Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls.
- Authors
- Lynskey, Michael T; Heath, Andrew C; Bucholz, Kathleen K; Slutske, Wendy S; Madden, Pamela A F; Nelson, Elliot C; Statham, Dixie J; Martin, Nicholas G
- Year
- 2003
- Journal
- JAMA
- PMID
- 12533121
- DOI
- 10.1001/jama.289.4.427
CONTEXT: Previous studies have reported that early initiation of cannabis (marijuana) use is a significant risk factor for other drug use and drug-related problems. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the association between early cannabis use and subsequent progression to use of other drugs and drug abuse/dependence persists after controlling for genetic and shared environmental influences. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey conducted in 1996-2000 among an Australian national volunteer sample of 311 young adult (median age, 30 years) monozygotic and dizygotic same-sex twin pairs discordant for early cannabis use (before age 17 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported subsequent nonmedical use of prescription sedatives, hallucinogens, cocaine/other stimulants, and opioids; abuse or dependence on these drugs (including cannabis abuse/dependence); and alcohol dependence. RESULTS: Individuals who used cannabis by age 17 years had odds of other drug use, alcohol dependence, and drug abuse/dependence that were 2.1 to 5.2 times higher than those of their co-twin, who did not use cannabis before age 17 years. Controlling for known risk factors (early-onset alcohol or tobacco use, parental conflict/separation, childhood sexual abuse, conduct disorder, major depression, and social anxiety) had only negligible effects on these results. These associations did not differ significantly between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between early cannabis use and later drug use and abuse/dependence cannot solely be explained by common predisposing genetic or shared environmental factors. The association may arise from the effects of the peer and social context within which cannabis is used and obtained. In particular, early access to and use of cannabis may reduce perceived barriers against the use of other illegal drugs and provide access to these drugs.
No figures extracted from this document.
No chunks β full text not yet ingested.
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
No citations found.
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescent outcomes of Post-operative opioid EXposure (APEX): Protocol for a multisite observational study. | Levy S et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Development of Substance Use Problems: The Role of Adolescent Cannabis Age of Onset, Frequency of Use and Childhood Risk Factors. | Hamaoui J et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Distinct Event-Related-Potential Biomarkers of Broad Versus Specific Dimensions of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology Externalizing Spectrum. | Patrick CJ et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Early onset of cannabis use and risk for opioid use disorder across two decades in the United States. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Effects of Legalizing Recreational Cannabis Sales on Cannabis Use and Cannabis-Related Disorder Among Presentations to a Psychiatric Emergency Service. | Foo CYS et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Ethnic Discrimination's Role on Increased Substance Susceptibility and Use Among U.S. Youth. | Rosales R et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Global Influence of Cannabis Legalization on Social Media Discourse: Mixed Methods Study. | Castillo-Toledo C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Neural basis of adolescent THC-induced potentiation of opioid responses later in life. | Hubbard E et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Persistent behavioural consequences of chronic adolescent cannabidiol (CBD) in a mouse model with increased susceptibility to Ξ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol and schizophrenia. | Visini G et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Illicit Drug Use Among Youth Aged 18-24 Years in South Korea. | Kim C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| The Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Craving and Relapse Rates in Opioid-Dependent Patients Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Therapy. | Khoshkbarchi M et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Weighted Family History Density of Substance Use: Influence on Participant Substance Use Onset, Duration, and Escalation. | Litteral CA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Educating adolescents on preventing substance use: The role of 24-h movement behaviors β data from 2021 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. | Cheng Y et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Limited psychological and social effects of lifetime cannabis use frequency: Evidence from a 30-year community study of 4,078 twins. | Zellers S et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Opioids and Youth Athletes. | Benjamin HJ et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| "The efficiency of treatment practices in adolescents diagnosed with substance use disorder". | BilgiΓ§ B et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. | Solmi M et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Country and sex measurement invariance of the Cannabis abuse screening test (CAST) in European Youth. | Legleye S et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| E-cigarettes may serve as a gateway to conventional cigarettes and other addictive drugs. | Chen G et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Factors associated with cannabis use in early adolescence. | Wellman RJ et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Life Chart of Substance Use Career: A Clinical Profile Study from Turkey. | Guliyev C et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Old Dog, New Tricks: A Review of Identifying and Addressing Youth Cannabis Vaping in the Pediatric Clinical Setting. | Sharma P et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure. | Pintori N et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Impact of Cannabis Use on Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Clinical Outcomes Amidst Changing State Policies. | Ross JA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| The Use of Opioids in the Management of Chronic Pain: Synopsis of the 2022 Updated U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline. | Sandbrink F et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Utility of the Zebrafish Model for Studying Neuronal and Behavioral Disturbances Induced by Embryonic Exposure to Alcohol, Nicotine, and Cannabis. | Collier AD et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| A Comparison of Vaping Behavior, Perceptions, and Dependence among Individuals Who Vape Nicotine, Cannabis, or Both. | Saran SK et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adolescent Cannabis Use Among Youth in ZIP Codes with Medical Dispensaries. | Smith DC et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Cigarette, electronic cigarette, and marijuana use among young adults under policy changes in California. | Meng YY et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Magnitude of Substance Use and Its Associated Factors Among the Medical Students in India and Implications for Medical Education: A Narrative Review. | Gupta H et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Motivations for adolescent offending and truancy from school: retrospective interviews with adults recently released from a custodial prison sentence in England. | Filkin S et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Substance Use Disorders and Psychoactive Drug Poisoning in Medically Authorized Cannabis Patients: Longitudinal Cohort Study. | Zongo A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| The