In vivo brain imaging of human exposure to nicotine and tobacco.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Sharma, Anil; Brody, Arthur L
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- Handbook of experimental pharmacology
- PMID
- 19184649
- DOI
- 10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_6
- PMCID
- PMC2893588
While most cigarette smokers endorse a desire to quit smoking, only 14-49% will achieve abstinence after 6 months or more of treatment. A greater understanding of the effects of smoking on brain function may result in improved pharmacological and behavioral interventions for this condition. Research groups have examined the effects of acute and chronic nicotine/cigarette exposure on brain activity using functional imaging; the purpose of this chapter is to synthesize findings from such studies and present a coherent model of brain function in smokers. Responses to acute administration of nicotine/smoking include reduced global brain activity; activation of the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and visual system; activation of the thalamus and visual cortex during visual cognitive tasks; and increased dopamine (DA) concentration in the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens. Responses to chronic nicotine/cigarette exposure include decreased monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B activity in the basal ganglia and a reduction in alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) availability in the thalamus and putamen (accompanied by an overall upregulation of these receptors). These findings indicate that smoking enhances neurotransmission through cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits by direct stimulation of nAChRs, indirect stimulation via DA release or MAO inhibition, or a combination of these and possibly other factors. Activation of this circuitry may be responsible for the effects of smoking seen in tobacco-dependent smokers, such as improvements in attentional performance, mood, anxiety, and irritability.
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| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 Introduction | Smoking remains a major health issue in USA and quitting smoking continues to be a challenge. In a… |
| 1 | 1 Introduction | Many functional brain imaging studies of tobacco use and dependence have been performed, using four… |
| 2 | 1 Introduction | conditions; Paulson 2002) are combined under the general heading of brain activity (including fMRI… |
| 3 | 1 Introduction | The purpose of this chapter is to synthesize findings from functional brain imaging studies of… |
| 4 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.1 Brain Activity Responses to Nicotine/Cigarette Administration | Many functional brain imaging studies have been performed examining the effects of administration of… |
| 5 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.1 Brain Activity Responses to Nicotine/Cigarette Administration | One common finding is that nicotine administration (Domino et al. 2000b; Stapleton et al. 2003b) or… |
| 6 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.1 Brain Activity Responses to Nicotine/Cigarette Administration | A large (n = 86), recent study (Fallon et al. 2004) further characterized this decreased global… |
| 7 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.1 Brain Activity Responses to Nicotine/Cigarette Administration | In studies examining regional activity responses to nicotine or smoking, the most common findings… |
| 8 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.1 Brain Activity Responses to Nicotine/Cigarette Administration | human nonsmokers have not yet been reported, and would be important for a more complete… |
| 9 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.1 Brain Activity Responses to Nicotine/Cigarette Administration | Since regional activity was normalized to whole brain activity in at least some of these studies,… |
| 10 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.2 Effect of Nicotine on Brain Activation During Cognitive Tasks | There is evidence that nicotine administration improves performance on tasks that require vigilant… |
| 11 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.2 Effect of Nicotine on Brain Activation During Cognitive Tasks | In examining brain mediation of the cognitive effects of smoking, several groups have performed… |
| 12 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.3 Brain Dopamine Responses to Nicotine and Smoking | A common pathway for the positive reinforcement associated with most, if not all, addictive drugs is… |
| 13 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.3 Brain Dopamine Responses to Nicotine and Smoking | transporter mRNA in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (Li et al. 2004), and… |
| 14 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.3 Brain Dopamine Responses to Nicotine and Smoking | Functional brain imaging studies of the DA system (Table 3) corroborate and expand upon these… |
| 15 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.3 Brain Dopamine Responses to Nicotine and Smoking | al. 1996). Also, an association between 11C-raclopride displacement and the hedonic effects of… |
| 16 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.3 Brain Dopamine Responses to Nicotine and Smoking | Nicotine-induced DA release in the NAc has been reported to be mediated by stimulation of nicotinic… |
| 17 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.3 Brain Dopamine Responses to Nicotine and Smoking | Other functional imaging studies of the DA system have reported decreased D1 receptor density… |
| 18 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.3 Brain Dopamine Responses to Nicotine and Smoking | To summarize these studies of the DA system, there is extensive evidence that nicotine… |
| 19 | 2 Brain Function Responses to Acute Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoking — 2.4 Functional Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) | Because stimulation of nAChRs is intimately linked with the effects of smoking, a longstanding and… |
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