Long-term effects of cannabis on brain structure.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Battistella, Giovanni; Fornari, Eleonora; Annoni, Jean-Marie; Chtioui, Haithem; Dao, Kim; Fabritius, Marie; Favrat, Bernard; Mall, Jean-FrΓ©dΓ©ric; Maeder, Philippe; Giroud, Christian
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
- PMID
- 24633558
- DOI
- 10.1038/npp.2014.67
- PMCID
- PMC4104335
The dose-dependent toxicity of the main psychoactive component of cannabis in brain regions rich in cannabinoid CB1 receptors is well known in animal studies. However, research in humans does not show common findings across studies regarding the brain regions that are affected after long-term exposure to cannabis. In the present study, we investigate (using Voxel-based Morphometry) gray matter changes in a group of regular cannabis smokers in comparison with a group of occasional smokers matched by the years of cannabis use. We provide evidence that regular cannabis use is associated with gray matter volume reduction in the medial temporal cortex, temporal pole, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex; these regions are rich in cannabinoid CB1 receptors and functionally associated with motivational, emotional, and affective processing. Furthermore, these changes correlate with the frequency of cannabis use in the 3 months before inclusion in the study. The age of onset of drug use also influences the magnitude of these changes. Significant gray matter volume reduction could result either from heavy consumption unrelated to the age of onset or instead from recreational cannabis use initiated at an adolescent age. In contrast, the larger gray matter volume detected in the cerebellum of regular smokers without any correlation with the monthly consumption of cannabis may be related to developmental (ontogenic) processes that occur in adolescence.
Voxel-Based Morphometry results on gray matter. Cold color bar shows regions where gray matter volume is lower in regular smokers compared with occasional ones. Hot color bar represents the opposite contrast. Maps are thresholded at P<0.005 and k>60 and superposed on a standard brain in the MNI space. Figure shows results in planes centered at β26, 7, 14 mm and β48, 10, β19 mm. Color bars represent T score.
(a) Correlation between the modulated gray matter intensity at the center of gravity of the significant clusters and the monthly frequency of joints smoked during 3 months before inclusion in the study. Lines represent the fitting of the distribution of the values. Pearson's correlation coefficient and P-value are shown at the bottom of each plot. (b) Mean GM volume across the four subgroups (Occasional late, Occasional early, Regular late, Regular early). Whiskers represent 95% confidence interval, horizontal lines represent significant comparisons and stars the significance level (P<0.05).
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| Quality of Life and a Surveillant Endocannabinoid System. | de Melo Reis RA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Reduced responsiveness of the reward system is associated with tolerance to cannabis impairment in chronic users. | Mason NL et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a potential treatment approach for cannabis use disorder. | Kearney-Ramos T et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Sex and dependence related neuroanatomical differences in regular cannabis users: findings from the ENIGMA Addiction Working Group. | Rossetti MG et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Substance Use among Homeless Reproductive Age People in Southern Ethiopia. | Wakgari N et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Influence of Cannabis and Nicotine Co-use on Neuromaturation: A Systematic Review of Adolescent and Young Adult Studies. | Hernandez Mejia M et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Which came first: Cannabis use or deficits in impulse control? | Rinehart L et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| White matter integrity after cannabidiol administration for treatment resistant epilepsy. | Houston JT et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder. | Johnson EC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Assessing the Role of Cannabis Use on Cortical Surface Structure in Adolescents and Young Adults: Exploring Gender and Aerobic Fitness as Potential Moderators. | Sullivan RM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| A Systematic Review of Human Neuroimaging Evidence of Memory-Related Functional Alterations Associated with Cannabis Use Complemented with Preclinical and Human Evidence of Memory Performance Alterations. | Blest-Hopley G et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| BOLD responses to inhibition in cannabis-using adolescents and emerging adults after 2Β weeks of monitored cannabis abstinence. | Wallace AL et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Brain structural changes in cannabis dependence: association with MAGL. | Manza P et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Cannabinoids and Opioids in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. | Kienzl M et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: an update on the pathophysiology and management. | Perisetti A et al. | β | 2020 | β |
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| Cerebrovascular and Neurological Dysfunction under the Threat of COVID-19: Is There a Comorbid Role for Smoking and Vaping? | Archie SR et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Combined neurotoxic effects of cannabis and nandrolone decanoate in adolescent male rats. | El-Shamarka ME et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Deconstructing the neurobiology of cannabis use disorder. | Ferland JN et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Editorial: Brain Mediators of the Cannabis-Prodromal Psychosis Connection. | Lange N | β | 2020 | β |
