Alcohol metabolism and epigenetics changes.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Zakhari, Samir
Year: 2013
Journal: Alcohol research : current reviews
PMID: 24313160
DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v35.1.02
PMCID: PMC3860421

Figure 1

Schematic representation of DNA methylation, which converts cytosine to 5′methyl-cytosine via the actions of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). DNA methylation typically occurs at cytosines that are followed by a guanine (i.e., CpG motifs).NOTES: SAM = S-adenosylmethionine; SAH = S-adenosylhomocysteine.

Figure 2

Alcohol’s effects on homocysteine/methionine metabolism and DNA methylation. Methionine, which is formed by methylation of homocysteine (using either 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate [5-methyl THF] or betaine as methyl donors), is essential for the production of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which in turn is used to methylate DNA. Chronic heavy drinking reduces folate levels and inhibits methionine synthase (MS), resulting in the reduction of methionine and SAM and the concurrent increase in homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). SAH further inhibits DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), ultimately resulting in global hypomethylation of DNA.NOTES: MTHFR = methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase; MAT = methionine adenosyltransferase; HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma; BHMT = betaine homocysteine methyltransferases; GSH = glutathione; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; Pi = inorganic phosphate.

Figure 3

Alcohol metabolism and histone acetylation. Acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) synthetase (AceCS), an enzyme that converts acetate to acetyl-CoA, is activated by SIRT1. Acetyl-CoA is used by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) to acetylate the lysine residues in histone proteins. This neutralizes the positive charge and allows the chromatin to assume an open conformation, thus resulting in gene activation. SIRT1 also deaceytlates acetylated histones, resulting in gene silencing. Thus, SIRT1 is a sensor that balances gene activation and silencing in the cell based on the cell’s energy status. Alcohol metabolism results in acetate formation, which is used in extrahepatic tissues to produce acetyl-CoA.NOTES: AceCS1 = Acetyl-CoA synthase 1; ADH = alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH = Aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Figure 4

Oxidative pathways of alcohol metabolism. Alcohol is metabolized mainly in the cytosol by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to produce acetaldehyde. At high levels of alcohol consumption, an enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum, cytochrome P450 IIE1 (CYP2E1), becomes involved in metabolizing alcohol to acetaldehyde; this enzyme also is induced by chronic drinking. A catalase-mediated reaction in the peroxisomes is considered a minor metabolic pathway of alcohol metabolism. Acetaldehyde is further metabolized to acetate in the mitochondria. Alcohol metabolism results in the formation of NADH and thus changes the redox state of hepatocytes (i.e., increases the ratio of NADH/NAD+). Both alcohol metabolism by CYP2E1 and the re-oxidation of NADH via the electron transport chain in the mitochondria results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Figure 5

Interactions between alcohol metabolism and epigenetic mechanisms. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to lower-than-normal methylation (i.e., hypomethylation) by decreasing the levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is used by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone methyl transferases (HMTs) to methylate DNA and histones, respectively. Furthermore, alcohol metabolism increases the ratio of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to the oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+); this inhibits SIRT1, thereby interfering with normal histone acetylation patterns.NOTES: ATP = Adenosine triphosphate; AMPK = AMP-activated protein kinase; HAT = histone acetyl transferase; TCA = tricarboxylic acid cycle.

#	Section	Preview
20	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Cell Death	Mitochondria play important roles in the regulation of cell death (i.e., apoptosis and necrosis).…
21	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Modulation of the MPT Opening	MPT is defined as an increase in the ability of the membranes surrounding the mitochondria to allow…
22	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Modulation of Gene Expression	The NADH/NAD+ ratio influences gene expression through several pathways. The following discussion…
23	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Modulation of Gene Expression	CtBP is a regulatory factor mediating transcriptional repression that is important for cell cycle…
24	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Modulation of Gene Expression	The Sir2 protein links cellular metabolism and transcriptional silencing through its NAD+-dependent…
25	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Modulation of Gene Expression	The Clock protein is part of the transcriptional feedback system whose activity fluctuates with the…
26	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Modulation of Gene Expression	PER2, PER3) genes. PER and CRY proteins bind to CLOCK/BMAL1 and inhibit their transcriptional…
27	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Modulation of Gene Expression	Conversely, metabolic reactions and the resulting redox state of cells have been shown to play an…
28	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Increases in NADH/NAD+ Ratio and Their Consequences — Modulation of Gene Expression	Human and animal studies have demonstrated that both acute and chronic alcohol intake can affect…
29	Epigenetics-Relevant Consequences of Oxidative Alcohol Metabolism — Formation of ROS and Oxidative Stress and Their Consequences	ROS, including superoxide (• O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorite ion (OCl−), and…
30	Acetate Formation and Its Consequences	Most of the acetate resulting from ethanol metabolism escapes the liver into the blood. In cells…
31	Summary and Conclusions	Figure 5 summarizes the epigenetic effects of alcohol metabolism, which include the following:…
32	Summary and Conclusions	These epigenetic changes resulting from chronic alcohol consumption can lead to organ pathology.…