endocannabinoid system and drug-associated contextual memories. | Asth L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| The relation between cannabis use, dependence severity and white matter microstructure: A diffusion tensor imaging study. | Cousijn J et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| United States marijuana legalization and opioid mortality epidemic during 2010-2020 and pandemic implications. | Bleyer A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Variations of cannabis-related adverse mental health and addiction outcomes across adolescence and adulthood: A scoping review. | Kaur N et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Weeding out the truth: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the transition from cannabis use to opioid use and opioid use disorders, abuse or dependence. | Wilson J et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Adolescent cannabis and tobacco use are associated with opioid use in young adulthood-12-year longitudinal study in an urban cohort. | Thrul J et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Associations between adolescent cannabis use and young-adult functioning in three longitudinal twin studies. | Schaefer JD et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. | Connor JP et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Cannabis use and psychosocial functioning: evidence from prospective longitudinal studies. | Meier MH | β | 2021 | β |
| Cocaine and Marijuana Polysubstance Use and Cocaine Use Disorder: Investigating Mediated Effects through Patterns of Cocaine Use. | Liu Y et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Effects of depression, anxiety and screen use on adolescent substance use. | Cioffredi LA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study. | Perrenoud LO et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESS TO RECREATIONAL MARIJUANA. | Ambrose CA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Opioid Utilization in Patients Diagnosed with Pain. | Neilson LM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Medication overuse headache in patients with chronic migraine using cannabis: A case-referent study. | Zhang N et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Neighborhood, Peer, and Parental Influences on Minor and Major Substance Use of Latino and Black Adolescents. | Sigal M et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Non-medical Use of Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Non-oral Routes of Administration, Risk Factors, Motivations, and Pathways. | Butler SF et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Patterns of patient discontinuation from buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid use disorder: A study of a commercially insured population in Massachusetts. | Hasan MM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Preadult polytoxicomania-strong environmental underpinnings and first genetic hints. | Steixner-Kumar AA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Treatment admissions for opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamines among adolescents and emerging adults after legalization of recreational marijuana. | Mennis J et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Youth marijuana use: a review of causes and consequences. | Scheier LM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Association of illicit drug use in adolescence with socioeconomic and criminal justice outcomes in adulthood: prospective findings from a UK national birth cohort. | White J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Beyond the "self" in self-regulation: Family interaction modulates situational self-control by adolescent drug users. | Sur B et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Cannabis use, subsequent other illicit drug use and drug use disorders: A 16-year follow-up study among Swedish adults. | Rabiee R et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Childhood social environmental and behavioural predictors of early adolescent onset cannabis use. | Scholes-Balog KE et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Children and Youth Who Use Cannabis for Pain Relief: Benefits, Risks, and Perceptions. | Woo JJ et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Development and Performance of a Web-Based Tool to Adjust Urine Toxicology Testing Frequency: Retrospective Study. | Chapman KB et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Effects of cannabis exposure in the prenatal and adolescent periods: Preclinical and clinical studies in both sexes. | Tirado-MuΓ±oz J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Effects of early ketamine exposure on cerebral gray matter volume and functional connectivity. | Hung CC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Exploring the effect of Colorado's recreational marijuana policy on opioid overdose rates. | Alcocer JJ | β | 2020 | β |
| Is the Adolescent Brain at Greater Vulnerability to the Effects of Cannabis? A Narrative Review of the Evidence. | Blest-Hopley G et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Screening for alcohol and substance use in pediatric trauma patients: A retrospective review. | Robinson T et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The role of negative emotional reactivity and neighborhood factors in predicting marijuana use during early adolescence. | Tache RM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Trajectories of cannabis use and risk for opioid misuse in a young adult urban cohort. | Reboussin BA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| A developmental cascade model for early adolescent-onset substance use: the role of early childhood stress. | Otten R et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Advanced School Progression Relative to Age and Early Family Formation in Mexico. | Caudillo ML | β | 2019 | β |
| Age-related differences in the impact of cannabis use on the brain and cognition: a systematic review. | Gorey C et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| An Experimental Test of Reward & Reminder as a Stand-Alone Program to Prevent Alcohol Sales to Underage Youths. | Van Ryzin MJ et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Brain activation to cannabis- and alcohol-related words in alcohol use disorder. | MΓΌller-Oehring EM et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Contribution of Marijuana Legalization to the U.S. Opioid Mortality Epidemic: Individual and Combined Experience of 27 States and District of Columbia | Bleyer A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Determining Risks for Cannabis Use Disorder in the Face of Changing Legal Policies. | Taylor M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Impacts of Medical Marijuana Laws on Young Americans Across the Developmental Spectrum. | Schmidt LA et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Increased sensitivity to Ξ<sup>9</sup>-THC-induced rewarding effects after seven-week exposure to electronic and tobacco cigarettes in mice. | Ponzoni L et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Legalized Cannabis in Colorado Emergency Departments: A Cautionary Review of Negative Health and Safety Effects. | Roberts BA | β | 2019 | β |
