The GenomeAsia 100K Project enables genetic discoveries across Asia.

Sampling distribution of GAsP.a, b, Sample sizes. c, Location, language and social hierarchy associated with samples from south Asia. Groups with fewer than three samples are not plotted. See Supplementary Table 1a for definitions and descriptions of samples and population groups included in each geographically defined set.

Population structure and admixture.a, ADMIXTURE plots for k = 12 and k = 14 illustrating the identification of 12 reference groups. b, Proposed modern human migration route into southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Maximum with potential locations of Denisovan admixture (yellow asterisks). Green indicates the above water landmass at the glacial maximum and white outlines indicate present-day shorelines. c, Estimates of Denisovan ancestry in south Asians, stratified by social/cultural group and language. IE, Indo-European. Adivasi Indo-European, n = 30; Adivasi non-Indo-European, n = 196; caste Indo-European, n = 68; caste non-Indo-European, n = 155; upper caste Indo-European, n = 49; upper caste non-Indo-European, n = 19; Pakistani Indo-European, n = 79. The centre line indicates the median; box limits show the middle 50%; whiskers extend two standard deviations from the mean; points are outliers.

Disease-relevant variant discovery.a, Filtering using the GAsP dataset improves candidate variant discovery by removing population specific variants (n = 152). The centre line indicates the median; box limits show the upper and lower quartiles; whiskers extend 1.5× the interquartile range. b, Allele count (AC) and frequency distribution of variants in the GAsP dataset that are designated disease-causing in the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) or pathogenic in ClinVar. Autosomal-dominant (AD) or autosomal-recessive (AR) or other (unknown) classification as per OMIM. A number of variants (n = 37) that had previously been reported to be pathogenic are found in the GAsP study dataset at high frequency and were reclassified (Supplementary Table 4d). c, Frequency of β-thalassaemia variant (chromosome 11:5248155 c.92+5G>C) across Asia shows a geographical enrichment. MAF in South Asia is 1.4%. NA, not available. d, Novel cancer-predisposing variants identified in the GenomeAsia dataset. e, Population-specific probabilities of adverse drug reactions predicted from the aggregate allele frequencies of known variants associated with response to the indicated drugs.

Founder effects and homozygous loss of function.a, IBD scores across different population groups are shown for 96 ethnicities (1,417 samples) across global regions. The scores given in the figure are relative ratios compared to that of the Finnish group. b, Violin plot showing IBD scores in 29 tribal groups and 25 non-tribal groups consisting of 293 and 336 samples, respectively. The centre line indicates the median; box limits show 1.5× the interquartile range. c, Proportion of genes with at least one high-confidence PTV. d, Proportion of novel, known, heterozygous and homozygous PTVs in the GAsP dataset. e, Pie chart of novel homozygous PTVs plotted by region (inner circle) and population group (outer circle). Groups with less than two PTVs were grouped as other. f, Novel homozygous PTV Q2010* (green) found in ABCA7 localizes to the C-terminal ABC domain. Previously reported PVTs are shown in grey.