Subjects were members of the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) dataset, part of the Gene Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Genes, Environment, and Health Initiative35. SAGE was designed to study alcohol dependence, and as a result is composed largely of unrelated alcohol-dependent cases (n = 1048) and non-alcohol-dependent control subjects (n = 928). The SAGE dataset was ascertained from 3 large substance dependence datasets: the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (COGEND), the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) and the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence (FSCD)36. For the purpose of the current analyses, there were 1976 European-Americans as defined both by self-report and principal components from the GWAS data, who met criteria for cocaine use disorder or unaffected controls.
