The error-related negativity (ERN) and psychopathology: toward an endophenotype.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Olvet, Doreen M; Hajcak, Greg
- Year
- 2008
- Journal
- Clinical psychology review
- PMID
- 18694617
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.003
- PMCID
- PMC2615243
The ERN is a negative deflection in the event-related potential that peaks approximately 50 ms after the commission of an error. The ERN is thought to reflect early error-processing activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). First, we review current functional, neurobiological, and developmental data on the ERN. Next, the ERN is discussed in terms of three psychiatric disorders characterized by abnormal response monitoring: anxiety disorders, depression, and substance abuse. These data indicate that increased and decreased error-related brain activity is associated with the internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology, respectively. Recent data further suggest that abnormal error-processing indexed by the ERN indexes trait- but not state-related symptoms, especially related to anxiety. Overall, these data point to utility of ERN in studying risk for psychiatric disorders, and are discussed in terms of the endophenotype construct.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 5-6 year olds local | cohort |
| ACC | anatomy |
| accuracy | phenotype |
| Accuracy emphasis local | phenotype |
| adolescents (ages 13-14) local | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| adults (ages 23-24) local | cohort |
| Age (development) local | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| Avoidance Learning local | phenotype |
| basal ganglia | anatomy |
| Baseline dopamine levels local | phenotype |
| Behavioral activation system local | phenotype |
| behavioral inhibition | phenotype |
| BIS | phenotype |
| caudal ACC local | anatomy |
| children | cohort |
| Children (age 7-18) local | cohort |
| Children as young as 5 local | cohort |
| Children with GAD and OCD local | cohort |
| Children younger than 12 local | cohort |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| Cocaine dependent patients local | cohort |
| conflict-detection process local | phenotype |
| conscientiousness | phenotype |
| control group | cohort |
| Correct-related negativity local | phenotype |
| correct response | phenotype |
| CRN local | phenotype |
| CRN amplitude local | phenotype |
| DA agonists local | drug |
| d-amphetamine | drug |
| Davies et al. 2004 local | cohort |
| Decreased ERN amplitude local | phenotype |
| Decreased sensitivity to punishment local | phenotype |
| Defensive Behaviors local | phenotype |
| defensive startle reflex local | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| depressive changes local | phenotype |
| depressive symptoms | phenotype |
| dopamine | drug |
| Dopaminergic agents local | drug |
| early adolescents (ages 9-14) local | cohort |
| emotionally- or motivationally-relevant response to errors local | phenotype |
| ERN local | anatomy |
| ERN | phenotype |
| ERN amplitude | phenotype |
| ERP | phenotype |
| error awareness | phenotype |
| error-detection local | phenotype |
| error-detection process local | phenotype |
| Error-related brain activation local | phenotype |
| Error-related brain activity local | phenotype |
| error-related negativity | phenotype |
| Error-related negativity amplitude | phenotype |
| Error-related negativity (ERN) | phenotype |
| Error-related negativity (ERN) amplitude local | phenotype |
| errors | phenotype |
| error-sensitivity local | phenotype |
| error signal at the remedial action system local | phenotype |
| externalizing behavior | phenotype |
| externalizing dimension of personality and psychopathology local | phenotype |
| externalizing disorders | phenotype |
| FCz electrode | anatomy |
| First-degree family members of non-patients local | cohort |
| first-degree relatives | cohort |
| generalized anxiety disorder | phenotype |
| Hajcak et al. 2007 local | cohort |
| haloperidol | drug |
| healthy controls | cohort |
| heart rate deceleration local | phenotype |
| High-OC subjects local | cohort |
| hostility | phenotype |
| Impulsive control problems local | phenotype |
| Impulsive personality local | phenotype |
| impulsive responding | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| Increased sensitivity to reward local | phenotype |
| insensitivity to punishment | phenotype |
| internalizing disorders | phenotype |
| Kim et al. 2007 local | cohort |
| large ERN amplitude local | phenotype |
| late adolescents (ages 14-17) local | cohort |
| Learning style local | phenotype |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| medial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| methamphetamine | drug |
| mismatch local | phenotype |
| motivational significance local | phenotype |
| Motivational significance local | phenotype |
| negative affect | phenotype |
| neuroticism | phenotype |
| normal ERN local | phenotype |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | phenotype |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) local | phenotype |
| older adults | cohort |
| opiates | drug |
| Parkinson’s disease | phenotype |
| paroxetine | drug |
| participants | cohort |
| Pathological Worry local | phenotype |
| PFC lesion patients local | cohort |
| Phasic dopamine bursts local | phenotype |
| post-error slowing local | phenotype |
| Post-error slowing local | phenotype |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Prefrontal cortex lesion patients local | cohort |
| proactive control | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| Punishment sensitivity local | phenotype |
| reaction time | phenotype |
| reactive control | phenotype |
| reduced error-related ACC activity local | phenotype |
| response conflict | phenotype |
| reward | phenotype |
| reward sensitivity | phenotype |
| rostral ACC | anatomy |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| self-monitoring | phenotype |
| skin conductance local | phenotype |
| Speed emphasis local | phenotype |
| Spider phobia local | phenotype |
