Alcohol-related negative consequences among drinkers around the world.
- Authors
- Graham, Kathryn; Bernards, Sharon; Knibbe, Ronald; Kairouz, Sylvia; Kuntsche, Sandra; Wilsnack, Sharon C; Greenfield, Thomas K; Dietze, Paul; Obot, Isidore; Gmel, Gerhard
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Addiction (Abingdon, England)
- PMID
- 21395893
- DOI
- 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03425.x
- PMCID
- PMC3682406
AIMS: This paper examines (i) gender and country differences in negative consequences related to drinking; (ii) relative rates of different consequences; and (iii) country-level predictors of consequences. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Multi-level analyses used survey data from the Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS) collaboration. MEASUREMENTS: Measures included 17 negative consequences grouped into (i) high endorsement acute, (ii) personal and (iii) social. Country-level measures included average frequency and quantity of drinking, percentage who were current drinkers, gross domestic product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI). FINDINGS: Overall, the three groupings of consequences were reported by 44%, 12% and 7% of men and by 31%, 6% and 3% of women, respectively. More men than women endorsed all consequences, but gender differences were greatest for consequences associated with chronic drinking and social consequences related to male roles. The highest prevalence of consequences was in Uganda and lowest in Uruguay. Personal and social consequences were more likely in countries with higher usual quantity, fewer current drinkers and lower scores on GDP and HDI. However, significant interactions with individual-level quantity indicated a stronger relationship between consequences and usual quantity among drinkers in countries with lower quantity, more current drinkers and higher scores on GDP and HDI. CONCLUSIONS: Both gender and country need to be taken into consideration when assessing adverse drinking consequences. Individual measures of alcohol consumption and country-level variables are associated with experiencing such consequences. Additionally, country-level variables affect the strength of the relationship between usual quantity consumed by individuals and adverse consequences.
Percent of female (dark bar to the left) and male (lighter bar to the right) current drinkers who experienced each negative consequence from drinking averaged across countries and male-female odds ratios for each consequence (controlling for age)
LLM interpretation
This is a bidirectional bar chart comparing the percentage of female (dark bars, left) and male (light bars, right) current drinkers who experienced various negative consequences of drinking. The x-axis represents the percentage of participants, and the y-axis lists specific consequences, such as "Headache or nausea" and "Felt effects." A corresponding column on the right provides the male-female odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, indicating a higher prevalence of most consequences among males.
Percent of male and female current drinkers from each country who experienced each negative consequence for high endorsement and personal consequences
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of a series of grouped horizontal bar charts comparing the percentage of male and female current drinkers across 30 countries who experienced nine different negative consequences of alcohol. Each panel represents a specific consequence (e.g., Headache, Guilt, Unable to stop), with the x-axis showing the percentage for females (left) and males (right). Across most countries and consequences, the bars indicate varying prevalence rates, with "Headache" and "Felt effects" generally showing higher percentages than consequences like "Unable to stop."
