Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Batalla, Albert; Bhattacharyya, Sagnik; YΓΌcel, Murat; Fusar-Poli, Paolo; Crippa, Jose Alexandre; NoguΓ©, Santiago; Torrens, Marta; Pujol, JesΓΊs; FarrΓ©, MagΓ; Martin-Santos, Rocio
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- PloS one
- PMID
- 23390554
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0055821
- PMCID
- PMC3563634
BACKGROUND: The growing concern about cannabis use, the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide, has led to a significant increase in the number of human studies using neuroimaging techniques to determine the effect of cannabis on brain structure and function. We conducted a systematic review to assess the evidence of the impact of chronic cannabis use on brain structure and function in adults and adolescents. METHODS: Papers published until August 2012 were included from EMBASE, Medline, PubMed and LILACS databases following a comprehensive search strategy and pre-determined set of criteria for article selection. Only neuroimaging studies involving chronic cannabis users with a matched control group were considered. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two studies were identified, of which 43 met the established criteria. Eight studies were in adolescent population. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence of morphological brain alterations in both population groups, particularly in the medial temporal and frontal cortices, as well as the cerebellum. These effects may be related to the amount of cannabis exposure. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest different patterns of resting global and brain activity during the performance of several cognitive tasks both in adolescents and adults, which may indicate compensatory effects in response to chronic cannabis exposure. LIMITATIONS: However, the results pointed out methodological limitations of the work conducted to date and considerable heterogeneity in the findings. CONCLUSION: Chronic cannabis use may alter brain structure and function in adult and adolescent population. Further studies should consider the use of convergent methodology, prospective large samples involving adolescent to adulthood subjects, and data-sharing initiatives.
Flow diagram of included neuroimaging studies in chronic cannabis users.
1β20 of 52
Next β
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 1000 Functional Connectomes project local | cohort |
| [11C]-raclopride-PET local | drug |
| 133Xe-SPECT local | drug |
| 18F-FDG-PET local | drug |
| [18F]FMPEP-d2 local | drug |
| Abstinent adolescent cannabis users local | cohort |
| abstinent cannabis users local | cohort |
| Abstinent cannabis users local | cohort |
| active cannabis users local | cohort |
| Active cannabis users local | cohort |
| adolescent cannabis use | phenotype |
| Adolescent controls local | cohort |
| Adolescent female cannabis users local | cohort |
| adolescent population | cohort |
| adolescents | cohort |
| Adolescent users local | cohort |
| Adult cannabis users local | cohort |
| Adult chronic cannabis users local | cohort |
| adult population local | cohort |
| Adult population local | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| Age of initiation of cannabis use local | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| altered neural activity local | phenotype |
| amygdala | anatomy |
| amygdala volume | phenotype |
| anterior cerebellum local | anatomy |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| Associative memory performance local | phenotype |
| attention | phenotype |
| Axonal damage local | phenotype |
| basal ganglia | anatomy |
| Bilateral inferior parietal lobule local | anatomy |
| Bilateral medial frontal local | anatomy |
| Bilateral para hippocampal gyri local | anatomy |
| Bilateral superior parietal lobe local | anatomy |
| Bilateral superior parietal lobule local | anatomy |
| binge drinking | phenotype |
| blood oxygen level dependent signal local | phenotype |
| Blood oxygen level dependent signal (BOLD) local | anatomy |
| brain | anatomy |
| brain function | phenotype |
| brain morphology | anatomy |
| Brain reorganization local | phenotype |
| brain structure | anatomy |
| cannabidiol | drug |
| cannabinoid level local | drug |
| cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) local | drug |
| cannabinoid receptorβrich brain regions local | anatomy |
| Cannabis + binge drinking local | cohort |
| cannabis dependence | phenotype |
| cannabis metabolites local | drug |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| cannabis users | phenotype |
| caudate nucleus | anatomy |
| CB1 receptor density local | phenotype |
| CB1-rich areas local | anatomy |
| cerebellar cortices local | anatomy |
| cerebellar vermis | anatomy |
| cerebellum | anatomy |
| cerebral blood flow | phenotype |
| Cerebral blood flow (CBF) local | anatomy |
| Chronic Cannabis User local | cohort |
| Chronic effects of cannabis local | phenotype |
| cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| clinical variables local | phenotype |
| Cnr1 | gene |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cognition | phenotype |
| Compensatory mechanism local | phenotype |
| control group | cohort |
| controls | cohort |
| corpus callosum | anatomy |
| cortex | anatomy |
| cortical neuronal networks local | anatomy |
| Cousjin 2011 study local | cohort |
| Cumulative cannabis lifetime exposure local | phenotype |
| current cannabis users local | cohort |
| Current cannabis users local | cohort |
| D2/D3 receptor availability local | phenotype |
| decision making | phenotype |
| Decreased activation local | phenotype |
| Delayed brain development local | phenotype |
| delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol | drug |
| demyelination | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| depressive symptoms | phenotype |
| dopamine | drug |
| Dorsal parietal cortices local | anatomy |
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Duration of cannabis use local | phenotype |
| Earlier onset of cannabis use local | phenotype |
| early age of onset | phenotype |
| Eight case-control studies local | cohort |
| endocannabinoid system | drug |
| endogenous cannabinoid system local | drug |
| Error awareness deficit local | phenotype |
| excessive alcohol consumption | phenotype |
| executive functioning | phenotype |
| Female cannabis users | phenotype |
| female users local | cohort |
| fractional anisotropy | phenotype |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| Frontal cortex regions local | anatomy |
| Frontal white matter fibre tract local | anatomy |
| fusiform gyrus | anatomy |
| global local | anatomy |
| global activity local | phenotype |
| Global activity local | anatomy |
| Global brain measures local | anatomy |
| Global brain volume measures local | phenotype |
| global volume local | phenotype |
| Global volume local | anatomy |
| gray matter | anatomy |
| greater activation in left parietal cortex local | phenotype |
| Greater activity local | phenotype |
| greater cannabis exposure local | phenotype |
| H215O-PET local | drug |
| healthy controls | cohort |
| higher verbal learning and memory scores local | phenotype |
| Hippocampal activity local | anatomy |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| Improvement over task course local | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| inferior frontal gyrus | anatomy |
| inferior parietal lobe | anatomy |
| Inferior posterior vermis local | anatomy |
| inhibitory control | phenotype |
| insula | anatomy |
| internalizing disorders | phenotype |
| Iowa Gambling Task performance local | phenotype |
| larger hippocampus volumes local | phenotype |
| Larger regional volumes local | phenotype |
| left frontal region | anatomy |
| left parietal cortex | anatomy |
| left parietal lobe local | anatomy |
| left precentral gyrus | anatomy |
| Left superior parietal cortex local | anatomy |
| Left superior prefrontal cortex local | anatomy |
| Left temporal gyrus local | anatomy |
| lentiform nucleus | anatomy |
| Less sensitivity to negative feedback local | phenotype |
| lifetime frequency of cannabis use local | phenotype |
| limbic regions | anatomy |
| lingual gyrus | anatomy |
| Longer duration of abstinence local | phenotype |
| lower activation in right orbitofrontal cortex local | phenotype |
| Male cannabis users | phenotype |
| male users local | cohort |
| masked angry stimuli local | phenotype |
| masked happy faces local | phenotype |
| Matochik 2005 study local | cohort |
| Maturational brain local | anatomy |
| McQueeny et al. 2011 study local | cohort |
| mean diffusivity | phenotype |
| Medial cerebellar regions local | anatomy |
| Medial cerebellum local | anatomy |
| medial frontal cortex | anatomy |
| medial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Medina et al. studies local | cohort |
| methamphetamine | drug |
| Mid-cingulate local | anatomy |
| Middle frontal region local | anatomy |
| middle temporal gyrus | anatomy |
| NaΓ―ve Cannabis Users local | cohort |
| NaΓ―ve users local | phenotype |
| neocortex | anatomy |
| neuroadaptation | phenotype |
| neurobiological abnormalities local | phenotype |
| neurocognitive abnormalities local | phenotype |
| Neurocognitive alterations local | phenotype |
| Neurocognitive deficits | phenotype |
| neuronal activity | phenotype |
| nicotine | drug |
| non-smokers | phenotype |
| non-smoking controls local | cohort |
| non tobacco-smoking controls local | cohort |
| non-typical brain regions local | anatomy |
| Normalization of BOLD signal local | phenotype |
| nucleus accumbens | anatomy |
| occipital cortex | anatomy |
| Occipitoparietal cortex local | anatomy |
| orbital gyrus local | anatomy |
| parahippocampal gyrus | anatomy |
| parietal cortex | anatomy |
| participants | cohort |
| pons | anatomy |
| poorer performance | phenotype |
| poorer performance on Iowa Gambling Task local | phenotype |
| positive symptoms | phenotype |
| postcentral gyrus | anatomy |
| Posterior cerebellum local | anatomy |
| Posterior parietal local | anatomy |
| precentral gyrus | anatomy |
| precuneus | anatomy |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Premorbid intelligence local | phenotype |
| psychiatric abnormalities local | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| psychomotor function local | phenotype |
| psychomotor speed | phenotype |
| psychosis | phenotype |
| Pulvinar local | anatomy |
| putamen | anatomy |
| recent cannabis consumption local | phenotype |
| Recent cannabis users local | cohort |
| Recreational cannabis users local | phenotype |
| Recreational Cannabis Users local | cohort |
| Reduced activation local | phenotype |
| reduced activation in anterior cingulate cortex local | phenotype |
| reduced activation in cerebellum local | phenotype |
| reduced activation in occipital lobe local | phenotype |
| reduced activation in precuneus local | phenotype |
| reduced activation in superior parietal lobe local | phenotype |
| reduced activation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex local | phenotype |
| Reduced activity in response to losses local | phenotype |
| Reduced hippocampal volume local | phenotype |
| Regional activation local | phenotype |
| regional activity local | phenotype |
| Regional activity local | anatomy |
| Regional CBF (rCBF) local | anatomy |
| regional cerebral blood flow local | phenotype |
| regional volume | phenotype |
| Regional volume local | anatomy |
| reward processing | phenotype |
| Right basal ganglia local | anatomy |
| right cuneus | anatomy |
| right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Right genu local | anatomy |
| right inferior frontal gyrus | anatomy |
| right medial frontal gyrus | anatomy |
| Right occipital gyrus local | anatomy |
| right orbitofrontal cortex | anatomy |
| right parahippocampus local | anatomy |
| right parietal cortex | anatomy |
| right precentral gyrus | anatomy |
| right prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Right temporal gyrus local | anatomy |
| right thalamus | anatomy |
| right ventral putamen local | anatomy |
| rostral prefrontal cortex local | anatomy |
| Rostral prefrontal cortex local | anatomy |
| severity of cannabis dependence local | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| smaller hippocampal volume local | phenotype |
| smoking episodes per week local | phenotype |
| spatial working memory | phenotype |
| striatum | anatomy |
| Stronger activation local | phenotype |
| structural abnormalities | anatomy |
| subcortical regions | anatomy |
| superior frontal cortex | anatomy |
| superior parietal cortex | anatomy |
| thalamus | anatomy |
| THC | drug |
| The Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network local | cohort |
| tobacco-smoking controls local | cohort |
| tobacco use | phenotype |
| total brain volume | anatomy |
| urine cannabis metabolite levels local | phenotype |
| ventral prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| Ventricular cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) local | drug |
| ventromedial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| verbal memory | phenotype |
| Verbal working memory performance local | phenotype |