| Stimulus conflict local | phenotype |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| Tonic dopamine levels local | phenotype |
| Torpey et al. 2007 local | cohort |
| trait anxiety | phenotype |
| Unaffected first-degree family members local | cohort |
| unaware errors local | phenotype |
| Wiersema et al. 2007 local | cohort |
| worry | phenotype |
| young adults | cohort |
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|---|---|---|
| Advances in Electrophysiological Research. | 2015 | 26259089 |
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| The Relation Between Trait Anger and Impulse Control in Forensic Psychiatric Patients: An EEG Study. | Lievaart M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Using trial-level data and multilevel modeling to investigate within-task change in event-related potentials. | Volpert-Esmond HI et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Variation in reward- and error-related neural measures attributable to age, gender, race, and ethnicity. | Hill KE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Abnormal neural responses to feedback in depressed adolescents. | Webb CA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A Neurobehavioral Mechanism Linking Behaviorally Inhibited Temperament and Later Adolescent Social Anxiety. | Buzzell GA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Anhedonia and anxiety underlying depressive symptomatology have distinct effects on reward-based decision-making. | Harlé KM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| An introduction to using Bayesian linear regression with clinical data. | Baldwin SA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Attention bias modification reduces neural correlates of response monitoring. | Nelson BD et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Bilinguals have more complex EEG brain signals in occipital regions than monolinguals. | Grundy JG et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Chronic Stress: An RDoC Perspective. | Garland EL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Brief training in mindfulness may normalize a blunted error-related negativity in chronically depressed patients. | Fissler M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Cognitive Impairments in Occupational Burnout - Error Processing and Its Indices of Reactive and Proactive Control. | Golonka K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Comparing Self-Regulation-Associated Event Related Potentials in Preschool Children with and without High Levels of Disruptive Behavior. | Grabell AS et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Curbing the DUI offender's self-efficacy to drink and drive: A laboratory study. | Roberts W et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Detection of error-related negativity in complex visual stimuli: a new neuroergonomic arrow in the practitioner's quiver. | Sawyer BD et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Development of the error-monitoring system from ages 9-35: Unique insight provided by MRI-constrained source localization of EEG. | Buzzell GA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Distractibility as a precursor to anxiety: Preexisting attentional control deficits predict subsequent autonomic arousal during anxiety. | Birk JL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Electrophysiological Endophenotypes and the Error-Related Negativity (ERN) in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Family Study. | Clawson A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Error monitoring and empathy: Explorations within a neurophysiological context. | Amiruddin A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Error-related brain activity and internalizing disorder symptom dimensions in depression and anxiety. | Gorka SM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Error-related oscillatory activity is modulated by novelty seeking in the reward condition. | Mojsa-Kaja J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Feedback negativity and decision-making behavior in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) in adolescents is modulated by peer presence. | Kessler L et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| From neuro-pigments to neural efficiency: The relationship between retinal carotenoids and behavioral and neuroelectric indices of cognitive control in childhood. | Walk AM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Hyperactive performance monitoring as a transdiagnostic marker: Results from health anxiety in comparison to obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Riesel A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Impact of anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use on error-related brain activity. | Gorka SM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Impact of Panic on Psychophysiological and Neural Reactivity to Unpredictable Threat in Depression and Anxiety. | Lieberman L et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Implications of the Hierarchical Structure of Psychopathology for Psychiatric Neuroimaging. | Zald DH et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Meta-analysis and psychophysiology: A tutorial using depression and action-monitoring event-related potentials. | Moran TP et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Missing the Target: the Neural Processing Underlying the Omission Error. | Perri RL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Modulatory effects of happy mood on performance monitoring: Insights from error-related brain potentials. | Paul K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Neural responses to negative outcomes predict success in community-based substance use treatment. | Forster SE et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Performance monitoring in nicotine dependence: Considering integration of recent reinforcement history. | Butler K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Probing the Behavioral and Neurophysiological Effects of Acute Smoking Abstinence on Drug and Nondrug Reinforcement During a Cognitive Task. | Schlienz NJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Processing of Internal and External Signals for Performance Monitoring in the Context of Emotional Faces. | Christian Valt C et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Respond, don't react: The influence of mindfulness training on performance monitoring in older adults. | Smart CM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Spontaneous Brain Activity Did Not Show the Effect of Violent Video Games on Aggression: A Resting-State fMRI Study. | Pan W et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Suppression of error-preceding brain activity explains exaggerated error monitoring in females with worry. | Schroder HS et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The genetics of anxiety-related negative valence system traits. | Savage JE et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A Neurobiological Model of Borderline Personality Disorder: Systematic and Integrative Review. | Ruocco AC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Atypical valuation of monetary and cigarette rewards in substance dependent smokers. | Baker TE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Comparing Brain Morphometry Across Multiple Childhood Psychiatric Disorders. | Gold AL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Contextualizing individual differences in error monitoring: Links with impulsivity, negative affect, and conscientiousness. | Hill KE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Contextually sensitive power changes across multiple frequency bands underpin cognitive control. | Cooper PS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Deficits in error monitoring are associated with externalizing but not internalizing behaviors among children with a history of institutionalization. | Troller-Renfree S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Dysfunctional error-related processing in female psychopathy. | Maurer JM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Dysfunctional error-related processing in incarcerated youth with elevated psychopathic traits. | Maurer JM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Electrophysiology for addiction medicine: From methodology to conceptualization of reward deficits. | Stewart JL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Error-related brain activity in youth and young adults before and after treatment for generalized or social anxiety disorder. | Kujawa A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Error-related negativity (ERN) and sustained threat: Conceptual framework and empirical evaluation in an adolescent sample. | Weinberg A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Gender Influences on Brain Responses to Errors and Post-Error Adjustments. | Fischer AG et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Impact of alcohol use disorder comorbidity on defensive reactivity to errors in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. | Gorka SM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Deficits in Psychopathology: Similarities and Differences in Depression and Schizophrenia. | Barch DM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Mindfulness-of-breathing exercise modulates EEG alpha activity during cognitive performance. | Bing-Canar H et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Multimodal Performance Monitoring in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. | Taylor SF et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| One-year developmental stability and covariance among oddball, novelty, go/no-go, and flanker event-related potentials in adolescence: A monozygotic twin study. | Burwell SJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Research Review: Use of EEG biomarkers in child psychiatry research - current state and future directions. | Loo SK et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Reward Sensitivity of ACC as an Intermediate Phenotype between DRD4-521T and Substance Misuse. | Baker TE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Sex moderates the association between symptoms of anxiety, but not obsessive compulsive disorder, and error-monitoring brain activity: A meta-analytic review. | Moser JS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Shared and Distinct Cognitive/Affective Mechanisms in Intrusive Cognition: An Examination of Worry and Obsessions. | Macatee RJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The content of lexical stimuli and self-reported physiological state modulate error-related negativity amplitude. | Benau EM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The research domain criteria framework: The case for anterior cingulate cortex. | Holroyd CB et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Transdiagnostic factors and pathways to multifinality: The error-related negativity predicts whether preschool irritability is associated with internalizing versus externalizing symptoms at age 9. | Kessel EM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Action control processes in autism spectrum disorder--insights from a neurobiological and neuroanatomical perspective. | Chmielewski WX et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Advances in Electrophysiological Research. | Kamarajan C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Combining neural and behavioral indicators in the assessment of internalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. | Moser JS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Conflict monitoring and error processing: new insights from simultaneous EEG-fMRI. | Iannaccone R et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Effects of affective arousal on choice behavior, reward prediction errors, and feedback-related negativities in human reward-based decision making. | Liu HH et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Electrophysiological evidence of a typical cognitive distortion in bipolar disorder. | Kopf J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Emotional and Nonemotional Conflict Processing in Pediatric and Adult Anxiety Disorders. | Gold