In particular, one of these studies suggested that the maladaptive decision making in individuals with AUD might be related not only to a deficiency in either the DMN or ECN but also to the difficulty in switching between those networks caused by impairment of the anterior insula, which is the key node in the SN (27). These findings indicate that the triple network plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of AUD. However, the majority of the previous studies focused on a single network and its relation to AUD. Thus, it is hard to determine whether altered FC in one network is the result of the damage to one of the brain regions in the network per se or the impact of dysfunctions/damage in other networks. In addition, the exact nature of the dysfunctions in FC of these networks in AUD is unclear and is attributed to reduced connectivity or increased connectivity (17–21). None of the studies has explored the association between anatomical aberration (volume changes) and FC dysfunction in these networks (17–21). These issues warrant the need for comprehensively