| white matter | anatomy |
| White matter structural integrity local | phenotype |
| working memory | phenotype |
| Worse performance on variant IGT local | phenotype |
| years of cannabis exposure local | phenotype |
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
| Citation | PMID | DOI | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| AaslyJ, StorsaeterO, NilsenG, SmevikO, RinckP (1993) Minor structural brain changes in young drug abusers. . A magnetic resonance study. Acta Neurol Scand 87: 210β214.10.1111/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04103.x8475692 | β | β | β |
| AbdullaevY, PosnerMI, NunnallyR, DishionTJ (2010) Functional MRI evidence for inefficient attentional control in adolescent chronic cannabis abuse. Behav Brain Res 215: 45β57.2060034110.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.023 | β | β | β |
| AdrianiW, LaviolaG (2004) Windows of vulnerability to psychopathology and therapeutic strategy in the adolescent rodent model. Behav Pharmacol 15: 341β352.1534305710.1097/00008877-200409000-00005 | β | β | β |
| Albrecht DS, Skosnik PD, Vollmer JM, Brumbaugh MS, Perry KM, et al.. (2012) Striatal D(2)/D(3) receptor availability is inversely correlated with cannabis consumption in chronic marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend Aug 18.[Epub ahead of print].10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.016PMC353295622909787 | β | β | β |
| AmenDG, WaughM (1998) High resolution brain SPECT imaging of marijuana smokers with AD/HD. J Psychoactive Drugs 30: 209β214.969238410.1080/02791072.1998.10399692 | β | β | β |
| ArnoneD, BarrickTR, ChengappaS, MackayCE, ClarkCA, et al (2008) Corpus callosum damage in heavy marijuana use: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor tractography and tract-based spatial statistics. Neuroimage 41: 1067β1074.1842408210.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.064 | β | β | β |
| AshtariM, AvantsB, CyckowskiL, CervellioneKL, RoofehD, et al (2011) Medial temporal structures and memory functions in adolescents with heavy cannabis use. J Psychiatr Res 45: 1055β1066.2129636110.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.004PMC3303223 | β | β | β |
| AshtariM, CervellioneK, CottoneJ, ArdekaniBA, SevyS, et al (2009) Diffusion abnormalities in adolescents and young adults with a history of heavy cannabis use. J Psychiatr Res 43: 189β204.1911116010.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.12.002PMC3314332 | β | β | β |
| BarkusE, MorrisonPD, VuleticD, DicksonJC, EllPJ, et al (2011) Does intravenous Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol increase dopamine release? A SPET study. J Psychopharmacol 25: 1462β1468.2085184310.1177/0269881110382465 | β | β | β |
| BavaS, FrankLR, McQueenyT, SchweinsburgBC, SchweinsburgAD, et al (2009) Altered white matter microstructure in adolescent substance users. Psychiatry Res 173: 228β237.1969906410.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.04.005PMC2734872 | β | β | β |
| BavaS, JacobusJ, MahmoodO, YangTT, TapertSF (2010) Neurocognitive correlates of white matter quality in adolescent substance users. Brain Cogn 72: 347β354.1993255010.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.012PMC2832074 | β | β | β |
| BecharaA, DolanS, DenburgN, HindesA, AndersonSW, et al (2001) Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia 39: 376β389.1116487610.1016/s0028-3932(00)00136-6 | β | β | β |
| BecharaA, TranelD, DamasioH (2000) Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain 123 ( Pt 11): 2189β2202.1105002010.1093/brain/123.11.2189 | β | β | β |
| BeckerB, WagnerD, Gouzoulis-MayfrankE, SpuentrupE, DaumannJ (2010) Altered parahippocampal functioning in cannabis users is related to the frequency of use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 209: 361β374.2030073510.1007/s00213-010-1805-z | β | β | β |
| BeckerB, WagnerD, Gouzoulis-MayfrankE, SpuentrupE, DaumannJ (2010) The impact of early-onset cannabis use on functional brain correlates of working memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34: 837β845.2036327710.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.032 | β | β | β |
| BelueRC, HowlettAC, WestlakeTM, HutchingsDE (1995) The ontogeny of cannabinoid receptors in the brain of postnatal and aging rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 17: 25β30.770801610.1016/0892-0362(94)00053-g | β | β | β |
| Bhattacharyya S, Atakan Z, Martin-Santos R, Crippa JA, Kambeitz J, et al.. (2012) Preliminary report of biological basis of sensitivity to the effects of cannabis on psychosis: AKT1 and DAT1 genotype modulates the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on midbrain and striatal function. Mol Psychiatry Jan 31.[Epub ahead of print].10.1038/mp.2011.18722290123 | β | β | β |
| BhattacharyyaS, AtakanZ, Martin-SantosR, CrippaJA, McGuirePK (2012) Neural mechanisms for the cannabinoid modulation of cognition and affect in man: a critical review of neuroimaging studies. Curr Pharm Des 18: 5045β5054.2271613610.2174/138161212802884636 | β | β | β |
| BhattacharyyaS, CrippaJA, AllenP, Martin-SantosR, BorgwardtS, et al (2012) Induction of psychosis by {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol reflects modulation of prefrontal and striatal function during attentional salience processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69: 27β36.2221378610.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.161 | β | β | β |
| BhattacharyyaS, CrippaJA, Martin-SantosR, Winton-BrownT, Fusar-PoliP (2009) Imaging the neural effects of cannabinoids: current status and future opportunities for psychopharmacology. Curr Pharm Des 15: 2603β2614.1968933110.2174/138161209788957465 | β | β | β |
| BhattacharyyaS, Fusar-PoliP, BorgwardtS, Martin-SantosR, NosartiC, et al (2009) Modulation of mediotemporal and ventrostriatal function in humans by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a neural basis for the effects of Cannabis sativa on learning and psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 442β451.1934931410.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.17 | β | β | β |
| BhattacharyyaS, SendtKV (2012) Neuroimaging evidence for cannabinoid modulation of cognition and affect in man. Front Behav Neurosci 6: 22.2265474310.3389/fnbeh.2012.00022PMC3360161 | β | β | β |
| BiswalBB, MennesM, ZuoXN, GohelS, KellyC, et al (2010) Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 4734β4739.2017693110.1073/pnas.0911855107PMC2842060 | β | β | β |
| BlockRI, O'LearyDS, EhrhardtJC, AugustinackJC, GhoneimMM, et al (2000) Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition. Neuroreport 11: 491β496.1071830110.1097/00001756-200002280-00013 | β | β | β |
| BlockRI, O'LearyDS, HichwaRD, AugustinackJC, Boles PontoLL, et al (2002) Effects of frequent marijuana use on memory-related regional cerebral blood flow. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72: 237β250.1190079410.1016/s0091-3057(01)00771-7 | β | β | β |
| BlockRI, O'LearyDS, HichwaRD, AugustinackJC, PontoLL, et al (2000) Cerebellar hypoactivity in frequent marijuana users. Neuroreport 11: 749β753.1075751310.1097/00001756-200003200-00019 | β | β | β |
| BollaKI, BrownK, EldrethD, TateK, CadetJL (2002) Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology 59: 1337β1343.1242788010.1212/01.wnl.0000031422.66442.49 | β | β | β |
| BollaKI, EldrethDA, MatochikJA, CadetJL (2005) Neural substrates of faulty decision-making in abstinent marijuana users. Neuroimage 26: 480β492.1590730510.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.012 | β | β | β |
| BorgwardtSJ, AllenP, BhattacharyyaS, Fusar-PoliP, CrippaJA, et al (2008) Neural basis of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: effects during response inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 64: 966β973.1858940410.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.011 | β | β | β |
| BossongMG, JagerG, van HellHH, ZuurmanL, JansmaJM, et al (2012) Effects of Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Administration on Human Encoding and Recall Memory Function: A Pharmacological fMRI Study. J Cogn Neurosci 24: 588β599.2206658310.1162/jocn_a_00156 | β | β | β |
| BossongMG, NiesinkRJ (2010) Adolescent brain maturation, the endogenous cannabinoid system and the neurobiology of cannabis-induced schizophrenia. Prog Neurobiol 92: 370β385.2062444410.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.010 | β | β | β |
| BossongMG, van BerckelBN, BoellaardR, ZuurmanL, SchuitRC, et al (2009) Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 34: 759β766.1875400510.1038/npp.2008.138 | β | β | β |
| BurnsHD, VanLK, Sanabria-BohorquezS, HamillTG, BormansG, et al (2007) [18F]MK-9470, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for in vivo human PET brain imaging of the cannabinoid-1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 104: 9800β9805.10.1073/pnas.0703472104PMC187798517535893 | β | β | β |
| CampbellAM, EvansM, ThomsonJL, WilliamsMJ (1971) Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet 2: 1219β1224.414359010.1016/s0140-6736(71)90542-3 | β | β | β |
| ChangL, ChronicleEP (2007) Functional imaging studies in cannabis users. Neuroscientist 13: 422β432.1790125210.1177/1073858406296601 | β | β | β |
| ChangL, YakupovR, CloakC, ErnstT (2006) Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain 129: 1096β1112.1658505310.1093/brain/awl064 | β | β | β |
| CheethamA, AllenNB, WhittleS, SimmonsJ, YucelM, et al (2012) Orbitofrontal Volumes in Early Adolescence Predict Initiation of Cannabis Use: A 4-Year Longitudinal and Prospective Study. Biol Psychiatry 71: 684β692.2212975610.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.029 | β | β | β |
| ChenCY, O'BrienMS, AnthonyJC (2005) Who becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use? Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000β2001. Drug Alcohol Depend 79: 11β22.1594394010.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.014 | β | β | β |
| ChevaleyreV, TakahashiKA, CastilloPE (2006) Endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity in the CNS. Annu Rev Neurosci 29: 37β76.1677657910.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112834 | β | β | β |
| ChungT, GeierC, LunaB, PajtekS, TerwilligerR, et al (2011) Enhancing response inhibition by incentive: comparison of adolescents with and without substance use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 115: 43β50.2111522910.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.017PMC3047601 | β | β | β |
| ChurchwellJC, Lopez-LarsonM, Yurgelun-ToddDA (2010) Altered frontal cortical volume and decision making in adolescent cannabis users. Front Psychol 1: 225.2183328010.3389/fpsyg.2010.00225PMC3153830 | β | β | β |
| ClarkDB, ChungT, ThatcherDL, PajtekS, LongEC (2012) Psychological dysregulation, white matter disorganization and substance use disorders in adolescence. Addiction 107: 206β214.2175214110.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03566.xPMC3237873 | β | β | β |
| CoBT, GoodwinDW, GadoM, MikhaelM, HillSY (1977) Absence of cerebral atrophy in chronic cannabis users. Evaluation by computerized transaxial tomography. JAMA 237: 1229β1230.576460 | β | β | β |
| Cohen M, Rasser PE, Peck G, Carr VJ, Ward PB, et al.. (2011) Cerebellar grey-matter deficits, cannabis use and first-episode schizophrenia in adolescents and young adults. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 1β11.10.1017/S146114571100068X21557880 | β | β | β |
| CorneliusJR, AizensteinHJ, HaririAR (2010) Amygdala reactivity is inversely related to level of cannabis use in individuals with comorbid cannabis dependence and major depression. Addict Behav 35: 644β646.2018931410.1016/j.addbeh.2010.02.004PMC2841401 | β | β | β |
| Cousijn J, Goudriaan AE, Ridderinkhof KR, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, et al.. (2012) Neural responses associated with cue-reactivity in frequent cannabis users. Addict Biol Jan 20.[Epub ahead of print].10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00417.x22264344 | β | β | β |
| CousijnJ, WiersRW, RidderinkhofKR, van den BrinkW, VeltmanDJ, et al (2012) Grey matter alterations associated with cannabis use: Results of a VBM study in heavy cannabis users and healthy controls. Neuroimage 59: 3845β3851.2198293210.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.046 | β | β | β |
| CowanRL, JoersJM, DietrichMS (2009) N-acetylaspartate (NAA) correlates inversely with cannabis use in a frontal language processing region of neocortex in MDMA (Ecstasy) polydrug users: a 3 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 92: 105β110.1903296310.1016/j.pbb.2008.10.022PMC4451227 | β | β | β |
| CreanRD, CraneNA, MasonBJ (2011) An evidence based review of acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on executive cognitive functions. J Addict Med 5: 1β8.2132167510.1097/ADM.0b013e31820c23faPMC3037578 | β | β | β |
| CrewsF, HeJ, HodgeC (2007) Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 86: 189β199.1722289510.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.001PMC11646682 | β | β | β |
| CrippaJA, ZuardiAW, GarridoGE, Wichert-AnaL, GuarnieriR, et al (2004) Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychopharmacology 29: 417β426.1458374410.1038/sj.npp.1300340 | β | β | β |