AL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Enhanced error-related brain activity in children predicts the onset of anxiety disorders between the ages of 6 and 9. | Meyer A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Error-processing abnormalities in pediatric anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders. | Fitzgerald KD et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Error-related brain activity in the age of RDoC: A review of the literature. | Weinberg A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Error related negativity and multi-source interference task in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-combined type. | Huerta-Albarrán R et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Event-related potentials in performance monitoring are influenced by the endogenous opioid system. | Pfabigan DM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Greater externalizing personality traits predict less error-related insula and anterior cingulate cortex activity in acutely abstinent cigarette smokers. | Carroll AJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| High trait anxiety is associated with attenuated feedback-related negativity in risky decision making. | Takács Á et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Implications of ongoing neural development for the measurement of the error-related negativity in childhood. | DuPuis D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Individual differences in social anxiety affect the salience of errors in social contexts. | Barker TV et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Motivation for aggressive religious radicalization: goal regulation theory and a personality × threat × affordance hypothesis. | McGregor I et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Neural correlates of error monitoring in adolescents prospectively predict initiation of tobacco use. | Anokhin AP et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Neural Correlates of Error Processing in Young People With a History of Severe Childhood Abuse: An fMRI Study. | Lim L et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Neuropsychological and neurophysiological insights into hoarding disorder. | Grisham JR et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| No Evidence That Gratitude Enhances Neural Performance Monitoring or Conflict-Driven Control. | Saunders B et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Performance monitoring in obsessive-compulsive undergraduates: Effects of task difficulty. | Riesel A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Preserved Error-Monitoring in Borderline Personality Disorder Patients with and without Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behaviors. | Vega D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Reduced event-related low frequency EEG activity in patients with early onset schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. | Simmonite M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Reinforcement learning in depression: A review of computational research. | Chen C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Short-term effects of prosocial video games on aggression: an event-related potential study. | Liu Y et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Single-session attention bias modification and error-related brain activity. | Nelson BD et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Social pain and the brain: controversies, questions, and where to go from here. | Eisenberger NI | — | 2015 | → |
| The costs and benefits of self-monitoring for higher functioning children and adolescents with autism. | Henderson HA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The dependability of electrophysiological measurements of performance monitoring in a clinical sample: A generalizability and decision analysis of the ERN and Pe. | Baldwin SA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The role of hand of error and stimulus orientation in the relationship between worry and error-related brain activity: Implications for theory and practice. | Lin Y et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Unexpected Acceptance? Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder Manifest their Social Expectancy in ERPs During Social Feedback Processing. | Cao J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Affective coding: the emotional dimension of agency. | Gentsch A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Blocked versus randomized presentation modes differentially modulate feedback-related negativity and P3b amplitudes. | Pfabigan DM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Brain systems underlying the affective and social monitoring of actions: an integrative review. | Koban L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Differential contributions of worry, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive symptoms to ERN amplitudes in response monitoring and reinforcement learning tasks. | Zambrano-Vazquez L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Effects of positive mood on probabilistic learning: behavioral and electrophysiological correlates. | Bakic J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Effort responses to suboptimal reward cues are related to striatal dopaminergic functioning. | Pas P et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Electrophysiological (EEG) evidence for reduced performance monitoring in euthymic bipolar disorder. | Morsel AM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Errare machinale est: the use of error-related potentials in brain-machine interfaces. | Chavarriaga R et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Event-related potentials in substance use disorders: a narrative review based on articles from 1984 to 2012. | Campanella S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Muted neural response to distress among securely attached people. | Nash K et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Neural correlates of performance monitoring in daily and intermittent smokers. | Rass O