8%]) or Asian/Pacific Islander (3.8% [3.7%-3.8%]) children. The risk for maltreatment is highest in the first few years of life; 2.1% (95% CI, 2.1%-2.1%) of children have confirmed maltreatment by 1 year of age, and 5.8% (5.8%-5.9%), by 5 years of age. Estimates from 2011 were consistent with those from 2004 through 2010. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Annual rates of confirmed child maltreatment dramatically understate the cumulative number of children confirmed to be maltreated during childhood. Our findings indicate that maltreatment will be confirmed for 1 in 8 US children by 18 years of age, far greater than the 1 in 100 children whose maltreatment is confirmed annually. For black children, the cumulative prevalence is 1 in 5; for Native American children, 1 in 7.
Proportion of Children Having Ever Experienced Confirmed Maltreatment, 2011
AgeβSpecific Risk for First Confirmed Maltreatment, 2011
Cumulative Risk of Confirmed Maltreatment by Age 18, 2004β2011
AgeβSpecific Risk for First Confirmed Maltreatment, 2011
Cumulative Risk of Confirmed Maltreatment by Age 18, 2004β2011
β Prev
21β35 of 35
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 2004-2011 birth cohort local | cohort |
| adolescents | cohort |
| age | phenotype |
| All racial/ethnic groups local | cohort |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | phenotype |
| Asian/Pacific Islander children local | cohort |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders children local | cohort |
| Black | phenotype |
| Black children | cohort |
| Black females | cohort |
| blacks | cohort |
| Both sexes local | cohort |
| Census Bureau | cohort |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention local | cohort |
| Child Protective Services (CPS) local | cohort |
| children | cohort |
| Childrenβs Bureau local | cohort |
| college completion | phenotype |
| confirmed childhood maltreatment local | phenotype |
| confirmed child maltreatment local | phenotype |
| confirmed maltreatment report local | phenotype |
| confirmed report of maltreatment local | phenotype |
| CPS local | cohort |
| CPS local | drug |
| CPS data local | cohort |
| CPS reports local | cohort |
| crime | phenotype |
| cumulative risk of confirmed maltreatment local | phenotype |
| first confirmed maltreatment report local | phenotype |
| first-time confirmed maltreatment local | phenotype |
| Hispanic | phenotype |
| Hispanic children | cohort |
| HIV infection | phenotype |
| Juvenile record local | phenotype |
| Life Expectancy at Birth local | phenotype |
| marital status | phenotype |
| Midwest region local | cohort |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| mortality | phenotype |
| National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) Child File local | cohort |
| National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect local | cohort |
| Native American children local | cohort |
| Native Americans | cohort |
| NCANDS local | cohort |
| NCANDS data local | cohort |
| neglect | phenotype |
| North region local | cohort |
| obesity | phenotype |
| Official CPS data local | cohort |
| physical abuse | phenotype |
| Poor mental health outcomes local | phenotype |
| Poor physical health outcomes local | phenotype |
| population | cohort |
| prior maltreatment local | phenotype |
| race/ethnicity | phenotype |
| Racial/ethnic disparities local | phenotype |
| Retrospective self-reports local | cohort |
| Self-reported maltreatment local | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| South | cohort |
| stroke | phenotype |
| suicide | phenotype |
| synthetic cohort local | cohort |
| Synthetic Cohort Life Tables local | cohort |
| total confirmed maltreatment local | phenotype |
| type 2 diabetes | phenotype |
| United States | cohort |
| United States Department of Health and Human Services local | cohort |
| U.S. children | cohort |
| West region local | cohort |
| White | phenotype |
| White children | cohort |
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| Social factors matter in cancer risk and survivorship. | Dean LT et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| What Happened Next: Interviews With Mothers After a Finding of Child Maltreatment in the Household. | Campbell KA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| Early And Exclusive Breastfeeding May Protect Against Neonatal Mortality. | Niemczyk NA | β | 2016 | β |
| Families at the Intersection of the Criminal Justice and Child Protective Services Systems. | Berger LM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
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| Racial Disparities in Child Adversity in the U.S.: Interactions With Family Immigration History and Income. | Slopen N et al. | β | 2016 | β |
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