Name	Type
acetaldehyde	drug
acetic acid	drug
acetoacetate local	drug
acetyl-ADP-ribose local	drug
acetyl-CoA	drug
acetyl-CoA synthase local	drug
acetyltransferases local	gene
ADH	gene
adipogenesis	phenotype
adiponectin	drug
Adipose tissue effects local	phenotype
AIFM1	gene
alcohol	phenotype
alcoholic liver disease	phenotype
Alcoholic people local	cohort
Alcohol-induced organ damage local	phenotype
ALDH2	gene
AMP	drug
AMPK	gene
apoptosis	phenotype
arginine methyltransferases local	drug
ARNTL local	gene
ATP	drug
Betaine local	drug
Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase local	drug
BMAL1 local	gene
brain	anatomy
Calcium ions local	drug
caloric restriction	phenotype
cancer	phenotype
cancer development	phenotype
carbohydrate metabolism derangement local	phenotype
Cardiovascular Disorder local	phenotype
CAT	gene
cell migration	phenotype
cell proliferation	phenotype
Cell quiescence local	phenotype
central clock local	phenotype
chromatin	drug
chromatin remodeling enzymes local	gene
chronic alcoholism	phenotype
Circadian Clock local	phenotype
Circadian melatonin secretion local	phenotype
Circadian rhythm of body temperature local	phenotype
Circadian rhythms	phenotype
CLOCK	gene
Clock gene oscillations local	phenotype
Clock/NPAS2 transcriptional regulator local	gene
c-myc	gene
Cofactors local	drug
CRY local	gene
CRY1	gene
CRY2	gene
CtBP local	gene
Ctbp1 local	gene
Ctbp1-null mice local	cohort
Ctbp2	gene
Ctbp2-null mice local	cohort
cyclophilin-D local	gene
CYCS local	gene
CYP1A2	gene
CYP2E1	gene
CYP3A4 local	gene
diabetes	phenotype
DNA methylation	drug
DNA methyltransferase	drug
DNA strand breaks local	phenotype
DNMT1	gene
Dnmt3a	gene
Dnmt3b	gene
DNMTs	gene
electron transport chain local	drug
endoplasmic reticulum	anatomy
energy homeostasis	phenotype
Epigenetic alterations local	phenotype
Epigenetic changes local	drug
Epigenetic enzymes local	drug
Epigenetic modifications	phenotype
Epigenetic status local	drug
ethanol consumption	phenotype
Ethanol-induced injury local	phenotype
Ethanol-induced teratogenesis local	phenotype
fatty liver	phenotype
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder	phenotype
folate	drug
FoxO1	gene
gene activation	phenotype
gene expression	phenotype
gene expression modulation local	phenotype
gene silencing	phenotype
gene transcription	phenotype
Global hypomethylation local	phenotype
gluconeogenesis local	drug
gluconeogenesis	phenotype
glucose	drug
glutathione	drug
glycolysis	drug
GNAT local	drug
GSH	drug
H3K27 local	phenotype
H3K36 local	phenotype
H3K4 local	phenotype
H3K79 local	phenotype
H3K9 local	phenotype
H4K20 local	phenotype
HATs local	drug
HATs	gene
HCC	phenotype
HDACs	gene
HDMs local	drug
HDMs local	gene
Healthy people local	cohort