| Pathways connecting socioeconomic variables, substance abuse and gambling behaviour: a cross-sectional study on a sample of Italian high-school students. | Buja A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Predictive Validity of the CRAFFT for Substance Use Disorder. | Shenoi RP et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Short- and long-term effects of digital prevention and treatment interventions for cannabis use reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Boumparis N et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Technology-Delivered Interventions for Substance Use Among Adolescents. | Ondersma SJ et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Association between Substance Abuse and Sexual Misconduct among Macau Youths. | Lo TW et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The role of neurocognitive functioning, substance use variables and the DSM-5 severity scale in cocaine relapse: A prospective study. | Lima DR et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| A Model of the Intersection of Pain and Opioid Misuse in Children and Adolescents. | Dash GF et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Association of Medical and Adult-Use Marijuana Laws With Opioid Prescribing for Medicaid Enrollees. | Wen H et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Cannabis Use and Risk of Prescription Opioid Use Disorder in the United States. | Olfson M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Cannabis use, other substance use, and co-occurring mental health concerns among youth presenting for substance use treatment services: Sex and age differences. | Hawke LD et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Comprehensive interventions for reducing cannabis use. | Tirado-MuΓ±oz J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Denise Kandel's classic work on the gateway sequence of drug acquisition. | Lynskey MT et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Electronic Cigarettes and Future Marijuana Use: A Longitudinal Study. | Dai H et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain: Overview of the 2017βUS Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline. | Rosenberg JM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: A unifying hypothesis. | Khokhar JY et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The utility of twins in developmental cognitive neuroscience research: How twins strengthen the ABCD research design. | Iacono WG et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Addictive Disorders in Adolescents. | Truong A et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Adolescent but not adult ethanol binge drinking modulates cocaine withdrawal symptoms in mice. | Ledesma JC et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Age of initiation and substance use progression: A multivariate latent growth analysis. | Richmond-Rakerd LS et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Age of initiation, psychopathology, and other substance use are associated with time to use disorder diagnosis in persons using opioids nonmedically. | Schepis TS et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Assessing the risk of marijuana use disorder among adolescents and adults who use marijuana. | Richter L et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Building smart cannabis policy from the science up. | Weiss SRB et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review. | Hanna RC et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cannabis decriminalization and the age of onset of cannabis use. | ΔervenΓ½ J et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Comparison of Parent, Peer, Psychiatric, and Cannabis Use Influences Across Stages of Offspring Alcohol Involvement: Evidence from the COGA Prospective Study. | Bucholz KK et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Distinct cognitive performance and patterns of drug use among early and late onset cocaine users. | Lopes BM et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? | Piekarski DJ et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, substance use and DSM-5 specific substance-use disorders: Evaluating comorbidity in a population-based sample. | Hayley AC et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Evidence for the Risks and Consequences of Adolescent Cannabis Exposure. | Levine A et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| From alcohol initiation to tolerance to problems: Discordant twin modeling of a developmental process. | Deutsch AR et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Insights into the link between drug use and criminality: Lifetime offending of criminally-active opiate users. | Pierce M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines: A Comprehensive Update of Evidence and Recommendations. | Fischer B et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Marijuana Use, Recent Marijuana Initiation, and Progression to Marijuana Use Disorder Among Young Male and Female Adolescents Aged 12-14 Living in US Households. | Forman-Hoffman VL et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Medical Cannabinoids in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. | Wong SS et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Patterns and factors of problematic marijuana use in the Canadian population: Evidence from three cross-sectional surveys. | Bonner WIA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Proposition 64, Cannabis Legalization, and the California Secession Movement: Why Should Neurosurgeons Care? | Mattei TA | β | 2017 | β |
| The Influence of College Attendance on Risk for Marijuana Initiation in the United States: 1977 to 2015. | Miech RA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The Use of Substances Other Than Nicotine in Electronic Cigarettes Among College Students. | Kenne DR et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| A component-centered meta-analysis of family-based prevention programs for adolescent substance use. | Van Ryzin MJ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| A content analysis of tweets about high-potency marijuana. | Cavazos-Rehg PA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| A contingency management method for 30-days abstinence in non-treatment seeking young adult cannabis users. | Schuster RM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Adolescent cannabis use and repeated voluntary unprotected sex in women. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Age at first use and later substance use disorder: Shared genetic and environmental pathways for nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis. | Richmond-Rakerd LS et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Anxiety, depression and risk of cannabis use: Examining the internalising pathway to use among Chilean adolescents. | Stapinski LA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Association of Marijuana Use With Blunted Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward Anticipation. | Martz ME et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Cannabis Involvement and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Discordant Twin Approach. | Few LR et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Early marijuana initiation: The link between prenatal marijuana exposure, early childhood behavior, and negative adult roles. | Goldschmidt L et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Effects of Cannabinoid Exposure during Adolescence on the Conditioned Rewarding Effects of WIN 55212-2 and Cocaine in Mice: Influence of the Novelty-Seeking Trait. | RodrΓguez-Arias M et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| "Gateway hypothesis" and early drug use: Additional findings from tracking a population-based sample of adolescents to adulthood. | Nkansah-Amankra S et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Impacts of Changing Marijuana Policies on Alcohol Use inΒ the United States. | Guttmannova K et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Investigating Progression in Substance Use Initiation Using a Discrete-Time Multiple Event Process Survival Mixture (MEPSUM) Approach. | Richmond-Rakerd LS et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Keep off the grass? Cannabis, cognition and addiction. | Curran HV et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Marijuana Legalization: Impact on Physicians and Public Health. | Wilkinson ST et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Moderating effects of perceived social benefits on inhalant initiation among American Indian and White youth. | Swaim RC | β | 2016 | β |