| Effects of opioid/cannabinoid mixtures on impulsivity and memory in rhesus monkeys. | Minervini V et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Electronic Cigarettes to Vaporize Cannabis: Prevalence of Use and Associated Factors among Current Electronic Cigarette Users in Germany (DEBRA Study). | Kastaun S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Is the Adolescent Brain at Greater Vulnerability to the Effects of Cannabis? A Narrative Review of the Evidence. | Blest-Hopley G et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Marijuana and the hippocampus: A longitudinal study on the effects of marijuana on hippocampal subfields. | Garimella A et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Methamphetamine and Cannabis: A Tale of Two Drugs and their Effects on HIV, Brain, and Behavior. | Saloner R et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Personality Traits and Psychotic Proneness Among Chronic Synthetic Cannabinoid Users. | Cohen K et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| THC Exposure is Reflected in the Microstructure of the Cerebral Cortex and Amygdala of Young Adults. | Cabeen RP et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Topical review on monitoring tetrahydrocannabinol in breath. | Mirzaei H et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Ξ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Toxicity and Validation of Cannabidiol on Brain Dopamine Levels: An Assessment on Cannabis Duplicity. | Chetia S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Anterior cingulate volume reductions in abstinent adolescent and young adult cannabis users: Association with affective processing deficits. | Maple KE et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| A preliminary study of the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on brain structure in patients with epilepsy. | Sharma AA et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Associations between adolescent cannabis use frequency and adult brain structure: A prospective study of boys followed to adulthood. | Meier MH et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Associations Between Drinking and Cortical Thickness in Younger Adult Drinkers: Findings From the Human Connectome Project. | Morris VL et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives. | Burggren AC et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabis use in youth is associated with limited alterations in brain structure. | Scott JC et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cerebellar alterations in cannabis users: A systematic review. | Blithikioti C et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cerebellar parcellation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. | Laidi C et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Comprehensive review on the interaction between natural compounds and brain receptors: Benefits and toxicity. | Silva AR et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Deficient Functioning of Frontostriatal Circuits DuringΒ the Resolution of Cognitive Conflict in Cannabis-Using Youth. | Cyr M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Dissemination science for prevention of adverse health outcomes from cannabis use. | Diaz AP et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis: A Framework for Future Policy. | Chow RM et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Effect of Smoked Cannabis on Vigilance and Accident Risk Using Simulated Driving in Occasional and Chronic Users and the Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationship. | Hartley S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Graduate degree completion: Associations with alcohol and marijuana use before and after enrollment. | Allen HK et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Grey Matter Volume Differences Associated with Extremely Low Levels of Cannabis Use in Adolescence. | Orr C et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Harmful Effects of Smoking Cannabis: A Cerebrovascular and Neurological Perspective. | Archie SR et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Inefficient neural system stabilization: a theory of spontaneous resolutions and recurrent relapses in psychosis | Palaniyappan L | β | 2019 | β |
| Medical cannabis and cannabinoids in rheumatology: where are we now? | Sarzi-Puttini P et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Modulatory effects of cannabinoids on brain neurotransmission. | Cohen K et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Neurocognitive SuperAging in Older Adults Living With HIV: Demographic, Neuromedical and Everyday Functioning Correlates. | Saloner R et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Neuroimaging Studies in Patients With Mental Disorder and Co-occurring Substance Use Disorder: Summary of Findings. | Stoychev KR | β | 2019 | β |
| Orbitofrontal cortex volume prospectively predicts cannabis and other substance use onset in adolescents. | Wade NE et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Deleterious Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids Found in Spice/K2 Products. | Basavarajappa BS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Substance Use, Academic Performance, and Academic Engagement Among High School Seniors. | Bugbee BA et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Cerebellum, THC, and Cannabis Addiction: Findings from Animal and Human Studies. | Moreno-Rius J | β | 2019 | β |