| D'SouzaDC, SewellRA, RanganathanM (2009) Cannabis and psychosis/schizophrenia: human studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259: 413β431.1960958910.1007/s00406-009-0024-2PMC2864503 | β | β | β |
| DekkerN, SchmitzN, PetersBD, van AmelsvoortTA, LinszenDH, et al (2010) Cannabis use and callosal white matter structure and integrity in recent-onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 181: 51β56.1996286210.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.06.003 | β | β | β |
| DeLisiLE, BertischHC, SzulcKU, MajcherM, BrownK, et al (2006) A preliminary DTI study showing no brain structural change associated with adolescent cannabis use. Harm Reduct J 3: 17.1668434210.1186/1477-7517-3-17PMC1524733 | β | β | β |
| DemirakcaT, SartoriusA, EndeG, MeyerN, WelzelH, et al (2011) Diminished gray matter in the hippocampus of cannabis users: Possible protective effects of cannabidiol. Drug Alcohol Depend 114: 242β245.2105068010.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.020 | β | β | β |
| DurstonS, Hulshoff PolHE, CaseyBJ, GieddJN, BuitelaarJK, et al (2001) Anatomical MRI of the developing human brain: what have we learned? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40: 1012β1020.1155662410.1097/00004583-200109000-00009 | β | β | β |
| EldrethDA, MatochikJA, CadetJL, BollaKI (2004) Abnormal brain activity in prefrontal brain regions in abstinent marijuana users. Neuroimage 23: 914β920.1552809110.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.032 | β | β | β |
| European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2011) The state of the drugs problem in Europe. EMCDDA. Available: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2011. Accessed 2 February 2012. | β | β | β |
| Fernandez-ArtamendiS, Fernandez-HermidaJR, Secades-VillaR, Garcia-PortillaP (2011) Cannabis and mental health. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 39: 180β190.21560079 | β | β | β |
| FilbeyFM, SchachtJP, MyersUS, ChavezRS, HutchisonKE (2009) Marijuana craving in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 13016β13021.1965161310.1073/pnas.0903863106PMC2716383 | β | β | β |
| FilbeyFM, SchachtJP, MyersUS, ChavezRS, HutchisonKE (2010) Individual and additive effects of the CNR1 and FAAH genes on brain response to marijuana cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 967β975.2001055210.1038/npp.2009.200PMC2820137 | β | β | β |
| Fusar-PoliP, AllenP, BhattacharyyaS, CrippaJA, MechelliA, et al (2010) Modulation of effective connectivity during emotional processing by Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13: 421β432.1977550010.1017/S1461145709990617 | β | β | β |
| Fusar-PoliP, CrippaJA, BhattacharyyaS, BorgwardtSJ, AllenP, et al (2009) Distinct effects of {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on neural activation during emotional processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 95β105.1912469310.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519 | β | β | β |
| GaoniY, MechoulamR (1971) The isolation and structure of delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other neutral cannabinoids from hashish. JAm Chem Soc 93: 217β224.553885810.1021/ja00730a036 | β | β | β |
| GloverGH, MuellerBA, TurnerJA, van ErpTG, LiuTT, et al (2012) Function biomedical informatics research network recommendations for prospective multicenter functional MRI studies. J Magn Reson Imaging 36: 39β54.2231487910.1002/jmri.23572PMC3349791 | β | β | β |
| GogtayN, GieddJN, LuskL, HayashiKM, GreensteinD, et al (2004) Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 8174β8179.1514838110.1073/pnas.0402680101PMC419576 | β | β | β |
| GonzalezR (2007) Acute and non-acute effects of cannabis on brain functioning and neuropsychological performance. Neuropsychol Rev 17: 347β361.1768036710.1007/s11065-007-9036-8 | β | β | β |
| GruberSA, RogowskaJ, Yurgelun-ToddDA (2009) Altered affective response in marijuana smokers: an FMRI study. Drug Alcohol Depend 105: 139β153.1965664210.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.019PMC2752701 | β | β | β |
| GruberSA, SilveriMM, DahlgrenMK, Yurgelun-ToddD (2011) Why so impulsive? White matter alterations are associated with impulsivity in chronic marijuana smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 231β242.2148073010.1037/a0023034PMC3659424 | β | β | β |
| GruberSA, Yurgelun-ToddDA (2005) Neuroimaging of marijuana smokers during inhibitory processing: a pilot investigation. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 23: 107β118.1579513810.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.016 | β | β | β |
| HabetsP, MarcelisM, GronenschildE, DrukkerM, vanOJ (2011) Reduced cortical thickness as an outcome of differential sensitivity to environmental risks in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 69: 487β494.2095197910.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.010 | β | β | β |
| HallW, DegenhardtL (2009) Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. Lancet 374: 1383β1391.1983725510.1016/S0140-6736(09)61037-0 | β | β | β |
| HannerzJ, HindmarshT (1983) Neurological and neuroradiological examination of chronic cannabis smokers. Ann Neurol 13: 207β210.683018210.1002/ana.410130219 | β | β | β |
| HardingIH, SolowijN, HarrisonBJ, TakagiM, LorenzettiV, et al (2012) Functional connectivity in brain networks underlying cognitive control in chronic cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology 37: 1923β1933.2253462510.1038/npp.2012.39PMC3376324 | β | β | β |
| HermannD, SartoriusA, WelzelH, WalterS, SkoppG, et al (2007) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (NAA/tCr) loss in male recreational cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry 61: 1281β1289.1723935610.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.027 | β | β | β |
| HesterR, NestorL, GaravanH (2009) Impaired error awareness and anterior cingulate cortex hypoactivity in chronic cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology 34: 2450β2458.1955391710.1038/npp.2009.67PMC2743772 | β | β | β |
| HirvonenJ, GoodwinRS, LiCT, TerryGE, ZoghbiSS, et al (2012) Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB(1) receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Mol Psychiatry 17: 642β649.2174739810.1038/mp.2011.82PMC3223558 | β | β | β |
| HoBC, WassinkTH, ZiebellS, AndreasenNC (2011) Cannabinoid receptor 1 gene polymorphisms and marijuana misuse interactions on white matter and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 128: 66β75.2142083310.1016/j.schres.2011.02.021PMC3085576 | β | β | β |
| HoffmanAF, OzM, YangR, LichtmanAH, LupicaCR (2007) Opposing actions of chronic Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinoid antagonists on hippocampal long-term potentiation. Learn Mem 14: 63β74.1720242510.1101/lm.439007PMC1828281 | β | β | β |
| HuttenlocherPR, DabholkarAS (1997) Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 387: 167β178.933622110.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-z | β | β | β |
| JacobsenLK, MenclWE, WesterveldM, PughKR (2004) Impact of cannabis use on brain function in adolescents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021: 384β390.1525191410.1196/annals.1308.053 | β | β | β |
| JacobusJ, McQueenyT, BavaS, SchweinsburgBC, FrankLR, et al (2009) White matter integrity in adolescents with histories of marijuana use and binge drinking. Neurotoxicol Teratol 31: 349β355.1963173610.1016/j.ntt.2009.07.006PMC2762024 | β | β | β |
| Jager G, Block RI, Luijten M, Ramsey NF (2010) Cannabis use and memory brain function in adolescent boys: a cross-sectional multicenter functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49: : 561β72, 572.10.1016/j.jaac.2010.02.001PMC291824420494266 | β | β | β |
| JagerG, KahnRS, van den BrinkW, van ReeJM, RamseyNF (2006) Long-term effects of frequent cannabis use on working memory and attention: an fMRI study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 185: 358β368.1652103410.1007/s00213-005-0298-7 | β | β | β |
| JagerG, RamseyNF (2008) Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabis exposure on the development of cognition, brain structure and function: an overview of animal and human research. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 1: 114β123.1963071110.2174/1874473710801020114 | β | β | β |
| JagerG, van HellHH, De WinMM, KahnRS, van den BrinkW, et al (2007) Effects of frequent cannabis use on hippocampal activity during an associative memory task. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17: 289β297.1713775810.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.10.003 | β | β | β |
| JamesA, HoughM, JamesS, WinmillL, BurgeL, et al (2011) Greater white and grey matter changes associated with early cannabis use in adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS). Schizophr Res 128: 91β97.2138879110.1016/j.schres.2011.02.014 | β | β | β |
| JerniganTL, GamstAC (2005) Changes in volume with age--consistency and interpretation of observed effects. Neurobiol Aging 26: 1271β1274.1600601110.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.016 | β | β | β |
| KanayamaG, RogowskaJ, PopeHG, GruberSA, Yurgelun-ToddDA (2004) Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 176: 239β247.1520586910.1007/s00213-004-1885-8 | β | β | β |
| KingGR, ErnstT, DengW, StengerA, GonzalesRM, et al (2011) Altered brain activation during visuomotor integration in chronic active cannabis users: relationship to cortisol levels. J Neurosci 31: 17923β17931.2215910710.1523/JNEUROSCI.4148-11.2011PMC3273845 | β | β | β |
| KoobGF, VolkowND (2010) Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 217β238.1971063110.1038/npp.2009.110PMC2805560 | β | β | β |
| KuehnleJ, MendelsonJH, DavisKR, NewPF (1977) Computed tomographic examination of heavy marijuana smokers. JAMA 237: 1231β1232.576461 | β | β | β |
| KumraS, RobinsonP, TambyrajaR, JensenD, SchimunekC, et al (2012) Parietal lobe volume deficits in adolescents with schizophrenia and adolescents with cannabis use disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51: 171β180.2226536310.1016/j.jaac.2011.11.001 | β | β | β |
| LandfieldPW, CadwalladerLB, VinsantS (1988) Quantitative changes in hippocampal structure following long-term exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: possible mediation by glucocorticoid systems. Brain Res 443: 47β62.283401710.1016/0006-8993(88)91597-1 | β | β | β |
| LeroyC, KarilaL, MartinotJL, LukasiewiczM, DuchesnayE, et al (2012) Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine transporter in cannabis and tobacco addiction: a high-resolution PET study. Addict Biol 17: 981β990.2181287110.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00356.x | β | β | β |
| LicataSC, RenshawPF (2010) Neurochemistry of drug action: insights from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and their relevance to addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1187: 148β171.2020185210.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05143.xPMC3040110 | β | β | β |
| LiCS, MilivojevicV, ConstableRT, SinhaR (2005) Recent cannabis abuse decreased stress-induced BOLD signals in the frontal and cingulate cortices of cocaine dependent individuals. Psychiatry Res 140: 271β280.1629010810.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.09.002 | β | β | β |
| Lopez-LarsonMP, BogorodzkiP, RogowskaJ, McGladeE, KingJB, et al (2011) Altered prefrontal and insular cortical thickness in adolescent marijuana users. Behav Brain Res 220: 164β172.2131018910.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.001PMC3073407 | β | β | β |
| LorenzettiV, LubmanDI, WhittleS, SolowijN, YucelM (2010) Structural MRI findings in long-term cannabis users: what do we know? Subst Use Misuse 45: 1787β1808.2059040010.3109/10826084.2010.482443 | β | β | β |
| LundqvistT, JonssonS, WarkentinS (2001) Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis users. Neurotoxicol Teratol 23: 437β443.1171124610.1016/s0892-0362(01)00165-9 | β | β | β |
| Martin-SantosR, FagundoAB, CrippaJA, AtakanZ, BhattacharyyaS, et al (2010) Neuroimaging in cannabis use: a systematic review of the literature. Psychol Med 40: 383β398.1962764710.1017/S0033291709990729 | β | β | β |
| MataI, Perez-IglesiasR, Roiz-SantianezR, Tordesillas-GutierrezD, PazosA, et al (2010) Gyrification brain abnormalities associated with adolescence and early-adulthood cannabis use. Brain Res 1317: 297β304.2004539910.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.069 | β | β | β |
| MathewRJ, WilsonWH (1993) Acute changes in cerebral blood flow after smoking marijuana. Life Sci 52: 757β767.838327010.1016/0024-3205(93)90239-y | β | β | β |
| MathewRJ, WilsonWH, ChiuNY, TurkingtonTG, DegradoTR, et al (1999) Regional cerebral blood flow and depersonalization after tetrahydrocannabinol administration. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100: 67β75.1044244210.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x | β | β | β |
| MathewRJ, WilsonWH, ColemanRE, TurkingtonTG, DegradoTR (1997) Marijuana intoxication and brain activation in marijuana smokers. Life Sci 60: 2075β2089.918036210.1016/s0024-3205(97)00195-1 | β | β | β |
| MathewRJ, WilsonWH, HumphreysDF, LoweJV, WietheKE (1992) Changes in middle cerebral artery velocity after marijuana. Biol Psychiatry 32: 164β169.142063010.1016/0006-3223(92)90019-v | β | β | β |