| Outcomes associated with adolescent marijuana and alcohol use among urban young adults: A prospective study. | Green KM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Predicting later problematic cannabis use from psychopathological symptoms during childhood and adolescence: Results of a 25-year longitudinal study. | Zohsel K et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Progress toward pharmacotherapies for cannabis-use disorder: an evidence-based review. | Copeland J et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment. | Borus J et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Validation of the Marijuana Effect Expectancies Questionnaire (MEEQ) in a Non-Clinical French-Speaking Adolescent Sample. | Schmits E et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Who are the adolescents saying "No" to cannabis offers. | Burdzovic Andreas J et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Why young people's substance use matters for global health. | Hall WD et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| A longitudinal study of cannabis use initiation among high school students: Effects of social anxiety, expectancies, peers and alcohol. | Schmits E et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Association between contraband tobacco and illicit drug use among high school students in Canada. | Azagba S et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Brain activation to negative stimuli mediates a relationship between adolescent marijuana use and later emotional functioning. | Heitzeg MM et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Bulimic Behaviors and Early Substance Use: Findings from a Cotwin-Control Study. | Munn-Chernoff MA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabis use and mental health-related quality of life among individuals with depressive disorders. | Aspis I et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Early onset alcohol use and self-harm: a discordant twin analysis. | Few LR et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Ethnic differences in medicinal plant use among University students: a cross-sectional survey of self-reported medicinal plant use at two Midwest Universities. | Craft R et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Heritability, SNP- and Gene-Based Analyses of Cannabis Use Initiation and Age at Onset. | MinicΔ CC et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Investigating cannabis use normalization by distinguishing between experimental and regular use: a multilevel study in 31 countries. | Sznitman SR et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Perceived risk of regular cannabis use in the United States from 2002 to 2012: differences by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. | Pacek LR et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Prenatal marijuana exposure, age of marijuana initiation, and the development of psychotic symptoms in young adults. | Day NL et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Prescription Opioids in Adolescence and Future Opioid Misuse. | Miech R et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Probability and predictors of the cannabis gateway effect: a national study. | Secades-Villa R et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Progression in substance use initiation: A multilevel discordant monozygotic twin design. | Richmond-Rakerd LS et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Reward-related attentional bias and adolescent substance use: a prognostic relationship? | van Hemel-Ruiter ME et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Risky Business: Pathways to Progress in Biologically Informed Studies of Psychopathology. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Shared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Subcortical Brain Structure. | Pagliaccio D et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| The association between speed of transition from initiation to subsequent use of cannabis and later problematic cannabis use, abuse and dependence. | Hines LA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Tobacco smoking and cannabis use in a longitudinal birth cohort: evidence of reciprocal causal relationships. | Badiani A et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Trends Among U.S. High School Seniors in Recent Marijuana Use and Associations With Other Substances: 1976-2013. | Lanza ST et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Trends in use of marijuana and attitudes toward marijuana among youth before and after decriminalization: the case of California 2007-2013. | Miech RA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? | Hall W | β | 2015 | β |
| A randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a brief cannabis universal prevention program among adolescents in primary care. | Walton MA et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| A systematic review of computerised serious educational games about alcohol and other drugs for adolescents. | Rodriguez DM et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Attitude ambivalence, friend norms, and adolescent drug use. | Hohman ZP et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Cannabis controversies: how genetics can inform the study of comorbidity. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Cannabis use in adolescence and risk of future disability pension: a 39-year longitudinal cohort study. | Danielsson AK et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Decreased dopamine brain reactivity in marijuana abusers is associated with negative emotionality and addiction severity. | Volkow ND et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Depressive symptoms, negative urgency and substance use initiation in adolescents. | Pang RD et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Dopamine challenge reveals neuroadaptive changes in marijuana abusers. | Madras BK | β | 2014 | β |
| Environmental factors selectively impact co-occurrence of problem/pathological gambling with specific drug-use disorders in male twins. | Xian H et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Ethanol conditioned place preference and alterations in ΞFosB following adolescent nicotine administration differ in rats exhibiting high or low behavioral reactivity to a novel environment. | Philpot RM et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Gene Γ environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution. | Keller MC | β | 2014 | β |
| Genetic and environmental risk factors for illicit substance use and use disorders: Joint analysis of self and co-twin ratings. | Ystrom E et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Intellectual, neurocognitive, and academic achievement in abstinent adolescents with cannabis use disorder. | Hooper SR et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Legal substance use and the development of a DSM-IV cannabis use disorder during adolescence: the TRAILS study. | Prince van Leeuwen A et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Long-term cannabis abuse and early-onset cannabis use increase the severity of cocaine withdrawal during detoxification and rehospitalization rates due to cocaine dependence. | Viola TW et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Marijuana use: neuroscience perspective. | Konopka LM | β | 2014 | β |
| Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999-2010. | Bachhuber MA et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Prevalence and socio-demographic risk factors associated with psychoactive substance use in psychiatric out-patients of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. | Okpataku CI et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Smoking and snus use onset: exploring the influence of snus debut age on the risk for smoking uptake with cross-sectional survey data. | Lund I et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| The adverse health effects of chronic cannabis use. | Hall W et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Trends in Substance Use Among 6th- to 10th-Grade Students From 1998 to 2010: Findings From a National Probability Study. | Brooks-Russell A et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| A confirmatory model for substance use among Japanese American and part-Japanese American adolescents. | Williams JK et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Adolescent initiation of drug use: effects of prenatal cocaine exposure. | Richardson GA et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Attention problems in childhood and adult substance use. | GalΓ©ra C et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Bipolar disorder and co-occurring cannabis use disorders: characteristics, co-morbidities and clinical correlates. | Lev-Ran S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders among individuals with mental illness. | Lev-Ran S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Cannabis Use during Adolescent Development: Susceptibility to Psychiatric Illness. | Chadwick B et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Causal influence of age at first drink on alcohol involvement in adulthood and its moderation by familial context. | Deutsch AR et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Computer and therapist based brief interventions among cannabis-using adolescents presenting to primary care: one year outcomes. | Walton MA et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Contributions of ethnicity to differential item functioning of cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms. | Gizer IR et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Cumulative and recent psychiatric symptoms as predictors of substance use onset: does timing matter? | CerdΓ‘ M et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Decreased frontal N-acetylaspartate levels in adolescents concurrently using both methamphetamine and marijuana. | Sung YH et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Effects of sibship size and composition on younger brothers' and sisters' alcohol use initiation: findings from an Australian twin sample. | Richmond-Rakerd LS et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Ethnic differences in alcohol and drug use and related sexual risks for HIV among vulnerable women in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for interventions. | Myers B et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Exploring the association between lifetime prevalence of mental illness and transition from substance use to substance use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). | Lev-Ran S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Is cannabis use associated with HIV drug and sex risk behaviors among Russian HIV-infected risky drinkers? | Tyurina A et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Lifecourse SEP and tobacco and cannabis use. | Bowes L et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Marijuana use is associated with risky sexual behaviors in treatment-seeking polysubstance abusers. | Andrade LF et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Neural mechanisms of risky decision-making and reward response in adolescent onset cannabis use disorder. | De Bellis MD et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Perioperative care of adolescents. | Holzman RS | β | 2013 | β |
| Previous use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana and subsequent abuse of prescription opioids in young adults. | Fiellin LE et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Randomized controlled evaluation of the Too Good for Drugs prevention program: impact on adolescents at different risk levels for drug use. | Hall BW et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Reflections of young people who have had a first episode of psychosis: what attracted them to use alcohol and illicit drugs? | Archie S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The effects of the military's antidrug policies over the life course: the case of past-year hallucinogen use. | Miech RA et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Why is adolescence a key period of alcohol initiation and who is prone to develop long-term problem use?: A review of current available data. | Petit G et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Abnormal striatal circuitry and intensified novelty seeking among adolescents who abuse methamphetamine and cannabis. | Churchwell JC et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| An Australian twin study of cannabis and other illicit drug use and misuse, and other psychopathology. | Lynskey MT et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Associations of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and drug use/dependence with educational attainment: evidence from cotwin-control analyses. | Grant JD et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Australian school-based prevention programs for alcohol and other drugs: a systematic review. | Teesson M et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Cannabis and progression to other substance use in young adults: findings from a 13-year prospective population-based study. | Swift W et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Childhood trauma may combine synergistically with stimulant use rather than cannabis use to predict psychosis. | Daly M | β | 2012 | β |
| Confluence of genes, environment, development, and behavior in a post Genome-Wide Association Study world. | Vrieze SI et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Does cannabis onset trigger cocaine onset? A case-crossover approach. | O'Brien MS et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Early onset of drug and polysubstance use as predictors of injection drug use among adult drug users. | Trenz RC et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Edentulousness, denture wear and denture needs of the elderly in rural South India. | Ariga P et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Effects of parent-child affective quality during high school years on subsequent substance use. | Ralston ES et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Environmental influences predominate in remission from alcohol use disorder in young adult twins. | McCutcheon VV et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Family and peer predictors of substance use from early adolescence to early adulthood: an 11-year prospective analysis. | Van Ryzin MJ et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Gender differences in health-related quality of life among cannabis users: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Lev-Ran S et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Non-medical use of prescription drugs: implications for NPs. | Bettinardi-Angres K et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Orbitofrontal volumes in early adolescence predict initiation of cannabis use: a 4-year longitudinal and prospective study. | Cheetham A et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Parenting practices and adolescent risk behavior: rules on smoking and drinking also predict cannabis use and early sexual debut. | de Looze M et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Rat models of prenatal and adolescent cannabis exposure. | Dinieri JA et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Self-reported psychotic disorders among Individuals with substance use disorders: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Lev-Ran S et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Substance abuse in high school students in association with socio-demographic variables in northwest of iran. | Mohammadpoorasl A et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The endocannabinoid system in critical neurodevelopmental periods: sex differences and neuropsychiatric implications. | Viveros MP et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The PALS prevention