| The Insula: A Brain Stimulation Target for the Treatment of Addiction. | Ibrahim C et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabinoids in health and disease: pharmacological potential in metabolic syndrome and neuroinflammation. | Mastinu A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Care and concern with cannabinoids used therapeutically. | Martin JH et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Developmental Trajectories of the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Anhedonia in Middle Childhood and Risk for Substance Use in Adolescence in a Longitudinal Sample of Depressed and Healthy Preschoolers. | Luby JL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Effects of regular cannabis use on neurocognition, brain structure, and function: a systematic review of findings in adults. | Nader DA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Episodic foresight deficits in regular, but not recreational, cannabis users. | Mercuri K et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Hippocampal subfield volumes in children and adolescents with mood disorders. | Tannous J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| In-transition culture of experimentation with cannabis in Latin American college students: A new role within a potential drug use sequencing pattern. | Castaldelli-Maia JM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Larger Gray Matter Volume in the Basal Ganglia of Heavy Cannabis Users Detected by Voxel-Based Morphometry and Subcortical Volumetric Analysis. | Moreno-AlcΓ‘zar A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Marijuana matters: reviewing the impact of marijuana on cognition, brain structure and function, & exploring policy implications and barriers to research. | Sagar KA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Marijuana Use in the Era of Changing Cannabis Laws: What Are the Risks? Who is Most at Risk? | Stoecker WV et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia. | Habib G et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Orbitofrontal connectivity is associated with depression and anxiety in marijuana-using adolescents. | Subramaniam P et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Primary Causes of Hospitalizations and Procedures, Predictors of In-hospital Mortality, and Trends in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events Among Recreational Marijuana Users: A Five-year Nationwide Inpatient Assessment in the United States. | Desai R et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Subregional Hippocampal Thickness Abnormalities in Older Adults with a History of Heavy Cannabis Use. | Burggren AC et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Testing associations between cannabis use and subcortical volumes in two large population-based samples. | Gillespie NA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| THC alters alters morphology of neurons in medial prefrontal cortex, orbital prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens and alters the ability of later experience to promote structural plasticity. | Kolb B et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The Effects of Cannabinoids on Executive Functions: Evidence from Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids-A Systematic Review. | Cohen K et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Verbal Memory Performance and Reduced Cortical Thickness of Brain Regions Along the Uncinate Fasciculus in Young Adult Cannabis Users. | Levar N et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Assessing cannabis consumption frequency: Is the combined use of free and glucuronidated THCCOOH blood levels of diagnostic utility? | HΓ€dener M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Brain Volume Correlates with Duration of Abstinence from Substance Abuse in a Region-Specific and Substance-Specific Manner. | Korponay C et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Business cycle impacts on substance use of adolescents: A multi-country analysis. | Paling T et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cannabinoids for treating inflammatory bowel diseases: where are we and where do we go? | Hasenoehrl C et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cannabis and alcohol use, and the developing brain. | Meruelo AD et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cannabis exacerbates depressive symptoms in rat model induced by reserpine. | Khadrawy YA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Counseling Parents and Teens About Marijuana Use in the Era of Legalization of Marijuana. | Ryan SA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults. | Kelly C et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Individual and contextual factors associated with tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use among Chilean adolescents: A multilevel study. | Gaete J et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Is biological aging accelerated in drug addiction? | Bachi K et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines: A Comprehensive Update of Evidence and Recommendations. | Fischer B et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Lower total and regional grey matter brain volumes in youth with perinatally-acquired HIV infection: Associations with HIV disease severity, substance use, and cognition. | Lewis-de Los Angeles CP et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Marijuana effects on changes in brain structure and cognitive function among HIV+ and HIV- adults. | Thames AD et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Neurobiology of substance use in adolescents and potential therapeutic effects of exercise for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders. | Nock NL et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Orbitofrontal and caudate volumes in cannabis users: a multi-site mega-analysis comparing dependent versus non-dependent users. | Chye Y et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Structural and metabolic differentiation between bipolar disorder with psychosis and substance-induced psychosis: An integrated MRI/PET study. | Altamura AC et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Structural neuroimaging correlates of alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents and adults. | Thayer RE et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 activities in rats treated with cannabis, tramadol or both. | Abdel-Salam OM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Adolescent