17 (graduate school). For parents who completed multiple SSAGA interviews, the maximum value was used. Parental education was calculated as the average of maternal and paternal education. In cases where information was only available for one parent, the available score was used to index parental education. Similarly, Parents reported their income as part of the SSAGA, mothers and fathers reported their current household gross income based on a 9-point scale ranging from 0 (none) to 9 ($150,000 or more per year). For parents who completed multiple SSAGA interviews, the maximum value was used. Parental income was calculated as the average of maternal and paternal incomes. Again, in cases where information was only available for one parent, the available score was used to index parental income. Parental alcohol symptoms and Parental substance use symptoms were also included as covariates, given their widely known impact on the developing offspring (Parolin et al., 2016). Specifically, separately for mothers and fathers, the maximum symptom count (mxsx) endorsed according to DSM-5 criteria for AUD were used. For those who completed multiple SSAGA interviews, the mxsx across interviews was used. Using AUDmxsx rather than the AUD diagnosis allowed for examining each parent’s largest expression of risk