Heart morphogenesis defects local	phenotype
hepatic lipid metabolism alteration local	phenotype
hepatic SAM deficiency local	phenotype
hepatocellular carcinoma	phenotype
histone	drug
histone acetylation local	phenotype
Histone acetylation local	phenotype
Histone methyltransferases local	drug
Histone modification local	phenotype
HMTs local	drug
HMTs local	gene
Homocysteine	drug
Human carcinogenesis local	phenotype
hydrogen peroxide	drug
hydroxyethyl local	drug
hydroxyl radical local	drug
Hydroxyl radical local	drug
Hypochlorite ion local	drug
hypoglycemia	phenotype
Immune Deficiency local	phenotype
Inflammatory genes local	phenotype
insulin	drug
lactate	drug
lactate dehydrogenase local	drug
lactate metabolism alteration local	phenotype
leptin	drug
longevity	phenotype
Mat1a	gene
Mat1a knockout mice local	cohort
metabolic diseases local	phenotype
Metabolic diseases local	phenotype
Metabolic signals local	drug
Metabolism local	drug
methionine	drug
Methionine adenosyl transferase local	drug
Methionine synthase local	drug
methyltransferases local	gene
Mitochondria	phenotype
mitochondrial permeability transition opening local	phenotype
MPT local	phenotype
MYST local	drug
N5-methyl tetrahydrofolate local	drug
NAD+	drug
NADH	drug
NADH/NAD+ ratio local	drug
NADPH oxidases local	drug
necrosis	phenotype
Neonatal rats	cohort
Neural structure defects local	phenotype
Neural structures local	anatomy
neuronal differentiation	phenotype
non-SET domain lysine methyltransferases local	drug
Notch	gene
NR1D1 local	gene
obese mice local	cohort
obesity	phenotype
Organ pathology local	phenotype
p300/CBP local	drug
PARP1	gene
PARPs local	gene
PC12 cells	cohort
PER1	gene
PER2	gene
PER3	gene
peripheral clocks local	phenotype
peroxisome local	drug
PPARGC1A	gene
protein hyper-acetylation local	phenotype
protein kinases	drug
protein metabolism alteration local	phenotype
pyruvate	drug
pyruvate carboxylase local	drug
pyruvate dehydrogenase local	drug
rats	cohort
reactive oxygen species	drug
redox state local	phenotype
Reduced body size local	phenotype
retina	anatomy
REV-ERBα local	gene
RORα local	gene
RORβ local	gene
RORγ local	gene
ROS	drug
rosiglitazone	drug
Ryanodine receptor	drug
S-adenosylmethionine	drug
SAH	drug
SAH hydrolase local	drug
SAM	drug
SET domain lysine methyltransferases local	drug
Shift workers local	cohort
Sir2	gene
SIRT1	gene
SIRT3 local	gene
sirtuins local	drug
sirtuins local	gene
Substrates local	drug
Superoxide local	drug
superoxide anion	drug
suprachiasmatic nucleus	anatomy
TGFβ	drug
TP53	gene
transcriptional activation local	phenotype
transcriptional repression local	phenotype
tricarboxylic acid cycle local	drug
uric acid metabolism alteration local	phenotype
wild-type mice	cohort
Zn2+ local	drug
γ-hydroxybutyrate local	drug