Ξ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure Alters WIN55,212-2 Self-Administration in Adult Rats. | Scherma M et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Annual Research Review: On the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders. | Conrod PJ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Cannabinoids and autoimmune diseases: A systematic review. | Katchan V et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonism ameliorates harmaline-induced essential tremor in rat. | Abbassian H et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Cannabis and its effects on driving skills. | Bondallaz P et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Cannabis use and cognitive function in first episode psychosis: differential effect of heavy use. | NΓΊΓ±ez C et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Depression, marijuana use and early-onset marijuana use conferred unique effects on neural connectivity and cognition. | Osuch EA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Early onset marijuana use is associated with learning inefficiencies. | Schuster RM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Effect of high-potency cannabis on corpus callosum microstructure. | Rigucci S et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Effects of Marijuana Use on Brain Structure and Function: Neuroimaging Findings from a Neurodevelopmental Perspective. | Brumback T et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Grey Matter Changes Associated with Heavy Cannabis Use: A Longitudinal sMRI Study. | Koenders L et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Have we been ignoring the elephant in the room? Seven arguments for considering the cerebellum as part of addiction circuitry. | Miquel M et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Lifetime use of cannabis from longitudinal assessments, cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) variation, and reduced volume of the right anterior cingulate. | Hill SY et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Marijuana use trajectories and academic outcomes among college students. | Suerken CK et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Medical Marijuana in Pediatric Neurological Disorders. | Patel AD | β | 2016 | β |
| The Role of Cannabinoids in Neuroanatomic Alterations in Cannabis Users. | Lorenzetti V et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood as predictors of unemployment status in the early forties. | Zhang C et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Aberrant orbitofrontal connectivity in marijuana smoking adolescents. | Lopez-Larson MP et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Adolescence as a Sensitive Period of Brain Development. | Fuhrmann D et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Altered cortical maturation in adolescent cannabis users with and without schizophrenia. | Epstein KA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Brain volume in male patients with recent onset schizophrenia with and without cannabis use disorders. | Koenders L et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabinoid modulation of drug reward and the implications of marijuana legalization. | Covey DP et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabis, Cigarettes, and Their Co-Occurring Use: Disentangling Differences in Gray Matter Volume. | Wetherill RR et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Commentary on Hall (2015): The health effects of recreational cannabis use. | Fergusson DM et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cortical thickness in adolescent marijuana and alcohol users: A three-year prospective study from adolescence to young adulthood. | Jacobus J et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Daily marijuana use is not associated with brain morphometric measures in adolescents or adults. | Weiland BJ et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use. | Giroud C et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Introduction to the special issue: Substance use and the adolescent brain: Developmental impacts, interventions, and longitudinal outcomes. | Luciana M et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure after heavy cannabis use. | Becker MP et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Long-term consequences of perinatal and adolescent cannabinoid exposure on neural and psychological processes. | Higuera-Matas A et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Medical marijuana: review of the science and implications for developmental-behavioral pediatric practice. | Hadland SE et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Persistent effects of chronic Ξ9-THC exposure on motor impulsivity in rats. | Irimia C et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Preliminary findings demonstrating latent effects of early adolescent marijuana use onset on cortical architecture. | Filbey FM et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Shared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Subcortical Brain Structure. | Pagliaccio D et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| The academic consequences of marijuana use during college. | Arria AM et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Assessing marijuana use in bariatric surgery candidates: should it be a contraindication? | Rummell CM et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain. | Filbey FM et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Medical marijuana in neurology. | Benbadis SR et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Sex differences in Ξ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolism and in vivo pharmacology following acute and repeated dosing in adolescent rats. | Wiley JL et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| The impact of adolescent cannabis use, mood disorder and lack of education on attempted suicide in young adulthood. | Clarke MC et al. | β | 2014 | β |