program and its long-term impact on student intentions to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. | Workman JW et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The relevance of age at first alcohol and nicotine use for initiation of cannabis use and progression to cannabis use disorders. | Behrendt S et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of their co-use. | Ramo DE et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Anxiety sensitivity as a mediator of the relationship between moderate-intensity exercise and coping-oriented marijuana use motives. | Smits JA et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Can the gateway hypothesis, the common liability model and/or, the route of administration model predict initiation of cannabis use during adolescence? A survival analysis--the TRAILS study. | van Leeuwen AP et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Deviant socialization mediates transmissible and contextual risk on cannabis use disorder development: a prospective study. | Tarter RE et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Expectancies and self-efficacy mediate the effects of impulsivity on marijuana use outcomes: an application of the acquired preparedness model. | Hayaki J et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Framework for sex differences in adolescent neurobiology: a focus on cannabinoids. | Viveros MP et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Impact of environmental factors on marijuana use in 11 European countries. | PejnoviΔ FraneliΔ I et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Individual differences in cocaine conditioned taste aversion are developmentally stable and independent of locomotor effects of cocaine. | Drescher C et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Patterns of use, sequence of onsets and correlates of tobacco and cannabis. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Prevalence and characteristics of substance abuse treatment utilization by U.S. adolescents: national data from 1987 to 2008. | Ilgen MA et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Prevalence and correlates of atypical patterns of drug use progression: findings from the South African Stress and Health Study. | Myers B et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Role of individual and developmental differences in voluntary cocaine intake in rats. | Schramm-Sapyta NL et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Sex differences amongst dependent heroin users: histories, clinical characteristics and predictors of other substance dependence. | Shand FL et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Social skills as precursors of cannabis use in young adolescents: a TRAILS study. | Griffith-Lendering MF et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The association between early conduct problems and early marijuana use in college students. | Falls BJ et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Trajectories of marijuana use and psychological adjustment among urban African American and Puerto Rican women. | Pahl K et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| A cotwin-control analysis of drug use and abuse/dependence risk associated with early-onset cannabis use. | Grant JD et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| A Life-course Perspective on the "Gateway Hypothesis". | Van Gundy K et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Cannabis dependence in the San Francisco Family Study: age of onset of use, DSM-IV symptoms, withdrawal, and heritability. | Ehlers CL et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Causal Inference and Observational Research: The Utility of Twins. | McGue M et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Challenging the "inoffensiveness" of regular cannabis use by its associations with other current risky substance use--a census of 20-year-old Swiss men. | Gmel G et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Clustering of trauma and associations with single and co-occurring depression and panic attack over twenty years. | McCutcheon VV et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Common genetic contributions to alcohol and cannabis use and dependence symptomatology. | Sartor CE et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Disruptive symptoms in childhood and adolescence and early initiation of tobacco and cannabis use: the Gazel Youth study. | GalΓ©ra C et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Effect of adolescent exposure to WIN 55212-2 on the acquisition and reinstatement of MDMA-induced conditioned place preference. | RodrΓguez-Arias M et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Linkage analyses of cannabis dependence, craving, and withdrawal in the San Francisco family study. | Ehlers CL et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Medical marijuana 2010: it's time to fix the regulatory vacuum. | Cohen PJ | β | 2010 | β |
| Predicting life-time and regular cannabis use during adolescence; the roles of temperament and peer substance use: the TRAILS study. | Creemers HE et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Predictors of age at onset of tobacco and cannabis use in Danish adolescents. | Wium-Andersen IK et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Substance abuse and dependency risk: the role of peer perceptions, marijuana involvement, and attitudes toward substance use among college students. | Lewis TF et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Substance use and common child mental health problems: examining longitudinal associations in a British sample. | Goodman A | β | 2010 | β |
| Tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drug use among Finnish adolescent twins: causal relationship or correlated liabilities? | Huizink AC et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. | Hall W et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Are adolescents more vulnerable to drug addiction than adults? Evidence from animal models. | Schramm-Sapyta NL et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Behavioral problems and the occurrence of tobacco, cannabis, and coca paste smoking in Chile: evidence based on multivariate response models for school survey data. | Caris L et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems. | Chen CY et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Evidence for an interaction between age at first drink and genetic influences on DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Genetically informative studies of 'environment'. | Lynskey MT et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Heritability and a genome-wide linkage analysis of a Type II/B cluster construct for cannabis dependence in an American Indian community. | Ehlers CL et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| How might schools influence young people's drug use? Development of theory from qualitative case-study research. | Fletcher A et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Item response theory analysis of lifetime cannabis-use disorder symptom severity in an American Indian community sample. | Gilder DA et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child outcomes: real or spurious effect? | Knopik VS | β | 2009 | β |
| Medical marijuana: the conflict between scientific evidence and political ideology. Part one of two. | Cohen PJ | β | 2009 | β |