et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Performance monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a temporo-spatial principal component analysis. | Klawohn J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Sensation seeking and error processing. | Zheng Y et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Specificity of performance monitoring changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Endrass T et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Systematic review of ERP and fMRI studies investigating inhibitory control and error processing in people with substance dependence and behavioural addictions. | Luijten M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Task motivation influences alpha suppression following errors. | Compton RJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The effects of social exclusion on the ERN and the cognitive control of action monitoring. | Themanson JR et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The error processing system in major depressive disorder: cortical phenotypal marker hypothesis. | Schoenberg PL | — | 2014 | → |
| The hypothetical cost-conflict monitor: is it a possible trigger for conflict-driven control mechanisms in the human brain? | Zendehrouh S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The processing course of conflicts in third-party punishment: An event-related potential study. | Qu L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Toddler fearfulness is linked to individual differences in error-related negativity during preschool. | Brooker RJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Abnormal error monitoring in math-anxious individuals: evidence from error-related brain potentials. | Suárez-Pellicioni M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| An error-related negativity potential investigation of response monitoring function in individuals with internet addiction disorder. | Zhou Z et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Anxiety and error monitoring: the importance of motivation and emotion. | Proudfit GH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Diminished error-related brain activity as a promising endophenotype for substance-use disorders: evidence from high-risk offspring. | Euser AS et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Disruption of function-structure coupling in brain regions sub-serving self monitoring in schizophrenia. | Araki T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Error-related brain activity in young children: associations with parental anxiety and child temperamental negative emotionality. | Torpey DC et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Error-related brain activity predicts cocaine use after treatment at 3-month follow-up. | Marhe R et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Feelings of helplessness increase ERN amplitudes in healthy individuals. | Pfabigan DM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| How does noise affect amplitude and latency measurement of event-related potentials (ERPs)? A methodological critique and simulation study. | Clayson PE et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Hyperactivity within an extensive cortical distribution associated with excessive sensitivity in error processing in unmedicated depression: a combined event-related potential and sLORETA study. | Tang Y et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Impaired error-monitoring function in people with Internet addiction disorder: an event-related fMRI study. | Dong G et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Increased error-related brain activity in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected siblings. | Carrasco M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Neural markers of errors as endophenotypes in neuropsychiatric disorders. | Manoach DS et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in childhood anxiety. | Hum KM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Neural response to errors in combat-exposed returning veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary event-related potential study. | Rabinak CA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR1) gene variation modulates response inhibition and error monitoring. | Beste C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: a meta-analysis and conceptual framework. | Moser JS et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Performance monitoring in children and adolescents: a review of developmental changes in the error-related negativity and brain maturation. | Tamnes CK et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Predominant typologies of psychopathology in the United States: a latent class analysis. | El-Gabalawy R et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Psychosocial deprivation, executive functions, and the emergence of socio-emotional behavior problems. | McDermott JM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Reduced error-related activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across pediatric anxiety disorders. | Fitzgerald KD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Relationships among cognition, emotion, and motivation: implications for intervention and neuroplasticity in psychopathology. | Crocker LD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Reliability of the ERN across multiple tasks as a function of increasing errors. | Meyer A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Stress regulation and cognitive control: evidence relating cortisol reactivity and neural responses to errors. | Compton RJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The effects of performance-based rewards on neurophysiological correlates of stimulus, error, and feedback processing in children with ADHD. | Rosch KS et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The ERN is the ERN is the ERN? Convergent validity of error-related brain activity across different tasks. | Riesel A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The feedback-related negativity signals salience prediction errors, not reward prediction errors. | Talmi