| MathewRJ, WilsonWH, HumphreysDF, LoweJV, WietheKE (1992) Regional cerebral blood flow after marijuana smoking. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12: 750β758.132425010.1038/jcbfm.1992.106 | β | β | β |
| MathewRJ, WilsonWH, TantSR (1989) Acute changes in cerebral blood flow associated with marijuana smoking. Acta Psychiatr Scand 79: 118β128.292300510.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb08579.x | β | β | β |
| MathewRJ, WilsonWH, TurkingtonTG, ColemanRE (1998) Cerebellar activity and disturbed time sense after THC. Brain Res 797: 183β189.966612210.1016/s0006-8993(98)00375-8 | β | β | β |
| MathewRJ, WilsonWH, TurkingtonTG, HawkTC, ColemanRE, et al (2002) Time course of tetrahydrocannabinol-induced changes in regional cerebral blood flow measured with positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res 116: 173β185.1247760110.1016/s0925-4927(02)00069-0 | β | β | β |
| MatochikJA, EldrethDA, CadetJL, BollaKI (2005) Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 77: 23β30.1560783810.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.011 | β | β | β |
| McQueenyT, PadulaCB, PriceJ, MedinaKL, LoganP, et al (2011) Gender effects on amygdala morphometry in adolescent marijuana users. Behav Brain Res 224: 128β134.2166493510.1016/j.bbr.2011.05.031PMC3139567 | β | β | β |
| MedinaKL, McQueenyT, NagelBJ, HansonKL, YangTT, et al (2009) Prefrontal cortex morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users: subtle gender effects. Addict Biol 14: 457β468.1965081710.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00166.xPMC2741544 | β | β | β |
| MedinaKL, NagelBJ, ParkA, McQueenyT, TapertSF (2007) Depressive symptoms in adolescents: associations with white matter volume and marijuana use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48: 592β600.1753707510.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01728.xPMC2269707 | β | β | β |
| MedinaKL, NagelBJ, TapertSF (2010) Abnormal cerebellar morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychiatry Res 182: 152β159.2041327710.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.12.004PMC2866789 | β | β | β |
| Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, Harrington H, Houts R, et al.. (2012) Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Aug 27. [Epub ahead of print].10.1073/pnas.1206820109PMC347958722927402 | β | β | β |
| MilhamMP (2012) Open neuroscience solutions for the connectome-wide association era. Neuron 73: 214β218.2228417710.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.004 | β | β | β |
| MoherD, LiberatiA, TetzlaffJ, AltmanDG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6: e1000097.1962107210.1371/journal.pmed.1000097PMC2707599 | β | β | β |
| MooreTH, ZammitS, Lingford-HughesA, BarnesTR, JonesPB, et al (2007) Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 370: 319β328.1766288010.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3 | β | β | β |
| MorrisonPD, MurrayRM (2009) From real-world events to psychosis: the emerging neuropharmacology of delusions. Schizophr Bull 35: 668β674.1948733710.1093/schbul/sbp049PMC2696381 | β | β | β |
| MorrisonPD, NottageJ, StoneJM, BhattacharyyaS, TunstallN, et al (2011) Disruption of frontal theta coherence by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is associated with positive psychotic symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 827β836.2115091410.1038/npp.2010.222PMC3055738 | β | β | β |
| MurphyK, DixonV, LaGraveK, KaufmanJ, RisingerR, et al (2006) A validation of event-related FMRI comparisons between users of cocaine, nicotine, or cannabis and control subjects. Am J Psychiatry 163: 1245β1251.1681623110.1176/ajp.2006.163.7.1245 | β | β | β |
| NestorL, HesterR, GaravanH (2010) Increased ventral striatal BOLD activity during non-drug reward anticipation in cannabis users. Neuroimage 49: 1133β1143.1963175310.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.022PMC2764826 | β | β | β |
| NestorL, RobertsG, GaravanH, HesterR (2008) Deficits in learning and memory: parahippocampal hyperactivity and frontocortical hypoactivity in cannabis users. Neuroimage 40: 1328β1339.1829607110.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.059 | β | β | β |
| O'LearyDS, BlockRI, FlaumM, SchultzSK, Boles PontoLL, et al (2000) Acute marijuana effects on rCBF and cognition: a PET study. Neuroreport 11: 3835β3841.1111750010.1097/00001756-200011270-00047 | β | β | β |
| O'LearyDS, BlockRI, KoeppelJA, FlaumM, SchultzSK, et al (2002) Effects of smoking marijuana on brain perfusion and cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 26: 802β816.1200775110.1016/S0893-133X(01)00425-0 | β | β | β |
| O'LearyDS, BlockRI, KoeppelJA, SchultzSK, MagnottaVA, et al (2007) Effects of smoking marijuana on focal attention and brain blood flow. Hum Psychopharmacol 22: 135β148.1739709910.1002/hup.832 | β | β | β |
| O'LearyDS, BlockRI, TurnerBM, KoeppelJ, MagnottaVA, et al (2003) Marijuana alters the human cerebellar clock. Neuroreport 14: 1145β1151.1282179810.1097/00001756-200306110-00009 | β | β | β |
| OkudaM, HasinDS, OlfsonM, KhanSS, NunesEV, et al (2010) Generalizability of clinical trials for cannabis dependence to community samples. Drug Alcohol Depend 111: 177β181.2053781310.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.009PMC3227418 | β | β | β |
| PadulaCB, SchweinsburgAD, TapertSF (2007) Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interaction in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychol Addict Behav 21: 478β487.1807283010.1037/0893-164X.21.4.478PMC2373252 | β | β | β |
| ParkarSR, RamanathanS, NairN, BatraSA, AdarkarSA, et al (2010) Cannabis dependence: Effects of cannabis consumption on inter-regional cerebral metabolic relationships in an Indian population. Indian J Psychiatry 52: 236β242.2118040810.4103/0019-5545.70976PMC2990823 | β | β | β |
| ParkarSR, RamanathanS, NairN, BatraSA, AdarkarSA, et al (2011) Are the effects of cannabis dependence on glucose metabolism similar to schizophrenia? An FDG PET understanding. Indian J Psychiatry 53: 13β20.2143100210.4103/0019-5545.75552PMC3056181 | β | β | β |
| PetersBD, deHL, VliegerEJ, MajoieCB, den HeetenGJ, et al (2009) Recent-onset schizophrenia and adolescent cannabis use: MRI evidence for structural hyperconnectivity? Psychopharmacol Bull 42: 75β88.19629024 | β | β | β |
| PhanKL, AngstadtM, GoldenJ, OnyewuenyiI, PopovskaA, et al (2008) Cannabinoid modulation of amygdala reactivity to social signals of threat in humans. J Neurosci 28: 2313β2319.1832207810.1523/JNEUROSCI.5603-07.2008PMC2657360 | β | β | β |
| PillaySS, RogowskaJ, KanayamaG, JonDI, GruberS, et al (2004) Neurophysiology of motor function following cannabis discontinuation in chronic cannabis smokers: an fMRI study. Drug Alcohol Depend 76: 261β271.1556147710.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.05.009 | β | β | β |
| PopeHGJr, GruberAJ, HudsonJI, CohaneG, HuestisMA, et al (2003) Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association? Drug Alcohol Depend 69: 303β310.1263391610.1016/s0376-8716(02)00334-4 | β | β | β |
| PrescotAP, LocatelliAE, RenshawPF, Yurgelun-ToddDA (2011) Neurochemical alterations in adolescent chronic marijuana smokers: a proton MRS study. Neuroimage 57: 69β75.2134933810.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.044PMC3101285 | β | β | β |
| QuickfallJ, CrockfordD (2006) Brain neuroimaging in cannabis use: a review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 18: 318β332.1696358110.1176/jnp.2006.18.3.318 | β | β | β |
| QuinnHR, MatsumotoI, CallaghanPD, LongLE, ArnoldJC, et al (2008) Adolescent rats find repeated Delta(9)-THC less aversive than adult rats but display greater residual cognitive deficits and changes in hippocampal protein expression following exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 33: 1113β1126.1758153610.1038/sj.npp.1301475 | β | β | β |
| RabinakCA, SripadaCS, AngstadtM, deWH, PhanKL (2012) Cannabinoid modulation of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex activation during experience of negative affect. J Neural Transm 119: 701β707.2216048910.1007/s00702-011-0747-xPMC4242592 | β | β | β |
| RaisM, van HarenNE, CahnW, SchnackHG, LepageC, et al (2010) Cannabis use and progressive cortical thickness loss in areas rich in CB1 receptors during the first five years of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20: 855β865.2086367110.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.08.008 | β | β | β |
| RobertsGM, GaravanH (2010) Evidence of increased activation underlying cognitive control in ecstasy and cannabis users. Neuroimage 52: 429β435.2041771310.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.192 | β | β | β |
| SafontG, CorripioI, EscartiMJ, PortellaMJ, PerezV, et al (2011) Cannabis use and striatal D2 receptor density in untreated first-episode psychosis: an in vivo SPECT study. Schizophr Res 129: 169β171.2145955910.1016/j.schres.2011.03.012 | β | β | β |
| ScalletAC, UemuraE, AndrewsA, AliSF, McMillanDE, et al (1987) Morphometric studies of the rat hippocampus following chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Brain Res 436: 193β198.282592510.1016/0006-8993(87)91576-9 | β | β | β |
| SchneiderM (2008) Puberty as a highly vulnerable developmental period for the consequences of cannabis exposure. Addict Biol 13: 253β263.1848243410.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00110.x | β | β | β |
| SchneiderM, KochM (2003) Chronic pubertal, but not adult chronic cannabinoid treatment impairs sensorimotor gating, recognition memory, and the performance in a progressive ratio task in adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 1760β1769.1288877210.1038/sj.npp.1300225 | β | β | β |
| SchweinsburgAD, NagelBJ, SchweinsburgBC, ParkA, TheilmannRJ, et al (2008) Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory. Psychiatry Res 163: 40β51.1835602710.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.04.018PMC2832586 | β | β | β |
| SchweinsburgAD, SchweinsburgBC, CheungEH, BrownGG, BrownSA, et al (2005) fMRI response to spatial working memory in adolescents with comorbid marijuana and alcohol use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 79: 201β210.1600202910.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.01.009PMC2270678 | β | β | β |
| SchweinsburgAD, SchweinsburgBC, MedinaKL, McQueenyT, BrownSA, et al (2010) The influence of recency of use on fMRI response during spatial working memory in adolescent marijuana users. J Psychoactive Drugs 42: 401β412.2105376310.1080/02791072.2010.10400703PMC3016644 | β | β | β |
| SchweinsburgAD, SchweinsburgBC, NagelBJ, EylerLT, TapertSF (2011) Neural correlates of verbal learning in adolescent alcohol and marijuana users. Addiction 106: 564β573.2113401410.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03197.xPMC3423457 | β | β | β |
| SevyS, SmithGS, MaY, DhawanV, ChalyT, et al (2008) Cerebral glucose metabolism and D2/D3 receptor availability in young adults with cannabis dependence measured with positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 197: 549β556.1827068910.1007/s00213-008-1075-1PMC5646272 | β | β | β |
| SilveriMM, JensenJE, RossoIM, SneiderJT, Yurgelun-ToddDA (2011) Preliminary evidence for white matter metabolite differences in marijuana-dependent young men using 2D J-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 4 Tesla. Psychiatry Res 191: 201β211.2133418110.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.10.005PMC3065822 | β | β | β |
| SmithAM, LongoCA, FriedPA, HoganMJ, CameronI (2010) Effects of marijuana on visuospatial working memory: an fMRI study in young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 210: 429β438.2040174810.1007/s00213-010-1841-8 | β | β | β |
| SneiderJT, PopeHGJr, SilveriMM, SimpsonNS, GruberSA, et al (2006) Altered regional blood volume in chronic cannabis smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 14: 422β428.1711586910.1037/1064-1297.14.4.422 | β | β | β |
| SolowijN, BattistiR (2008) The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: a review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 1: 81β98.1963070810.2174/1874473710801010081 | β | β | β |
| SolowijN, PesaN (2010) [Cognitive abnormalities and cannabis use]. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 32 Suppl 1S31βS40.20512268 | β | β | β |
| SolowijN, StephensRS, RoffmanRA, BaborT, KaddenR, et al (2002) Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA 287: 1123β1131.1187910910.1001/jama.287.9.1123 | β | β | β |
| SolowijN, YucelM, RespondekC, WhittleS, LindsayE, et al (2011) Cerebellar white-matter changes in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia. Psychol Med 41: 2349β2359.2146675110.1017/S003329171100050X | β | β | β |
| StokesPR, EgertonA, WatsonB, ReidA, BreenG, et al (2010) Significant decreases in frontal and temporal [11C]-raclopride binding after THC challenge. Neuroimage 52: 1521β1527.2045162110.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.274 | β | β | β |
| StokesPR, EgertonA, WatsonB, ReidA, LappinJ, et al (2012) History of cannabis use is not associated with alterations in striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability. J Psychopharmacol 26: 144β149.2189059410.1177/0269881111414090 | β | β | β |