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Arc controls alcohol cue relapse by a central amygdala mechanism.	Pagano R et al.	—	2023	→
Drug abuse results in metabolic and epigenetic changes in body which may contribute to disease risk: Role of L-carnitine and nutrients.	Virmani MA	—	2023	→
Folate intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis of prospective studies.	Fu H et al.	—	2023	→
Hepatic fibrosis: Targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha from mechanism to medicines.	Gong L et al.	—	2023	→
Inhibition of ACSS2 attenuates alcoholic liver steatosis via epigenetically regulating de novo lipogenesis.	Lu Y et al.	—	2023	→
Interaction of the pre- and postnatal environment in the maternal immune activation model.	Gundacker A et al.	—	2023	→
Neuronal miR-17-5p contributes to interhemispheric cortical connectivity defects induced by prenatal alcohol exposure.	Altounian M et al.	—	2023	→
Neuropharmacology of Alcohol Addiction with Special Emphasis on Proteomic Approaches for Identification of Novel Therapeutic Targets.	Ray SK et al.	—	2023	→
Protective Effect of Commercial Grade Vitamin C against Alcohol-induced Testicular Damage in Male Wistar Rats.	George TE et al.	—	2023	→
Accelerated aging with HIV begins at the time of initial HIV infection.	Breen EC et al.	—	2022	→
Alcohol-Associated Tissue Injury: Current Views on Pathophysiological Mechanisms.	Simon L et al.	—	2022	→
Chronic alcohol exposure induces hepatocyte damage by inducing oxidative stress, SATB2 and stem cell-like characteristics, and activating lipogenesis.	Yu W et al.	—	2022	→
Effect of Beer Consumption on Methylation and Redox Metabolism.	Broz P et al.	—	2022	→
Effects of Regular Low-Level Alcohol Consumption in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.	Oshima S et al.	—	2022	→
Epigenome-wide association study of alcohol consumption in N = 8161 individuals and relevance to alcohol use disorder pathophysiology: identification of the cystine/glutamate transporter SLC7A11 as a top target.	Lohoff FW et al.	—	2022	→
Epigenome-wide association study of biomarkers of liver function identifies albumin-associated DNA methylation sites among male veterans with HIV.	Titanji BK et al.	—	2022	→
Ethanol Consumption Induces Nonspecific Inflammation and Functional Defects in Alveolar Macrophages.	Lewis SA et al.	—	2022	→
Implications of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and Betaine in Human Health: Beyond Being Osmoprotective Compounds.	Ilyas A et al.	—	2022	→
One-carbon Pathways and Methylation Potential in Glutamatergic Neurons Regulate Behavioral Alcohol Responses	Lathen D et al.	—	2022	—
Proteomic analysis of alcohol-associated hepatitis reveals glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) as a novel hepatic and serum biomarker.	Harris PS et al.	—	2022	→
Alcohol consumption is associated with widespread changes in blood DNA methylation: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data.	Dugué PA et al.	—	2021	→
Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives.	Liu SY et al.	—	2021	→
A multi-omic analysis of the dorsal striatum in an animal model of divergent genetic risk for alcohol use disorder.	Grecco GG et al.	—	2021	→
Association of CYP26C1 Promoter Hypomethylation with Small Vessel Occlusion in Korean Subjects.	Lee EJ et al.	—	2021	→
Combining Metabolomics and Interpretable Machine Learning to Reveal Plasma Metabolic Profiling and Biological Correlates of Alcohol-Dependent Inpatients: What About Tryptophan Metabolism Regulation?	Zhu X et al.	—	2021	→
DNA methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene predicts substance use in adolescence: longitudinal data from over 1000 young individuals.	Raffetti E et al.	—	2021	→
DNA methylation signature on phosphatidylethanol, not on self-reported alcohol consumption, predicts hazardous alcohol consumption in two distinct populations.	Liang X et al.	—	2021	→
Effect of alcohol on the central nervous system to develop neurological disorder: pathophysiological and lifestyle modulation can be potential therapeutic options for alcohol-induced neurotoxication.	Pervin Z et al.	—	2021	→
Elevated postischemic tissue injury and leukocyte-endothelial adhesive interactions in mice with global deficiency in caveolin-2: role of PAI-1.	Liu Y et al.	—	2021	→
Ethanol-Induced Cell Damage Can Result in the Development of Oral Tumors.	Hoes L et al.	—	2021	→
Genotype-dependent epigenetic regulation of DLGAP2 in alcohol use and dependence.	Meng W et al.	—	2021	→
Head and Neck Cancers Are Not Alike When Tarred with the Same Brush: An Epigenetic Perspective from the Cancerization Field to Prognosis.	Camuzi D et al.	—	2021	→