D et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The impact of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on cognitive control and error-related performance monitoring. | Larson MJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The influence of emotions on cognitive control: feelings and beliefs-where do they meet? | Harlé KM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The relationship between depressive symptoms and error monitoring during response switching. | Schroder HS et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| What are the influences of orthogonally-manipulated valence and arousal on performance monitoring processes? The effects of affective state. | Larson MJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Additive effects of the dopamine D2 receptor and dopamine transporter genes on the error-related negativity in young children. | Meyer A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Affective regulation of cognitive-control adjustments in remitted depressive patients after acute tryptophan depletion. | van Steenbergen H et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Alterations in error-related brain activity and post-error behavior over time. | Themanson JR et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Altered error-related brain activity in youth with major depression. | Ladouceur CD et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Anxiety disrupts the evaluative component of performance monitoring: An ERP study. | Aarts K et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Beyond the broken error-related negativity: functional and diagnostic correlates of error processing in psychosis. | Foti D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Clarifying domains of internalizing psychopathology using neurophysiology. | Vaidyanathan U et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Early adversity and neural correlates of executive function: implications for academic adjustment. | McDermott JM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Error-related negativity and tic history in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Hanna GL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Etiologic relationships between anxiety and dimensions of maladaptive perfectionism in young adult female twins. | Moser JS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Increased error-related brain activity distinguishes generalized anxiety disorder with and without comorbid major depressive disorder. | Weinberg A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Parsing relationships between dimensions of anxiety and action monitoring brain potentials in female undergraduates. | Moser JS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Performance monitoring and the medial prefrontal cortex: a review of individual differences and context effects as a window on self-regulation. | van Noordt SJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Personality and error monitoring: an update. | Hoffmann S et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Predictive information processing in the brain: errors and response monitoring. | Hoffmann S et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Preserved reward outcome processing in ASD as revealed by event-related potentials. | McPartland JC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Punishment has a lasting impact on error-related brain activity. | Riesel A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Resting-state functional connectivity between fronto-parietal and default mode networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Stern ER et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Right frontal cortical asymmetry predicts empathic reactions: support for a link between withdrawal motivation and empathy. | Tullett AM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Sex moderates the relationship between worry and performance monitoring brain activity in undergraduates. | Moran TP et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Task confusion after switching revealed by reductions of error-related ERP components. | Ikeda K et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The development of the error-related negativity (ERN) and its relationship with anxiety: evidence from 8 to 13 year-olds. | Meyer A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The effects of induced state negative affect on performance monitoring processes. | Clayson PE et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The extended fronto-striatal model of obsessive compulsive disorder: convergence from event-related potentials, neuropsychology and neuroimaging. | Melloni M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The impact of depression heterogeneity on inhibitory control. | Quinn CR et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The phenomenology of error processing: the dorsal ACC response to stop-signal errors tracks reports of negative affect. | Spunt RP et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Theta lingua franca: a common mid-frontal substrate for action monitoring processes. | Cavanagh JF et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| An ERP study of conflict monitoring in 4-8-year old children: associations with temperament. | Buss KA et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Clarifying relations between dispositional aggression and brain potential response: overlapping and distinct contributions of impulsivity and stress reactivity. | Venables NC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Classification of Error-Related Negativity (ERN) and Positivity (Pe) potentials using kNN and Support Vector Machines. | Ventouras EM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Depression and anxious apprehension distinguish frontocingulate cortical activity during top-down attentional control. | Silton RL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Diminished error processing in smokers during smoking cue exposure. | Luijten M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Dopamine effects on human error processing depend on catechol-O-methyltransferase VAL158MET genotype. | Mueller EM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Drunk, Powerful, and in the Dark: How General Processes of Disinhibition Produce Both Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior. | Hirsh JB et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Error-monitoring brain activity is associated with affective behaviors in young children. | Brooker RJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Error-related medial frontal theta activity predicts cingulate-related structural connectivity. | Cohen MX | — | 2011 | → |