| StokesPR, MehtaMA, CurranHV, BreenG, GrasbyPM (2009) Can recreational doses of THC produce significant dopamine release in the human striatum? Neuroimage 48: 186β190.1953976510.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.029 | β | β | β |
| StoneJM, BhattacharyyaS, BarkerGJ, McGuirePK (2012) Substance use and regional gray matter volume in individuals at high risk of psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 22: 114β122.2174180310.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.06.004 | β | β | β |
| StoneJM, MorrisonPD, BruggerS, NottageJ, BhattacharyyaS, et al (2012) Communication breakdown: delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol effects on pre-speech neural coherence. Mol Psychiatry 17: 568β569.2204222910.1038/mp.2011.141 | β | β | β |
| SundramS (2006) Cannabis and neurodevelopment: implications for psychiatric disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol 21: 245β254.1678381410.1002/hup.762 | β | β | β |
| Takagi M, Lubman DI, Walterfang M, Barton S, Reutens D, et al.. (2011) Corpus callosum size and shape alterations in adolescent inhalant users. Addict Biol Sep 29.[Epub ahead of print].10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00364.x21955104 | β | β | β |
| TanabeJ, ThompsonL, ClausE, DalwaniM, HutchisonK, et al (2007) Prefrontal cortex activity is reduced in gambling and nongambling substance users during decision-making. Hum Brain Mapp 28: 1276β1286.1727402010.1002/hbm.20344PMC6871281 | β | β | β |
| TapertSF, SchweinsburgAD, DrummondSP, PaulusMP, BrownSA, et al (2007) Functional MRI of inhibitory processing in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 194: 173β183.1755850010.1007/s00213-007-0823-yPMC2269705 | β | β | β |
| TzilosGK, CintronCB, WoodJB, SimpsonNS, YoungAD, et al (2005) Lack of hippocampal volume change in long-term heavy cannabis users. Am J Addict 14: 64β72.1580487810.1080/10550490590899862 | β | β | β |
| United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2011) World drug report 2011. UNODC, Vienna 2011. Available: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2011.html. Accessed 2 February 2012. | β | β | β |
| UrbanNB, SlifsteinM, ThompsonJL, XuX, GirgisRR, et al (2012) Dopamine release in chronic cannabis users: a [11c]raclopride positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 71: 677β683.2229011510.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.018PMC3314125 | β | β | β |
| VaidyaJG, BlockRI, O'LearyDS, PontoLB, GhoneimMM, et al (2012) Effects of chronic marijuana use on brain activity during monetary decision-making. Neuropsychopharmacology 37: 618β629.2195644510.1038/npp.2011.227PMC3260974 | β | β | β |
| van HellHH, BossongMG, JagerG, KristoG, van OschMJ, et al (2011) Evidence for involvement of the insula in the psychotropic effects of THC in humans: a double-blind, randomized pharmacological MRI study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14: 1377β1388.2148934610.1017/S1461145711000526 | β | β | β |
| van HellHH, JagerG, BossongMG, BrouwerA, JansmaJM, et al (2012) Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in reward processing in the human brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 219: 981β990.2182259310.1007/s00213-011-2428-8PMC3266503 | β | β | β |
| van HellHH, VinkM, OssewaardeL, JagerG, KahnRS, et al (2010) Chronic effects of cannabis use on the human reward system: an fMRI study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20: 153β163.2006112610.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.11.010 | β | β | β |
| van WinkelR (2011) Family-based analysis of genetic variation underlying psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis: sibling analysis and proband follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68: 148β157.2104160810.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.152 | β | β | β |
| VolkowND, GillespieH, MullaniN, TancrediL, GrantC, et al (1991) Cerebellar metabolic activation by delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol in human brain: a study with positron emission tomography and 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose. Psychiatry Res 40: 69β78.165884210.1016/0925-4927(91)90030-t | β | β | β |
| VolkowND, GillespieH, MullaniN, TancrediL, GrantC, et al (1996) Brain glucose metabolism in chronic marijuana users at baseline and during marijuana intoxication. Psychiatry Res 67: 29β38.879724010.1016/0925-4927(96)02817-x | β | β | β |
| VorugantiLN, SlomkaP, ZabelP, MattarA, AwadAG (2001) Cannabis induced dopamine release: an in-vivo SPECT study. Psychiatry Res 107: 173β177.1156643310.1016/s0925-4927(01)00104-4 | β | β | β |
| VoytekB, BermanSM, HassidBD, SimonSL, MandelkernMA, et al (2005) Differences in regional brain metabolism associated with marijuana abuse in methamphetamine abusers. Synapse 57: 113β115.1590638410.1002/syn.20155 | β | β | β |
| Ward PB, Solowij N, Peters R, Otton J, Chesher G, et al.. (2002) An fMRI study of regional brain volumes in long-term cannabis users. J Psychopharmacol 16(Suppl. 3).. | β | β | β |
| WeinsteinA, BricknerO, LermanH, GreemlandM, BlochM, et al (2008) Brain imaging study of the acute effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on attention and motor coordination in regular users of marijuana. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 196: 119β131.1789901710.1007/s00213-007-0940-7 | β | β | β |
| WelchKA, McIntoshAM, JobDE, WhalleyHC, MoorheadTW, et al (2011) The impact of substance use on brain structure in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 37: 1066β1076.2022384110.1093/schbul/sbq013PMC3160229 | β | β | β |
| WelchKA, StanfieldAC, McIntoshAM, WhalleyHC, JobDE, et al (2011) Impact of cannabis use on thalamic volume in people at familial high risk of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 199: 386β390.2190366410.1192/bjp.bp.110.090175 | β | β | β |
| WesleyMJ, HanlonCA, PorrinoLJ (2011) Poor decision-making by chronic marijuana users is associated with decreased functional responsiveness to negative consequences. Psychiatry Res 191: 51β59.2114521110.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.10.002PMC3125637 | β | β | β |
| WiesbeckGA, TaeschnerKL (1991) A cerebral computed tomography study of patients with drug-induced psychoses. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 241: 88β90.183418810.1007/BF02191147 | β | β | β |
| WilsonW, MathewR, TurkingtonT, HawkT, ColemanRE, et al (2000) Brain morphological changes and early marijuana use: a magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography study. J Addict Dis 19: 1β22.10.1300/J069v19n01_0110772599 | β | β | β |
| Winton-BrownTT, AllenP, BhattacharyyaS, BorgwardtSJ, Fusar-PoliP, et al (2011) Modulation of auditory and visual processing by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: an FMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 1340β1348.2141222410.1038/npp.2011.17PMC3096803 | β | β | β |
| WobrockT, SittingerH, BehrendtB, D'AmelioR, FalkaiP (2009) Comorbid substance abuse and brain morphology in recent-onset psychosis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259: 28β36.1919464610.1007/s00406-008-0831-xPMC3085762 | β | β | β |
| WolffV, LauerV, RouyerO, SellalF, MeyerN, et al (2011) Cannabis use, ischemic stroke, and multifocal intracranial vasoconstriction: a prospective study in 48 consecutive young patients. Stroke 42: 1778β1780.2151218610.1161/STROKEAHA.110.610915 | β | β | β |
| YucelM, SolowijN, RespondekC, WhittleS, FornitoA, et al (2008) Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 694β701.1851982710.1001/archpsyc.65.6.694 | β | β | β |
| YucelM, ZaleskyA, TakagiMJ, BoraE, FornitoA, et al (2010) White-matter abnormalities in adolescents with long-term inhalant and cannabis use: a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 35: 409β412.2073196010.1503/jpn.090177PMC2964371 | β | β | β |
| Yurgelun-Todd D, Gruber SA, Hanson RA, Baird AA, Renshaw PF, et al.. (1998) Residual effects of marijuana use: an fMRI study. In: Problems of drug dependence 1998: Proceedings of the 60th Annual Scientific Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence. NIDA Research Monograph. pp.78. | β | β | β |
| ZaleskyA, SolowijN, YucelM, LubmanDI, TakagiM, et al (2012) Effect of long-term cannabis use on axonal fibre connectivity. Brain 135: 2245β2255.2266908010.1093/brain/aws136 | β | β | β |
In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabis and nicotine/tobacco co-use and its association with cognitive and neural outcomes: A systematic review. | Yeap ZJS et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| "Medical Cannabis": Advising Patients While Navigating Medical Ethics and Limited Evidence. | South AM et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Memory impairment and chronic high-dose Ξ9-THC/cannabis exposure: a narrative review of molecular mechanisms underlying neurotoxic effects. | Mashayekhi-Sardoo H et al. | β | 2026 | β |
| Altered Functional Connectivity Dynamics Serving Cognitive Flexibility in Regular Cannabis Users. | McDonald KM et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Biomarkers of cognitive and memory decline in psychotropic drug users. | Grigore M et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Cannabis concentrate vaping chemistry. | Munger KR et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Chronic Ξ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in adolescent nonhuman primates: persistent abnormalities in economic demand and brain functional connectivity. | Kangas BD et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Cognitive Effects of Cannabis Use: A Comprehensive Review Across Domains. | Queiroz APS et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Global burden of substance use disorders in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24Β years from 1990 to 2021. | Chen H et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| <i>APOE</i> Ξ΅4 influences the dynamic functional connectivity variability and cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease. | Gong C et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Perceived neighborhood disorder as a moderator of the relationship between marijuana use and disinhibition in a sample of emerging adult African American females. | Floyd LJ | β | 2025 | β |
| The impact of cannabis use on cortical excitability and inhibitory mechanisms: A case-control study. | Khedr EM et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| The relationship between recreational cannabis use, psychotic-like experiences, and the salience network in adolescent and young adult twins. | Atmaca-Turan H et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Adolescent substance use initiation and long-term neurobiological outcomes: insights, challenges and opportunities. | Boer OD et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Assessment of frontal lobe functions in a sample of male cannabis users currently in abstinence: correlations with duration of use and their functional outcomes. | Tag-Eldeen ES et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| A survey of educator perspectives toward teaching harm reduction cannabis education. | Downey MK et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Cannabis in combat sports: position statement of the Association of Ringside Physicians. | Stellpflug SJ et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Chronic Cannabis users exhibit altered oscillatory dynamics and functional connectivity serving visuospatial processing. | Castelblanco CA et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapies in the management of adolescents with cannabis use disorder (CUD): A systematic review. | Mauries S et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Empathy-related differences in the anterior cingulate functional connectivity of regular cannabis users when compared to controls. | Olalde-Mathieu VE et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Hippocampal gray matter volume in young adulthood varies with adolescent alcohol use. | Purcell JB et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Lifetime use of alcohol and cannabis among U.S. adolescents across age: Exploring differential patterns by sex and race/ethnicity using the 2019 NSDUH data. | Farokhnia M et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Testing a Psychological Intervention in Elite Athletes to Alleviate the Psychomotor Consequences of Doping: The Moderating Role of Personality. | Coli E et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| The neural oscillations serving task switching are altered in cannabis users. | McDonald KM et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Year-Long Cannabis Use for Medical Symptoms and Brain Activation During Cognitive Processes. | Burdinski DCL et al. | β | 2024 | β |