| Modeling the genetic and environmental association between peer group deviance and cannabis use in male twins. | Gillespie NA et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Pathways to cannabis abuse: a multi-stage model from cannabis availability, cannabis initiation and progression to abuse. | Gillespie NA et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Reprint of "Understanding comorbidity between substance use, anxiety and affective disorders: broadening the research base". | Hall W et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Screening and brief intervention to reduce marijuana use among youth and young adults in a pediatric emergency department. | Bernstein E et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Should burden of disease estimates include cannabis use as a risk factor for psychosis? | Degenhardt L et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Stress-related factors in cannabis use and misuse: implications for prevention and treatment. | Hyman SM et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| The adverse health effects of cannabis use: what are they, and what are their implications for policy? | Hall W | β | 2009 | β |
| The prevalence and significance of cannabis use in patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy: a review of the extant literature. | Reisfield GM et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Understanding comorbidity between substance use, anxiety and affective disorders: broadening the research base. | Hall W et al. | β | 2009 | β |
| Are there genetic influences on addiction: evidence from family, adoption and twin studies. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Autosomal linkage analysis for cannabis use behaviors in Australian adults. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Behavioral sensitization to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine: differential changes in accumbal shell and core dopamine transmission. | Cadoni C et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Cannabis and the developing brain: insights from behavior. | Trezza V et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Children taking risks: the association with cocaine and other drug use by young adulthood. | RΓos-Bedoya CF et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Comparing the dynamic course of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine use over 10 years. | Hser YI et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Dynamic changes of the endogenous cannabinoid and opioid mesocorticolimbic systems during adolescence: THC effects. | Ellgren M et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Early cannabis use and DSM-IV nicotine dependence: a twin study. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Early childhood predictors of early substance use and substance use disorders: prospective study. | Hayatbakhsh MR et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Fentanyl and propofol exposure in the operating room: sensitization hypotheses and further data. | Merlo LJ et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Implications of cannabis use and heavy alcohol use on HIV drug risk behaviors in Russian heroin users. | Walley AY et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Is it important to prevent early exposure to drugs and alcohol among adolescents? | Odgers CL et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: association with recent use and age. | Winters KC et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Marijuana use disorders and DSM-V. | Rey JM | β | 2008 | β |
| Measured environmental contributions to cannabis abuse/dependence in an offspring of twins design. | Scherrer JF et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Preventing Child Maltreatment and Crime with Prenatal and Infancy Support of Parents: The Nurse-Family Partnership. | Olds DL | β | 2008 | β |
| Role of individual, peer and family factors in the use of cannabis and other illicit drugs: a longitudinal analysis among Finnish adolescent twins. | Korhonen T et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| School effects on young people's drug use: a systematic review of intervention and observational studies. | Fletcher A et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Searching for an environmental effect of parental alcoholism on offspring alcohol use disorder: a genetically informed study of children of alcoholics. | Slutske WS et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Sex-dependent effects of periadolescent exposure to the cannabinoid agonist CP-55,940 on morphine self-administration behaviour and the endogenous opioid system. | Biscaia M et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| The debate about marijuana usage in transplant candidates: recent medical evidence on marijuana health effects. | Coffman KL | β | 2008 | β |
| The developmental antecedents of illicit drug use: evidence from a 25-year longitudinal study. | Fergusson DM et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| The effects of Project SUCCESS on student academic performance: a quasi-experimental study. | Shamblen SR et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Understanding the association between adolescent marijuana use and later serious drug use: gateway effect or developmental trajectory? | Cleveland HH et al. | β | 2008 | β |
| Adolescent cannabis exposure alters opiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats. | Ellgren M et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Age of first marijuana use and the occurrence of marijuana use disorders in Southwest California Indians. | Ehlers CL et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Black 'N Mild and carcinogenic: cigar smoking among inner city young adults in Hartford, CT. | Singer M et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Cannabis, the mind and society: the hash realities. | Murray RM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| College attendance and its effect on drinking behaviors in a longitudinal study of adolescents. | Timberlake DS et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Differences in temperament, character and psychopathology among subjects with different patterns of cannabis use. | Spalletta G et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Does early onset of non-medical use of prescription drugs predict subsequent prescription drug abuse and dependence? Results from a national study. | McCabe SE et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Exposure to terrorism and Israeli youths' cigarette, alcohol, and cannabis use. | Schiff M et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Factors associated with remission from cannabis dependence in southwest California Indians. | Gilder DA et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Is inhalant use a risk factor for heroin and injection drug use among adolescents in the United States? | Wu LT et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| N-benzylpiperazine has characteristics of a drug of abuse. | Brennan KA et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| One relative risk versus two odds ratios: implications for meta-analyses involving paired and unpaired binary data. | Zou GY | β | 2007 | β |
| Pathways between ecstasy initiation and other drug use. | Martins SS et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Personality differences in monozygotic twins discordant for cannabis use. | Vink JM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in developed and developing countries. | Hall W et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Previous exposure to THC alters the reinforcing efficacy and anxiety-related effects of cocaine in rats. | Panlilio LV et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Proceeding From Observed Correlation to Causal Inference: The Use of Natural Experiments. | Rutter M | β | 2007 | β |
| Progression from marijuana use to daily smoking and nicotine dependence in a national sample of U.S. adolescents. | Timberlake DS et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Psychopathology among cannabis-dependent treatment seekers and association with later substance abuse treatment. | Arendt M et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Residential mobility and gateway drug use among Hispanic adolescents in the U.S.: evidence from a national survey. | Lee D | β | 2007 | β |