Percent of male and female current drinkers from each country who experienced each social consequence
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of a series of eight side-by-side bar charts comparing the percentage of male and female current drinkers who experienced various social consequences across multiple countries. The x-axis for each chart represents the percentage, with female data extending to the left and male data to the right from a central zero line. The consequences tracked include harmful effects on finances, chores, employment, relationships, family, social life, physical fights, and injuries.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| absolute alcohol local | drug |
| abstainers | phenotype |
| abstinence | phenotype |
| acute consequences | phenotype |
| age | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Alcohol_problems local | phenotype |
| Alcohol Problems | phenotype |
| alcohol-related problems | phenotype |
| Argentina local | cohort |
| AUDIT | phenotype |
| Australia | cohort |
| Australia (women) local | cohort |
| average frequency of drinking local | phenotype |
| average usual number of drinks per occasion local | phenotype |
| bad behavior while drinking local | phenotype |
| Belize local | cohort |
| Chores local | phenotype |
| chronic ethanol exposure | phenotype |
| Conflict with friends or family local | phenotype |
| Costa Rica local | cohort |
| Costa Rica (men) local | cohort |
| countries | cohort |
| countries where abstinence is normative local | cohort |
| countries with lower rates of current drinking local | cohort |
| country local | cohort |
| Country local | cohort |
| Country drinking patterns local | phenotype |
| country-level drinking frequency local | phenotype |
| Country-level usual quantity local | phenotype |
| Country-level variables local | cohort |
| Cultural norms for perceiving alcohol problems local | phenotype |
| Culture local | cohort |
| current drinkers | phenotype |
| current drinkers aged 18β65 by gender local | cohort |
| Czech Republic | cohort |
| Denmark cohort | cohort |
| Diverse countries local | cohort |
| diverse sample of countries local | cohort |
| drinkers | phenotype |
| drinking | phenotype |
| Drinking culture local | phenotype |
| drinking days per year local | phenotype |
| Drinking-driving local | phenotype |
| drinking frequency local | drug |
| drinking to get over after-effects local | phenotype |
| Drinking to get over bad effects local | phenotype |
| drunk driving | phenotype |
| Dry culture local | phenotype |
| DSM IV alcohol abuse criteria local | phenotype |
| Economic and human development local | phenotype |
| economic and social development local | cohort |
| economic and social well-being local | phenotype |
| economic and social wellβbeing local | phenotype |
| Economic development local | phenotype |
| economic prosperity local | phenotype |
| Economic well-being local | phenotype |
| education | phenotype |
| Exposure to heavy drinking local | phenotype |
| Failing to do what was expected local | phenotype |
| failure to do what was normally expected local | phenotype |
| Family problems related to drinking local | phenotype |
| Family relationship problems due to drinking local | phenotype |
| feeling sick or shaky when cut down or stopped drinking local | phenotype |
| feelings of guilt or remorse local | phenotype |
| feeling the effects local | phenotype |
| Felt effects local | phenotype |
| female current drinkers local | cohort |
| Fighting after drinking local | phenotype |
| fights after drinking local | phenotype |
| Fights after drinking local | phenotype |
| Fights and injuries local | phenotype |
| Finances-related consequences local | phenotype |
| Financial problems due to drinking local | phenotype |
| frequency of alcohol use | phenotype |
| Friendship/social life problems due to drinking local | phenotype |
| full sample | cohort |
| GDP local | cohort |
| GDP local | phenotype |
| GENACIS | cohort |
| GENACIS Canada project local | cohort |
| GENACIS project local | cohort |
| GENACIS surveys local | cohort |
| General population survey local | cohort |
| General well-being local | phenotype |
| Getting into a fight while drinking local | phenotype |
| Global Burden of Disease regions local | cohort |
| Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study local | cohort |
| Greater access to alcohol local | phenotype |
| Greater controls on women's drinking local | phenotype |
| guilt | phenotype |
| Guilt_from_drinking local | phenotype |
| harmful effect on finances local | phenotype |
| Harmful effects on finances local | phenotype |
| Harmful effects on household tasks or chores local | phenotype |
| Harmful effects on marriage and family local | phenotype |
| Harmful effects on work, finances and marriage/intimate relationships local | phenotype |
| hazardous drinking | phenotype |
| HDI local | cohort |
| HDI local | phenotype |