| Association between cannabis use and brain imaging phenotypes in UK Biobank: an observational and Mendelian randomization study | Ishrat S et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Brain Anatomical Alterations in Young Cannabis Users: Is it All Hype? A Meta-Analysis of Structural Neuroimaging Studies. | Lorenzetti V et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Cannabis use among adolescents and emerging adults who use e-cigarettes: Findings from an online, national U.S. Sample. | Croker JA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Cannabis Use Disorder in Adolescents. | Hashemi D et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Cannabis Use Disorder in Adolescents. | Hashemi D et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Cannabis Use in Adolescence: Vulnerability to Cognitive and Psychological Effects. | Karlsgodt KH | β | 2023 | β |
| Chronic exposure to a synthetic cannabinoid alters cerebral brain metabolism and causes long-lasting behavioral deficits in adult mice. | Bouter C et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Chronic exposure to inhaled vaporized cannabis high in Ξ9-THC alters brain structure in adult female mice. | Taylor A et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Effects of inhaled cannabis high in Ξ9-THC or CBD on the aging brain: A translational MRI and behavioral study. | Sadaka AH et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Effects of the Acute and Chronic Administration of Cannabidiol on Cognition in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review. | Bomfim AJL et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Higher lymphocyte count associated with larger hippocampal volume and fewer depressive symptoms in drug-na Γ―ve first-episode psychosis. | Toll A et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Measuring white matter microstructure in 1,457 cannabis users and 1,441 controls: A systematic review of diffusion-weighted MRI studies. | Robinson EA et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Moon Rock Cannabis-Induced Psychosis and New-Onset Seizures in a 20-Year-Old Male. | Leczycki M et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Nasal accumulation and metabolism of Ξ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol following aerosol ('vaping') administration in an adolescent rat model. | Torrens A et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| On the duration of cannabis effects and the presence of THC in the body. | MΓΈrland J et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure. | Pintori N et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| Adolescents are more sensitive than adults to acute behavioral and cognitive effects of THC. | Murray CH et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Brain volume in chronic ketamine users - relationship to sub-threshold psychotic symptoms and relevance to schizophrenia. | Chesters RA et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Cannabinoids in rheumatology: Friend, foe or a bystander? | Jain N et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Cannabis and Brain Health: What Is Next for Developmental Cohort Studies? | Conrod PJ | β | 2022 | β |
| Cannabis, connectivity, and coming of age: Associations between cannabis use and anterior cingulate cortex connectivity during the transition to adulthood. | Lichenstein SD et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Cannabis use among youth who vape nicotine E-cigarettes: A qualitative analysis. | Davis DR et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Changes in brain structure and function following chronic exposure to inhaled vaporised cannabis during periadolescence in female and male mice: A multimodal MRI study. | Coleman JR et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Considerations for Cannabinoids in Perioperative Care by Anesthesiologists. | Laudanski K et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Diminished Structural Brain Integrity in Long-term Cannabis Users Reflects a History of Polysubstance Use. | Knodt AR et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Effects of Ξ9-Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on Obesity at Different Stages of Life: A Literature Review. | Fearby N et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of cannabis use disorder. | Andriot T et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Evidence of familial confounding of the association between cannabis use and cerebellar-cortical functional connectivity using a twin study. | Sepe-Forrest L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Explainable machine learning analysis reveals sex and gender differences in the phenotypic and neurobiological markers of Cannabis Use Disorder. | Niklason GR et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| How do substance use disorders compare to other psychiatric conditions on structural brain abnormalities? A cross-disorder meta-analytic comparison using the ENIGMA consortium findings. | Navarri X et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Multidimensional predictors of negative symptoms in antipsychotic-naive first-episode psychosis. | Toll A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Perceived racial and social class discrimination and cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults. | Ahuja M et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Perioperative and anaesthetic considerations of marijuana use. | Everett L et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Polysubstance Use Plays a Key Role in Midlife Structural Brain Alterations in Long-term Cannabis Users. | Martz ME | β | 2022 | β |
| The prevalence, mechanism of action, and toxicity of Nigerian psychoactive plants. | Fasakin OW et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Yet Again Conversations Matter: The Importance of Interpersonal Discussions, Educational Campaigns, and Advertising on Cannabis-Related Risk Perceptions, Attitudes, and Intentions in At-Risk Young Adults. | Tveleneva A et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Association between age of cannabis initiation and gray matter covariance networks in recent onset psychosis. | Penzel N et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Cannabidiol (CBD) and cognition in epilepsy. | Gaston TE et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Cannabis-Induced Hypodopaminergic Anhedonia and Cognitive Decline in Humans: Embracing Putative Induction of Dopamine Homeostasis. | Blum K et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Cannabis Use and Brain Volume in Adolescent and Young Adult Cannabis Users: Effects Moderated by Sex and Aerobic Fitness. | Sullivan RM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Cognitive Development and Cannabis Use in Adolescents. | Frolli A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Differential effects of cannabis exposure during early versus later adolescence on the expression of psychosis in homeless and precariously housed adults. | Gicas KM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Disrupted parahippocampal and midbrain function underlie slower verbal learning in adolescent-onset regular cannabis use. | Blest-Hopley G et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Driving under the influence: a multi-center evaluation of vehicular crashes in the era of cannabis legalization. | Borst JM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Dual trajectories of cannabis and alcohol use among young adults in a state with legal nonmedical cannabis. | Guttmannova K et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Emotion regulation in emerging adults with major depressive disorder and frequent cannabis use. | Nichols ES et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Genetic basis of cannabis use: a systematic review. | Hillmer A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Linked patterns of biological and environmental covariation with brain structure in adolescence: a population-based longitudinal study. | Modabbernia A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Mechanisms of change in an adapted marijuana e-CHECKUP TO GO intervention on decreased college student cannabis use. | Prince MA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Medical cannabis and cognitive performance in middle to old adults treated for chronic pain. | Sznitman SR et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Neuropsychological and neurophysiological predictors and consequences of cannabis and illicit substance use during neurodevelopment: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. | Debenham J et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Pharmacology and adverse effects of new psychoactive substances: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. | Chung EY et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a potential treatment approach for cannabis use disorder. | Kearney-Ramos T et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Resting state functional connectivity in the default mode network: Relationships between cannabis use, gender, and cognition in adolescents and young adults. | Ritchay MM et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Behavioral Sequelae of Cannabis Use in Healthy People: A Systematic Review. | Sorkhou M et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Effects of Cannabis Use on Cognitive Function in Healthy Aging: A Systematic Scoping Review. | Pocuca N et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The interaction between cannabis use and a CB1-related polygenic co-expression index modulates dorsolateral prefrontal activity during working memory processing. | Taurisano P et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Use of Medical Cannabis to Treat Traumatic Brain Injury. | Hergert DC et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Wonder or evil?: Multifaceted health hazards and health benefits of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> and its phytochemicals. | Datta S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Activation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors decreases the synchronization of local field potential oscillations in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex and prolongs the interresponse time during a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate task. | Liao WT et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Adolescent cannabis use, cognition, brain health and educational outcomes: A review of the evidence. | Lorenzetti V et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Adverse Effects of Cannabis Use on Neurocognitive Functioning: A Systematic Review of Meta- Analytic Studies. | Duperrouzel JC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Adverse effects of Ξ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on neuronal bioenergetics during postnatal development. | Beiersdorf J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Altered Corticolimbic Control of the Nucleus Accumbens by Long-term Ξ<sup>9</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure. | Hwang EK et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Assessing the Role of Cannabis Use on Cortical Surface Structure in Adolescents and Young Adults: Exploring Gender and Aerobic Fitness as Potential Moderators. | Sullivan RM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Association Between the Use of Cannabis and Physical Violence in Youths: A Meta-Analytical Investigation. | Dellazizzo L et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| A Systematic Review of Human Neuroimaging Evidence of Memory-Related Functional Alterations Associated with Cannabis Use Complemented with Preclinical and Human Evidence of Memory Performance Alterations. | Blest-Hopley G et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Changes in alcohol and cigarette consumption in response to medical and recreational cannabis legalization: Evidence from U.S. state tax receipt data. | Veligati S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Early 5-HT<sub>6</sub> receptor blockade prevents symptom onset in a model of adolescent cannabis abuse. | Berthoux C et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Effects of Cannabidiol and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Emotion, Cognition, and Attention: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Experimental Trial in Healthy Volunteers. | Woelfl T et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Exploring Cannabis and Alcohol Co-Use in Adolescents: A Narrative Review of the Evidence. | Karoly HC et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to Predict Patterns of Marijuana Use among Young Iranian Adults. | Jalilian F et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Facing the option for the legalisation of cannabis use and supply in New Zealand: An overview of relevant evidence, concepts and considerations. | Fischer B et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Impact of Cannabis Use on Brain Structure and Function in Suppressed HIV Infection. | Kallianpur KJ et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Interaction of Cannabis Use Disorder and Striatal Connectivity in Antipsychotic Treatment Response. | Blair Thies M et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Is the Adolescent Brain at Greater Vulnerability to the Effects of Cannabis? A Narrative Review of the Evidence. | Blest-Hopley G et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Life-course trajectories of cannabis use: a latent class analysis of a