Metabolic acidosis due to ingestion of lanthanum sulfates and chlorides in cetyl alcohol solution pool cleaner.	Ivaturi K et al.	—	2021	→
Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis.	Johnson CH et al.	—	2021	→
The epigenome: key to understanding and predicting gout flares.	Wolyncewicz B et al.	—	2021	→
The Timing and Effects of Low-Dose Ethanol Treatment on Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury.	Liu FC et al.	—	2021	→
Transcriptional, Epigenetic, and Functional Reprogramming of Monocytes From Non-Human Primates Following Chronic Alcohol Drinking.	Lewis SA et al.	—	2021	→
Translational Approaches with Antioxidant Phytochemicals against Alcohol-Mediated Oxidative Stress, Gut Dysbiosis, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, and Fatty Liver Disease.	Ballway JW et al.	—	2021	→
Acetate Revisited: A Key Biomolecule at the Nexus of Metabolism, Epigenetics, and Oncogenesis - Part 2: Acetate and ACSS2 in Health and Disease.	Moffett JR et al.	—	2020	→
An Epigenetics-Based, Lifestyle Medicine-Driven Approach to Stress Management for Primary Patient Care: Implications for Medical Education.	Lee J et al.	—	2020	→
Association of a Reproducible Epigenetic Risk Profile for Schizophrenia With Brain Methylation and Function.	Chen J et al.	—	2020	→
CUX2, BRAP and ALDH2 are associated with metabolic traits in people with excessive alcohol consumption.	Chen IC et al.	—	2020	→
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying pathobiology of alcohol use disorder.	Dulman RS et al.	—	2020	→
Folate pathways mediating the effects of ethanol in tumorigenesis.	Sharma J et al.	—	2020	→
Impact of Long-Term Alcohol Consumption and Relapse on Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Changes in Alcohol-Dependent Subjects: A Longitudinal Study.	Friedel E et al.	—	2020	→
Interplay between Metabolism, Nutrition and Epigenetics in Shaping Brain DNA Methylation, Neural Function and Behavior.	Pizzorusso T et al.	—	2020	→
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled intervention study on the nutritional efficacy of a food for special medical purposes (FSMP) and a dietary supplement in reducing the symptoms of veisalgia.	Lieb B et al.	—	2020	→
Role of Chronic Alcoholism Causing Cancer in Omnivores and Vegetarians through Epigenetic Modifications.	Syed Javid Hasan SAH et al.	—	2020	→
The association of alcohol with circulating total fibrinogen and plasma clot density is mediated by fibrinogen and FXIII genotypes.	Rautenbach PH et al.	—	2020	→
Alcohol metabolism contributes to brain histone acetylation.	Mews P et al.	—	2019	→
Challenges in anesthesia personalization: resolving the pharmacogenomic puzzle.	Bach-Rojecky L et al.	—	2019	→
Chronic heavy drinking drives distinct transcriptional and epigenetic changes in splenic macrophages.	Sureshchandra S et al.	—	2019	→
How alcohol drinking affects our genes: an epigenetic point of view.	Ciafrè S et al.	—	2019	→
Long-term epigenetic changes in offspring mice exposed to alcohol during gestation and lactation.	Cantacorps L et al.	—	2019	→
Plin3 protects against alcoholic liver injury by facilitating lipid export from the endoplasmic reticulum.	Gu Y et al.	—	2019	→
Proteomics Reveals Profound Metabolic Changes in the Alcohol Use Disorder Brain.	Enculescu C et al.	—	2019	→
Stem cells under the influence of alcohol: effects of ethanol consumption on stem/progenitor cells.	Di Rocco G et al.	—	2019	→
Alcohol-Induced Epigenetic Changes in Cancer.	Dumitrescu RG	—	2018	→
Epidemiology of Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer: Association or Causation?	Zakhari S et al.	—	2018	→
Epigenetics, nutrition and mental health. Is there a relationship?	Stevens AJ et al.	—	2018	→
Gene-environment interactions and predictors of breast cancer in family-based multi-ethnic groups.	Gonzales MC et al.	—	2018	→
Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Role for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells?	Prytkova I et al.	—	2018	→
Introduction to the Virtual Issue Alcohol and Epigenetic Regulation: Do the Products of Alcohol Metabolism Drive Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression in Alcohol-Related Disorders?	Vadigepalli R et al.	—	2018	→
In Vivo Metabolic Tracing Demonstrates the Site-Specific Contribution of Hepatic Ethanol Metabolism to Histone Acetylation.	Kriss CL et al.	—	2018	→
Is the Response of Tumours Dependent on the Dietary Input of Some Amino Acids or Ratios among Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids? All That Glitters Is Not Gold.	Dioguardi FS et al.	—	2018	→