| headache | phenotype |
| Headache or nausea local | phenotype |
| headache or nausea from drinking local | phenotype |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| High average quantity level local | phenotype |
| High-consumption countries local | cohort |
| high endorsement local | phenotype |
| High Endorsement Drinking Consequences local | phenotype |
| Higher levels of consumption local | phenotype |
| higher usual quantity consumed local | phenotype |
| Household work local | phenotype |
| Housework problems due to drinking local | phenotype |
| Human Development Index local | phenotype |
| Hungary | cohort |
| inability to remember the night before local | phenotype |
| inability to stop drinking once started local | phenotype |
| India (men) local | cohort |
| Indian | cohort |
| individual alcohol consumption measures local | phenotype |
| individual drinking pattern local | phenotype |
| Individual-level frequency of alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| Individual-level quantity of alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| Individual-level usual quantity local | phenotype |
| Injury as a result of drinking local | phenotype |
| intoxicated behavior local | phenotype |
| Intoxicated behaviour local | phenotype |
| Intrapsychic problems local | phenotype |
| Isle of Man local | cohort |
| Japanese | cohort |
| Japanese respondents local | cohort |
| job loss | phenotype |
| Kazakhstan local | cohort |
| Kazakhstan (men) local | cohort |
| life expectancy | phenotype |
| Liver cirrhosis | phenotype |
| Low-consumption countries local | cohort |
| male current drinkers local | cohort |
| Marriage/intimate relationship problems due to drinking local | phenotype |
| Marriage/intimate relationships local | phenotype |
| men | cohort |
| Men from Costa Rica local | cohort |
| Men from Czech Republic local | cohort |
| Men from Denmark local | cohort |
| Men from Nicaragua local | cohort |
| Men from Spain local | cohort |
| morbidity | phenotype |
| morning drinking local | phenotype |
| Morning drinking local | phenotype |
| mortality | phenotype |
| Nauseated local | phenotype |
| need for a drink in the morning after heavy drinking session local | phenotype |
| negative consequences | phenotype |
| Negative_consequences_from_drinking local | phenotype |
| Negative consequences of alcohol local | phenotype |
| negative drinking consequences local | phenotype |
| Negative drinking consequences local | phenotype |
| Negative personal and social consequences local | phenotype |
| New Zealand | cohort |
| New Zealand (men) local | cohort |
| Nicaragua local | cohort |
| Nigeria | cohort |
| Nigeria (women) local | cohort |
| Norms regarding drunkenness local | phenotype |
| North America | cohort |
| Occasional heavy episodic drinking local | phenotype |
| Other countries local | cohort |
| overall problems local | phenotype |
| Per capita Gross Domestic Product local | phenotype |
| Perceived harmful effects local | phenotype |
| percent current drinkers local | phenotype |
| Percent current drinkers local | cohort |
| Percent Current Drinkers local | cohort |
| Percent of current drinkers local | phenotype |
| personal and social consequences local | phenotype |
| Personal and Social Drinking Consequences local | phenotype |
| personal consequences local | phenotype |
| Personal consequences local | phenotype |
| Personal consequences from drinking local | phenotype |
| Peru | cohort |
| Private drinking settings local | phenotype |
| Problem consequences from drinking local | phenotype |
| Project MATCH local | cohort |
| Public drinking settings local | phenotype |
| quantity of consumption local | phenotype |
| Relative wealth local | phenotype |
| Remorse | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| sick or shaking if stopped or cut down local | phenotype |
| social consequences | phenotype |
| Social development local | phenotype |
| Social intolerance for drinking local | phenotype |
| Social problems from drinking local | phenotype |
| Social problems related to drinking local | phenotype |
| South America | cohort |
| Spain | cohort |
| Sri Lanka local | cohort |
| Standard of living local | phenotype |
| Sweden | cohort |
| Temperance sentiments local | phenotype |
| trauma | phenotype |
| Tropical South America local | cohort |
| Uganda local | cohort |
| Uganda (men) local | cohort |
| unable to remember the night before local | phenotype |
| Uruguay local | cohort |
| USA1 local | cohort |
| usual frequency of drinking local | phenotype |
| usual quantity | phenotype |
| usual quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| Western Europe | cohort |
| Wet culture local | phenotype |
| wetness of the country local | phenotype |
| women | cohort |
| Work-related consequences local | phenotype |
| Work/studies/employment problems due to drinking local | phenotype |
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