count (mxsx) endorsed according to DSM-5 criteria for AUD were used. For those who completed multiple SSAGA interviews, the mxsx across interviews was used. Using AUDmxsx rather than the AUD diagnosis allowed for examining each parent’s largest expression of risk toward developing AUD. Of the biological fathers who had data on AUDmxsx (n = 948), 23.6% met criteria for a DSM-5 AUD diagnosis. Of the biological mothers who had data on AUDmxsx (n = 1165), 10.4% met criteria for a DSM-5 AUD diagnosis; 17.4% of both biological parents had an AUD lifetime diagnosis. Similar to AUDmxsx, data on SUDmxsx were drawn from parents’ SSAGA interviews. Specifically, separately for mothers and fathers, the combined mxsx endorsed for Marijuana, Cocaine, and Opioid use disorders according to DSM-5 criteria were used. Again, for those who completed multiple SSAGA interviews, the mxsx across interviews was used. A composite of mother’s and father’s SUDmxsx indexing parental substance use symptoms was included as a covariate. Lastly, although positive parenting has been shown to be an important contributing factor in offspring-related outcomes, it is noteworthy that substantial evidence also shows that a child’s temperament and behavior can significantly alter parenting, parental warmth, and parent–child relationships (Lansford et