National Cancer Societies and their public statements on alcohol consumption and cancer risk.	Amin G et al.	—	2018	→
Preventive effects of indole-3-carbinol against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms: Role of gut-liver-adipose tissue axis.	Choi Y et al.	—	2018	→
1-Carbon Cycle Metabolites Methylate Their Way to Fatty Liver.	Walker AK	—	2017	→
A Glance At … ethanol consumption, GSH suppression, and oxidative liver damage.	Glade MJ et al.	—	2017	→
Alcoholic Myopathy: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.	Simon L et al.	—	2017	→
Decreased myoblast differentiation in chronic binge alcohol-administered simian immunodeficiency virus-infected male macaques: role of decreased miR-206.	Simon L et al.	—	2017	→
Development, Prevention, and Treatment of Alcohol-Induced Organ Injury: The Role of Nutrition.	Barve S et al.	—	2017	→
Emerging roles of SIRT1 in fatty liver diseases.	Ding RB et al.	—	2017	→
Epigenetics in oral squamous cell carcinoma.	Hema KN et al.	—	2017	→
Gene expression profiling in the human alcoholic brain.	Warden AS et al.	—	2017	→
<i>In Utero</i> Alcohol Exposure and the Alteration of Histone Marks in the Developing Fetus: An Epigenetic Phenomenon of Maternal Drinking.	Mandal C et al.	—	2017	→
Low dose of alcohol attenuates pro-atherosclerotic activity of thrombin.	Toda M et al.	—	2017	→
Molecular Basis of Alcohol-Related Gastric and Colon Cancer.	Na HK et al.	—	2017	→
Novel insights into epigenetic drivers of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: role of HPV and lifestyle factors.	Boscolo-Rizzo P et al.	—	2017	→
Alcohol Lowers Your (Intestinal) Inhibitions.	Iyer N et al.	—	2016	→
Chronic ethanol exposure closes the door to vitamin C in pancreatic acinar cells. Focus on "Uptake of ascorbic acid by pancreatic acinar cells is negatively impacted by chronic alcohol exposure".	Ticho AL et al.	—	2016	→
Genome-Wide Epigenetic Studies in Human Disease: A Primer on -Omic Technologies.	Yan H et al.	—	2016	→
Protective Effect of Tyrosol and S-Adenosylmethionine against Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress of Hepg2 Cells Involves Sirtuin 1, P53 and Erk1/2 Signaling.	Stiuso P et al.	—	2016	→
Back to the future: transgenerational transmission of xenobiotic-induced epigenetic remodeling.	Jiménez-Chillarón JC et al.	—	2015	→
Dose-dependent alcohol-induced alterations in chromatin structure persist beyond the window of exposure and correlate with fetal alcohol syndrome birth defects.	Veazey KJ et al.	—	2015	→
Effects of acute ethanol exposure on class I HDACs family enzymes in wild-type and BDNF(+/-) mice.	Caputi FF et al.	—	2015	→
Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Aging Human Retina.	Pennington KL et al.	—	2015	→
Establishment of the tree shrew as an alcohol-induced Fatty liver model for the study of alcoholic liver diseases.	Xing H et al.	—	2015	→
Ethanol consumption in the Sprague-Dawley rat increases sensitivity of the dorsal raphe nucleus to 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.	Vasudeva RK et al.	—	2015	→
Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway affects epigenetic regulation in cancer cells.	Karlic H et al.	—	2015	→
Metabolic Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Abuse in Non-Smokers: A Pilot Study.	Obianyo O et al.	—	2015	→
The Molecular Circadian Clock and Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury.	Udoh US et al.	—	2015	→
Use of metabolomics to elucidate the metabolic perturbation associated with hypertension in a black South African male cohort: the SABPA study.	van Deventer CA et al.	—	2015	→
Αlpha 2a-Adrenoceptor Gene Expression and Early Life Stress-Mediated Propensity to Alcohol Drinking in Outbred Rats.	Comasco E et al.	—	2015	→
Alcohol drinking and mammary cancer: Pathogenesis and potential dietary preventive alternatives.	Castro GD et al.	—	2014	→
Alcohol, one-carbon nutrient intake, and risk of colorectal cancer according to tumor methylation level of IGF2 differentially methylated region.	Nishihara R et al.	—	2014	→
Autophagy in alcohol-induced multiorgan injury: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.	Li Y et al.	—	2014	→
Epigenetics across the human lifespan.	Kanherkar RR et al.	—	2014	→
Epigenetics and the microbiome: developing areas in the understanding of the aetiology of lupus.	Edwards CJ et al.	—	2014	→
Impact of chronic low to moderate alcohol consumption on blood lipid and heart energy profile in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2-deficient mice.	Fan F et al.	—	2014	→
Gene-alcohol interactions identify several novel blood pressure loci including a promising locus near SLC16A9.	Simino J et al.	—	2013	→