New Zealand birth cohort. | Boden JM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Marijuana Use and Potential Implications of Marijuana Legalization. | Grigsby TM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Neural substrates underlying the negative impact of cannabinoid exposure during adolescence. | Molla HM et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| [Neurodevelopment and cannabis]. | Krebs MO et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Research on alcohol and other drug (AOD) use among sexual minority women: A global scoping review. | Hughes TL et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| THC Exposure is Reflected in the Microstructure of the Cerebral Cortex and Amygdala of Young Adults. | Cabeen RP et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The impact of cannabis legalization in Uruguay on adolescent cannabis use. | Laqueur H et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The Influence of Recreational Substance Use in TMS Research. | Turco CV et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Violence and Cannabis Use: A Focused Review of a Forgotten Aspect in the Era of Liberalizing Cannabis. | Dellazizzo L et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Aberrant structural-functional coupling in adult cannabis users. | Kim DJ et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Age related differences in cannabis use and subjective effects in a large population-based survey of adult athletes. | Zeiger JS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Age-related differences in the impact of cannabis use on the brain and cognition: a systematic review. | Gorey C et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Antipsychotic treatment failure in patients with psychosis and co-morbid cannabis use: A systematic review. | Reid S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Assessing the public health impact of cannabis legalization in Canada: core outcome indicators towards an 'index' for monitoring and evaluation. | Fischer B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Associations between adolescent cannabis use frequency and adult brain structure: A prospective study of boys followed to adulthood. | Meier MH et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Blunts versus joints: Cannabis use characteristics and consequences among treatment-seeking adults. | Montgomery L et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Brain activation to cannabis- and alcohol-related words in alcohol use disorder. | MΓΌller-Oehring EM et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Brain Structure Alterations in Poly-Drug Use: Reduced Cortical Thickness and White Matter Impairments in Regions Associated With Affective, Cognitive, and Motor Functions. | Unterrainer HF et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabis and the Developing Brain: Insights into Its Long-Lasting Effects. | Hurd YL et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabis and youth protection in Colorado's commercial adult-use market: A qualitative investigation. | Subritzky T et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives. | Burggren AC et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabis-related cognitive impairment: a prospective evaluation of possible influences on patients with cancer during chemotherapy treatment as a pilot study. | Bar-Sela G et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabis Use and Consequences. | Mashhoon Y et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cannabis use in youth is associated with limited alterations in brain structure. | Scott JC et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Cerebellar alterations in cannabis users: A systematic review. | Blithikioti C et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Functional effects of synthetic cannabinoids versus Ξ<sup>9</sup> -THC in mice on body temperature, nociceptive threshold, anxiety, cognition, locomotor/exploratory parameters and depression. | Schreiber S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Harmful Effects of Smoking Cannabis: A Cerebrovascular and Neurological Perspective. | Archie SR et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Historical trends in the grade of onset and sequence of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use among adolescents from 1976-2016: Implications for "Gateway" patterns in adolescence. | Keyes KM et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Insights into the role of cannabis in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. | Picardo S et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Interactions between recreational cannabis use and cognitive function: lessons from functional magnetic resonance imaging. | Sagar KA et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Introducing the evidence-based population health tool of the Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines to Brazil. | Fischer B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Kynurenines and the Endocannabinoid System in Schizophrenia: Common Points and Potential Interactions. | ZΓ‘dor F et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Legalized Cannabis in Colorado Emergency Departments: A Cautionary Review of Negative Health and Safety Effects. | Roberts BA | β | 2019 | β |
| Marijuana Promotion Online: an Investigation of Dispensary Practices. | Cavazos-Rehg PA et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Regular cannabis use is associated with altered activation of central executive and default mode networks even after prolonged abstinence in adolescent users: Results from a complementary meta-analysis. | Blest-Hopley G et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Reward, Control & Decision-Making in Cannabis Use Disorder: Insights from Functional MRI. | Fatima H et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Synergistic effects of marijuana abuse and HIV infection on neural activation during a cognitive interference task. | Meade CS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The other side of the coin. | Marques AC et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Potential of Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Psychosis and Addiction: Who Benefits Most? A Systematic Review. | Batalla A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Role of Attachment in Poly-Drug Use Disorder: An Overview of the Literature, Recent Findings and Clinical Implications. | Hiebler-Ragger M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: Overview of substance use assessment methods. | Lisdahl KM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Are structural brain changes in schizophrenia related to antipsychotic medication? A narrative review of the evidence from a clinical perspective. | Lawrie SM | β | 2018 | β |
| Binge drinking in young people: protocol for a systematic review of neuropsychological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies. | Lees B et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Cannabinoids for the treatment of rheumatic diseases - where do we stand? | Katz-Talmor D et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Current evidence of cannabinoid-based analgesia obtained in preclinical and human experimental settings. | LΓΆtsch J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Effects of Co-occurring marijuana use and anxiety on brain structure and functioning: A systematic review of adolescent studies. | Cancilliere MK et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on neuropsychological outcomes in children aged 1-11Β years: A systematic review. | Sharapova SR et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Effects of regular cannabis use on neurocognition, brain structure, and function: a systematic review of findings in adults. | Nader DA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Fronto-striatal effective connectivity of working memory in adults with cannabis use disorder. | Ma L et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus for cannabis dependence. | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Larger Gray Matter Volume in the Basal Ganglia of Heavy Cannabis Users Detected by Voxel-Based Morphometry and Subcortical Volumetric Analysis. | Moreno-AlcΓ‘zar A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Marijuana buyers in the United States, 2010-2014. | Azofeifa A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Marijuana matters: reviewing the impact of marijuana on cognition, brain structure and function, & exploring policy implications and barriers to research. | Sagar KA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Marijuana Use and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Functioning in Humans. | Cservenka A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Medical marijuana in pediatric oncology: A review of the evidence and implications for practice. | Ananth P et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Multivariate Associations Among Behavioral, Clinical, and Multimodal Imaging Phenotypes in Patients With Psychosis. | Moser DA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Perceptions of plain packaging and health warning labels for cannabis among young adults: findings from an experimental study. | Mutti-Packer S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Subregional Hippocampal Thickness Abnormalities in Older Adults with a History of Heavy Cannabis Use. | Burggren AC et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Synthetic and Non-synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs and Their Adverse Effects-A Review From Public Health Prospective. | Cohen K et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The adverse health effects and harms related to marijuana use: an overview review. | Memedovich KA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The Effects of Cannabinoids on Executive Functions: Evidence from Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids-A Systematic Review. | Cohen K et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The Influence of DAT1, COMT, and BDNF Genetic Polymorphisms on Total and Subregional Hippocampal Volumes in Early Onset Heavy Cannabis Users. | Batalla A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Therapeutic potential of medicinal marijuana: an educational primer for health care professionals. | Mouhamed Y et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Time to acknowledge the mixed effects of cannabis on health: a summary and critical review of the NASEM 2017 report on the health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. | Cousijn J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age. | Crippa JA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems. | Hasin DS | β | 2018 | β |
| Visual attention to motion stimuli and its neural correlates in cannabis users. | Mikulskaya E et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Aberrant cerebellar connectivity in bipolar disorder with psychosis. | Shinn AK et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Addiction as an Attachment Disorder: White Matter Impairment Is Linked to Increased Negative Affective States in Poly-Drug Use. | Unterrainer HF et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Attenuated frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia in cannabis users. | Blanco-Hinojo L et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Building smart cannabis policy from the science up. | Weiss SRB et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cannabinoid Modulation of Memory Consolidation in Rats: Beyond the Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype 1. | Ratano P et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cannabis-associated psychosis: Neural substrate and clinical impact. | Murray RM et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cognitive motor deficits in cannabis users. | Prashad S et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Cross-Cultural Effects of Cannabis Use Disorder: Evidence to Support a Cultural Neuroscience Approach. | Prashad S et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Differential effects of cannabis dependence on cortical inhibition in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. | Goodman MS et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults. | Kelly C et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Does Cannabis Use Cause Declines in Neuropsychological Functioning? A Review of Longitudinal Studies. | Gonzalez R et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Don't Worry, Be Happy: Endocannabinoids and Cannabis at the Intersection of Stress and Reward. | Volkow ND et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Endocannabinoids in brain plasticity: Cortical maturation, HPA axis function and behavior. | Dow-Edwards D et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Examining the influence of adolescent marijuana use on adult intelligence: Further evidence in the causation versus spuriousness debate. | Boccio CM et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabis use: Examining intermediary processes. | Green KM et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines: A Comprehensive