Damage to the OFC results in loss of this critical behavioral guide, producing profound deficits in self-regulation, as was first documented in the famous case of Phineas Gage (Harlow, 1848, 1868), a railway worker who survived the passage of a tamping rod through his OFC. While the personality changes, especially disinhibition, that Gage experienced are the most frequently cited consequence of his injury, the physician who documented Gage' case, John Harlow, also noted that Gage lost his ability to assign appropriate monetary value to objects (MacMillan, 2000). This deficit is consistent with the view that an essential function of the OFC is the flexible assignment of value to environmental stimuli, which critically determines how such stimuli influence our actions (Schoenbaum et al., 2006). Other consequences of OFC lesions include impulsive or perserverative behaviors (Bechara et al., 1994; Berlin et al., 2004; Rolls et al., 1994). Cases of frontotemporal dementia with OFC pathology are also marked by compulsive consummatory behaviors, including hyperphagia, gambling, and substance abuse (Gorno-Tempini et al., 2004; Ikeda et al., 2002; Rosen et al., 2005; Thompson et al.,