| Error-related negativity abnormalities in generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Xiao Z et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual-process framework. | Gyurak A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Feedback and reward processing in high-functioning autism. | Larson MJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Longer term test-retest reliability of error-related brain activity. | Weinberg A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Overactive error-related brain activity as a candidate endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from unaffected first-degree relatives. | Riesel A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Reward and punishment effects on error processing and conflict control. | Stürmer B et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The relation of self-efficacy and error-related self-regulation. | Themanson JR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The relationship between cognitive performance and electrophysiological indices of performance monitoring. | Larson MJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Absorbed in the task: Personality measures predict engagement during task performance as tracked by error negativity and asymmetrical frontal activity. | Tops M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Altered cingulate sub-region activation accounts for task-related dissociation in ERN amplitude as a function of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. | Cavanagh JF et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Anxiety not only increases, but also alters early error-monitoring functions. | Aarts K et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Effects of task-relevant incentives on the electrophysiological correlates of error processing in major depressive disorder. | Holmes AJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Empathy and error processing. | Larson MJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Error processing in high-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. | South M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Error-related negativity predicts academic performance. | Hirsh JB et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Error-related processing dysfunction in children aged 9 to 12 years presenting putative antecedents of schizophrenia. | Laurens KR et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Evidence for a deficit in the salience attribution to errors in smokers. | Franken IH et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Functional 5-HT1a receptor polymorphism selectively modulates error-specific subprocesses of performance monitoring. | Beste C et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Imaging the amygdala: changing the face of gene discovery in child psychiatry. | Arnold PD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Impact of monetary incentives on cognitive performance and error monitoring following sleep deprivation. | Hsieh S et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| In the mood for adaptation: how affect regulates conflict-driven control. | van Steenbergen H et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Reflecting on God: religious primes can reduce neurophysiological response to errors. | Inzlicht M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Self-regulation in ADHD: the role of error processing. | Shiels K et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Serotonin transporter genotype and action monitoring dysfunction: a possible substrate underlying increased vulnerability to depression. | Holmes AJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Temporal stability of the error-related negativity (ERN) and post-error positivity (Pe): the role of number of trials. | Larson MJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The impact of perfectionism and anxiety traits on action monitoring in major depressive disorder. | Schrijvers DL et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The possibility of determination of accuracy of performance just before the onset of a reaching task using movement-related cortical potentials. | Suzuki S et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The relationship between performance monitoring, satisfaction with life, and positive personality traits. | Larson MJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The way of our errors: theme and variations. | Simons RF | — | 2010 | → |
| Variants of the SLC6A3 (DAT1) polymorphism affect performance monitoring-related cortical evoked potentials that are associated with ADHD. | Althaus M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Linking dimensional models of internalizing psychopathology to neurobiological systems: affect-modulated startle as an indicator of fear and distress disorders and affiliated traits. | Vaidyanathan U et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Reliability of error-related brain activity. | Olvet DM et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Task-related dissociation in ERN amplitude as a function of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. | Gründler TO et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| The effect of trial-to-trial feedback on the error-related negativity and its relationship with anxiety. | Olvet DM et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| The stability of error-related brain activity with increasing trials. | Olvet DM et al. | — | 2009 | → |