| School-based drug prevention among at-risk adolescents: effects of ALERT plus. | Longshore D et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Subchronic nicotine exposure in adolescence induces long-term effects on hippocampal and striatal cannabinoid-CB1 and mu-opioid receptors in rats. | Marco EM et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Substance use pathways to methamphetamine use among treated users. | Brecht ML et al. | β | 2007 | β |
| Cannabis and neurodevelopment: implications for psychiatric disorders. | Sundram S | β | 2006 | β |
| Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis. | Fergusson DM et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Cannabis use and the mental health of young people. | Hall WD | β | 2006 | β |
| Cannabis use by children and young people. | McArdle PA | β | 2006 | β |
| Competing accounts of the gateway effect: the field thins, but still no clear winner. | Maccoun RJ | β | 2006 | β |
| Dissecting the causal anatomy of the link between cannabis and other illicit drugs. | Hall W | β | 2006 | β |
| Early initiation of cannabis use: a cross-national European perspective. | Kokkevi A et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Early onset cannabis use and progression to other drug use in a sample of Dutch twins. | Lynskey MT et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Intercity differences in drug use by pre-teenage school children. | McArdle P et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. | Chang L et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Predictors of opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain: a prospective cohort study. | Ives TJ et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Recent-onset ecstasy use: association with deviant behaviors and psychiatric comorbidity. | Martins SS et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Reducing the risk of HIV infection associated with illicit drug use. | American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric AIDS | β | 2006 | β |
| Relationship between adolescent marijuana use and young adult illicit drug use. | Lessem JM et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| Risk for initiation of substance use as a function of age of onset of cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use: findings in a Midwestern female twin cohort. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| The adolescent and substance use, an approach to office management. | Tellier PP | β | 2006 | β |
| The Adolescent Cannabis Problems Questionnaire (CPQ-A): psychometric properties. | Martin G et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| The genetic epidemiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2006 | β |
| The mental health risks of adolescent cannabis use. | Hall W | β | 2006 | β |
| Behavioural and neuroendocrine effects of cannabinoids in critical developmental periods. | Viveros MP et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Developments in the epidemiology of drug use and drug use disorders. | Compton WM et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Differential effects of psychoactive drugs in adolescents and adults. | Izenwasser S | β | 2005 | β |
| Early alcohol or tobacco onset and transition to other drug use among students in the state of Morelos, Mexico. | Wagner FA et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Expected impacts of the Cannabis Infringement Notice scheme in Western Australia on attitudes and drug use of school children. | Lenton S et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| First cannabis use: does onset shift to younger ages? Findings from 1988 to 2003 from the Dutch National School Survey on Substance Use. | Monshouwer K et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| High prevalence of substance use disorders among adolescents who use marijuana and inhalants. | Wu LT et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Influences of parenting practices on the risk of having a chance to try cannabis. | Chen CY et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Is cannabis a gateway drug? Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs. | Hall WD et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. | Caspi A et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Perceived academic performance and alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use: longitudinal relationships in young community adolescents. | Bergen HA et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The Adolescent Cannabis Check-Up: feasibility of a brief intervention for young cannabis users. | Martin G et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| The duration and correlates of addiction and treatment careers. | Dennis ML et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| Who becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use? Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000-2001. | Chen CY et al. | β | 2005 | β |
| A cultural psychology approach to "drug abuse" prevention. | Unger JB et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids induces long-lasting changes in the response to drugs of abuse of rat midbrain dopamine neurons. | Pistis M et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| American Indian substance use: the hazards for substance use initiation and progression for adolescents aged 14 to 20 years. | Novins DK et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Amphetamine effects on dopamine levels and behavior following cannabinoid exposure during adolescence. | Ellgren M et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Cannabis and other illicit drugs: comorbid use and abuse/dependence in males and females. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Cannabis and psychosis: accumulating evidence. | Fegusson DM | β | 2004 | β |
| Cannabis and psychosis: two kinds of limitations which attach to epidemiological research. | Fergusson DM | β | 2004 | β |
| Developmentally inspired drug prevention: middle school outcomes in a school-based randomized prevention trial. | Furr-Holden CD et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| [Do we need a new addiction medicine specialty?]. | Haller R | β | 2004 | β |
| [Drug use prevalence at FEBEM, Porto Alegre]. | Ferigolo M et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Early intervention for adolescent substance abuse: pretreatment to posttreatment outcomes of a randomized clinical trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and peer group treatment. | Liddle HA et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) increases subsequent heroin taking but not heroin's reinforcing efficacy: a self-administration study in rats. | Solinas M et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Gene-environment interactions in substance use: how will we use transdisciplinary findings to improve health outcomes? | Unger JB | β | 2004 | β |
| Is the party over? Cannabis and juvenile psychiatric disorder: the past 10 years. | Rey JM et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Overview of workshop on drug abuse and suicidal behavior. | Erinoff L et al. | β | 2004 | β |
| Adolescent twins discordant for major depressive disorder: shared familial liability to externalizing and other internalizing disorders. | Burcusa SL et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Chronic treatment with CP 55,940 during the peri-adolescent period differentially affects the behavioural responses of male and female rats in adulthood. | Biscaia M et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Does marijuana have a future in pharmacopoeia? | Frazzetto G | β | 2003 | β |
| Does marijuana use cause the use of other drugs? | Kandel DB | β | 2003 | β |
| Substance abuse in adolescents: a complex conundrum for the clinician. | Greydanus DE et al. | β | 2003 | β |
| Trends in marijuana and other illicit drug use among college students: results from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993-2001. | Mohler-Kuo M et al. | β | 2003 | β |