Update of Evidence and Recommendations. | Fischer B et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Mechanisms contributing to cognitive deficits in cannabis users. | Mizrahi R et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in Cannabis Use. | Calakos KC et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Neuroimaging studies towards understanding the central effects of pharmacological cannabis products on patients with epilepsy. | Allendorfer JB et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity at age 20 is associated with trajectory of adolescent cannabis use and predicts psychosocial functioning in young adulthood. | Lichenstein SD et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Patterns of marijuana and tobacco use associated with suboptimal self-rated health among US adult ever users of marijuana. | Tsai J et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Predictors of Patterns of Alcohol-Related Blackouts Over Time in Youth From the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism: The Roles of Genetics and Cannabis. | Schuckit MA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Pros and Cons of Medical Cannabis use by People with Chronic Brain Disorders. | Suryadevara U et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The Grass Might Be Greener: Medical Marijuana Patients Exhibit Altered Brain Activity and Improved Executive Function after 3 Months of Treatment. | Gruber SA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Acute and Chronic Effects of Cannabinoids on Human Cognition-A Systematic Review. | Broyd SJ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| ADHD and cannabis use in young adults examined using fMRI of a Go/NoGo task. | Rasmussen J et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Are adolescents more vulnerable to the harmful effects of cannabis than adults? A placebo-controlled study in human males. | Mokrysz C et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Association Between Lifetime Marijuana Use and Cognitive Function in Middle Age: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. | Auer R et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Binge Drinking in Young University Students Is Associated with Alterations in Executive Functions Related to Their Starting Age. | Salas-Gomez D et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Birth Cohorts Analysis of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and Subsequent Marijuana and Cocaine Use. | Keyes KM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Comorbid Cannabis and Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Adults. | Subramaniam P et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Depression, marijuana use and early-onset marijuana use conferred unique effects on neural connectivity and cognition. | Osuch EA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Differential effects of sex on substance use between first episode psychosis patients and healthy people. | NΓΊΓ±ez C et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Early onset marijuana use is associated with learning inefficiencies. | Schuster RM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Effects of Marijuana Use on Brain Structure and Function: Neuroimaging Findings from a Neurodevelopmental Perspective. | Brumback T et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Genetic imaging consortium for addiction medicine: From neuroimaging to genes. | Mackey S et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Grey Matter Changes Associated with Heavy Cannabis Use: A Longitudinal sMRI Study. | Koenders L et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| In the Clinic. Substance Use Disorders. | Pace CA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Keep off the grass? Cannabis, cognition and addiction. | Curran HV et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Laterality of Brain Activation for Risk Factors of Addiction. | Gordon HW | β | 2016 | β |
| Lifetime use of cannabis from longitudinal assessments, cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) variation, and reduced volume of the right anterior cingulate. | Hill SY et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Molecular Mechanisms of Cannabis Signaling in the Brain. | Ronan PJ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| National Estimates of Marijuana Use and Related Indicators - National Survey on Drug Use and Health, United States, 2002-2014. | Azofeifa A et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Prenatal marijuana exposure impacts executive functioning into young adulthood: An fMRI study. | Smith AM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The effects of adolescent cannabinoid exposure on seizure susceptibility and lethality in adult male rats. | Spring MG et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The Epidemiology of DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorders Among U.S. Adults: Science to Inform Clinicians Working in a Shifting Social Landscape. | Compton WM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The impact of ADHD persistence, recent cannabis use, and age of regular cannabis use onset on subcortical volume and cortical thickness in young adults. | Lisdahl KM et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| The Role of Cannabinoids in Neuroanatomic Alterations in Cannabis Users. | Lorenzetti V et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood as predictors of unemployment status in the early forties. | Zhang C et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Weighing the Evidence: A Systematic Review on Long-Term Neurocognitive Effects of Cannabis Use in Abstinent Adolescents and Adults. | Ganzer F et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| White matter integrity in polydrug users in relation to attachment and personality: a controlled diffusion tensor imaging study. | Unterrainer HF et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Why young people's substance use matters for global health. | Hall WD et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| A reexamination of medical marijuana policies in relation to suicide risk. | Grucza RA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Assessment of cannabis use disorders: a systematic review of screening and diagnostic instruments. | LΓ³pez-Pelayo H et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Balanced modulation of striatal activation from D2 /D3 receptors in caudate and ventral striatum: Disruption in cannabis abusers. | Tomasi D et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabinoid modulation of drug reward and the implications of marijuana legalization. | Covey DP et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabinoid modulation of functional connectivity within regions processing attentional salience. | Bhattacharyya S et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabinoids for pediatric epilepsy? Up in smoke or real science? | Filloux FM | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabis and adolescent brain development. | Lubman DI et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabis, Cigarettes, and Their Co-Occurring Use: Disentangling Differences in Gray Matter Volume. | Wetherill RR et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cannabis: the never-ending, nefarious nepenthe of the 21st century: what should the clinician know? | Greydanus DE et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Citicoline Treatment Improves Measures of Impulsivity and Task Performance in Chronic Marijuana Smokers: A Pilot BOLD fMRI Study. | Gruber SA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Combined effects of marijuana and nicotine on memory performance and hippocampal volume. | Filbey FM et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cortical thickness in adolescent marijuana and alcohol users: A three-year prospective study from adolescence to young adulthood. | Jacobus J et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Cortical thinness and volume differences associated with marijuana abuse in emerging adults. | Mashhoon Y et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Does incentive-elicited nucleus accumbens activation differ by substance of abuse? An examination with adolescents. | Karoly HC et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Hemispheric language asymmetry in first episode psychosis and schizotypy: the role of cannabis consumption and cognitive disorganization. | Herzig DA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Introduction to the special issue: Substance use and the adolescent brain: Developmental impacts, interventions, and longitudinal outcomes. | Luciana M et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure after heavy cannabis use. | Becker MP et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Long-term consequences of perinatal and adolescent cannabinoid exposure on neural and psychological processes. | Higuera-Matas A et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Multiple sclerosis, cannabis, and cognition: A structural MRI study. | Romero K et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Neuroimaging of the dopamine/reward system in adolescent drug use. | Ernst M et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Neuropsychological performance in adolescent marijuana users with co-occurring alcohol use: A three-year longitudinal study. | Jacobus J et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Safety and Toxicology of Cannabinoids. | Sachs J et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| The impact of initiation: Early onset marijuana smokers demonstrate altered Stroop performance and brain activation. | Sagar KA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? | Hall W | β | 2015 | β |
| Acute administration of ΞβΉ tetrahydrocannabinol does not prevent enhancement of sensory gating by clozapine in DBA/2 mice. | Smucny J et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Adverse health effects of marijuana use. | Volkow ND et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy--from receptors to clinical response. | Szaflarski JP et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Cannabis-related working memory deficits and associated subcortical morphological differences in healthy individuals and schizophrenia subjects. | Smith MJ et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Decreased dopamine brain reactivity in marijuana abusers is associated with negative emotionality and addiction severity. | Volkow ND et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Dopamine challenge reveals neuroadaptive changes in marijuana abusers. | Madras BK | β | 2014 | β |
| Effects of cannabis on impulsivity: a systematic review of neuroimaging findings. | Wrege J et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Effects of cannabis on the adolescent brain. | Jacobus J et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Functional connectivity alterations in brain networks relevant to self-awareness in chronic cannabis users. | Pujol J et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Have the genetics of cannabis involvement gone to pot? | Agrawal A et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Long-term effects of cannabis on brain structure. | Battistella G et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Neuropathology of substance use disorders. | Cadet JL et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| One year follow-up of alcohol and illicit substance use in first-episode psychosis: does gender matter? | Lange EH et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Pretreatment measures of brain structure and reward-processing brain function in cannabis dependence: an exploratory study of relationships with abstinence during behavioral treatment. | Yip SW et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals distinct brain activity in heavy cannabis users - a multi-voxel pattern analysis. | Cheng H et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| The prevalence of cannabis withdrawal and its influence on adolescents' treatment response and outcomes: a 12-month prospective investigation. | Greene MC et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Unique functional abnormalities in youth with combined marijuana use and depression: an FMRI study. | Ford KA et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| ΞβΉ-Tetrahydrocannabinol-induced anti-inflammatory responses in adolescent mice switch to proinflammatory in adulthood. | Moretti S et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| A Review of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies in Marijuana using Adolescents and Adults. | Sneider JT et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| A systematic review of diffusion weighted MRI studies of white matter microstructure in adolescent substance users. | Baker ST et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Functional connectivity and cannabis use in high-risk adolescents. | Houck JM et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The neural correlates of mental rotation abilities in cannabis-abusing patients with schizophrenia: an FMRI study. | Potvin S et al. | β | 2013 | β |