Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse and dependence.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Cerdá, Magdalena; Wall, Melanie; Keyes, Katherine M; Galea, Sandro; Hasin, Deborah
Year: 2012
Journal: Drug and alcohol dependence
PMID: 22099393
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.011
PMCID: PMC3251168

#	Section	Preview
0	1.0. INTRODUCTION	Marijuana is the most frequently used illicit substance, and marijuana abuse and dependence are…
1	1.0. INTRODUCTION	Behaviors are determined, at least in part, by expectations about the costs and benefits of one’s…
2	1.0. INTRODUCTION	Studies of individual perceptions of norms suggest that such norms predict marijuana use (Beyers et…
3	1.0. INTRODUCTION	State medical marijuana laws can be seen as one indicator of group-level approval of marijuana use.…
4	1.0. INTRODUCTION	We used data from a national, population-based study to examine the relationship between state-level…
5	2.0. METHODS — 2.1. Primary exposure variable: State-level medical marijuana laws	Our primary exposure variable was whether a state had legalized the medical use of marijuana by…
6	2.0. METHODS — 2.2. Outcome data	For our outcome variables, we analyzed data from two surveys that used different methods to collect…
7	2.0. METHODS — 2.3. Primary outcome data: NESARC	Data were drawn from the 2004-2005 NESARC, a national survey of non-institutionalized adults aged…
8	2.0. METHODS — 2.3. Primary outcome data: NESARC — 2.3.1. NESARC outcome variables: non-medical marijuana use, abuse, and dependence	Participants were interviewed with the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview…
9	2.0. METHODS — 2.3. Primary outcome data: NESARC — 2.3.1. NESARC outcome variables: non-medical marijuana use, abuse, and dependence	of the World Health Organization/National Institutes of Health International Study on Reliability…
10	2.0. METHODS — 2.3. Primary outcome data: NESARC — 2.3.1. NESARC outcome variables: non-medical marijuana use, abuse, and dependence	We combined abuse and dependence into one outcome, since empirical findings indicate that it better…
11	2.0. METHODS — 2.3. Primary outcome data: NESARC — 2.3.2. NESARC individual-level covariates	At the individual level, covariates included self-reported sex, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White,…
12	2.0. METHODS — 2.4. Secondary data source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)	State-level rates of marijuana use but not DSM-IV abuse/dependence are publicly available from the…
13	2.0. METHODS — 2.4. Secondary data source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) — 2.4.1. NSDUH outcome variable	The outcome measure of interest was the proportion of respondents in each state who reported…
14	2.0. METHODS — 2.5. State-level covariates	In all NESARC and NSDUH analyses, we adjusted for a series of state-level characteristics that might…
15	2.0. METHODS — 2.6. Analyses	The NESARC sample and its associated sampling weights were originally constructed in order to…
16	2.0. METHODS — 2.6. Analyses	The association between our exposure variable (state-level medical marijuana law) and marijuana…
17	2.0. METHODS — 2.6. Analyses	The NESARC and NSDUH state-level analyses used linear regression (SAS 9.2 Proc GLM) of state-level…
18	2.0. METHODS — 2.6. Analyses	The NESARC multilevel analyses used hierarchical logistic regression (SAS 9.2 Proc GLIMMIX) of…
19	3.0. RESULTS — 3.1. State-level results	The first two columns of Table 1 present mean state-level prevalence of past-year marijuana use and…

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Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control Associated with Age of First Use of Cannabis among Adolescents.	Korn L et al.	—	2021	→
Availability of medical cannabis dispensaries and cannabis abuse/dependence-related hospitalizations in California.	Mair C et al.	—	2021	→
Cannabis use among military veterans: A great deal to gain or lose?	Turna J et al.	—	2021	→
Comparing medical cannabis use in 5 US states: a retrospective database study.	Mahabir VK et al.	—	2021	→
Don't Ask, Don't Tell: Cannabis Use in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients.	Tamargo CL et al.	—	2021	→
Frequency of cannabis use during pregnancy and adverse infant outcomes, by cigarette smoking status - 8 PRAMS states, 2017.	Haight SC et al.	—	2021	→
Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Hospitalizations for Hyperemesis.	Nemer L et al.	—	2021	→
Marijuana liberalization policies and perinatal health.	Meinhofer A et al.	—	2021	→
Occipital neural dynamics in cannabis and alcohol use: independent effects of addiction.	Lew BJ et al.	—	2021	→
Older Cannabis Users Are Not All Alike: Lifespan Cannabis Use Patterns.	Arora K et al.	—	2021	→
Quarterly trends in past-month cannabis use in the United States, 2015-2019.	Palamar JJ et al.	—	2021	→
Reasons for cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation: a qualitative study.	Vanstone M et al.	—	2021	→
Scandalous decisions: explaining shifts in UK medicinal cannabis policy.	Monaghan M et al.	—	2021	→
The associations of medical marijuana policies with opioid-related health care utilization.	Jayawardhana J et al.	—	2021	→
Trends over time in adult cannabis use: A review of recent findings.	Hasin D et al.	—	2021	→
Women's Cigarette and Marijuana Use in Pregnancy: Identifying the Role of Past Versus Recent Violence Exposure.	Miller-Graff LE et al.	—	2021	→
Association of Marijuana, Mental Health, and Tobacco in Colorado.	Stewart SB et al.	—	2020	→
A systematic review of the effectiveness of employer-led interventions for drug misuse.	Akanbi MO et al.	—	2020	→
Cannabis Enthusiasts' Knowledge of Medical Treatment Effectiveness and Increased Risks From Cannabis Use.	Kruger DJ et al.	—	2020	→
Cannabis use among U.S. adolescents in the era of marijuana legalization: a review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates.	Hammond CJ et al.	—	2020	→
Characteristics of Older Adults Who Were Early Adopters of Medical Cannabis in the Florida Medical Marijuana Use Registry.	Brown JD et al.	—	2020	→
Congestive Heart Failure Hospitalizations and Cannabis Use Disorder (2010-2014): National Trends and Outcomes.	Ajibawo T et al.	—	2020	→
Current marijuana use among women of reproductive age.	Ewing AC et al.	—	2020	→
Diversion of Medical Marijuana to Unintended Users Among U.S. Adults Age 35 and 55, 2013-2018.	Terry-McElrath YM et al.	—	2020	→
Does Cannabis Intake Protect Against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.	Wang X et al.	—	2020	→
Evaluating the effect of retail marijuana legalization on parent marijuana use frequency and norms in U.S. States with retail marijuana legalization.	Epstein M et al.	—	2020	→
Evaluation of Availability of Survey Data About Cannabis Use.	Geissler KH et al.	—	2020	→
Geographic Differences in Cannabis Conversations on Twitter: Infodemiology Study.	van Draanen J et al.	—	2020	→
Implications of Medical and Recreational Marijuana Laws for Neuroscience Research: a Review.	Hasin DS et al.	—	2020	→
Individual, Family, and School Correlates across Patterns of High School Poly-substance Use.	Tan K et al.	—	2020	→
Is there a relationship between cannabis use problems, emotion dysregulation, and mental health problems among adults with chronic pain?	Orr MF et al.	—	2020	→
Marijuana and Opioid Use during Pregnancy: Using Zebrafish to Gain Understanding of Congenital Anomalies Caused by Drug Exposure during Development.	Sarmah S et al.	—	2020	→
Marijuana Use in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week.	DeFilippis EM et al.	—	2020	→
Medical marijuana laws and driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol.	Fink DS et al.	—	2020	→
Medical Reasons for Marijuana Use, Forms of Use, and Patient Perception of Physician Attitudes Among the US Population.	Azcarate PM et al.	—	2020	→
Peer-to-Peer Social Media as an Effective Prevention Strategy: Quasi-Experimental Evaluation.	Evans W et al.	—	2020	→
Potential Adverse Drug Events with Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Due to Drug-Drug Interactions.	Brown JD	—	2020	→
Recognition and stigma of prescription drug abuse disorder: personal and community determinants.	Shupp R et al.	—	2020	→
State Medical Marijuana Laws and Associated Marijuana Use, Attitudes, and Perceived Social Norms among Adolescents in the U.S.	Wong SW et al.	—	2020	→
State medical marijuana laws, cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among adults with elevated psychological distress.	McBain RK et al.	—	2020	→
The use of cannabis and perceptions of its effect on fertility among infertility patients.	Jordan T et al.	—	2020	→
Understanding motivations for large US cannabis firms' participation in the cannabis space: Qualitative study exploring views of key decision-makers.	Kumar N et al.	—	2020	→
Use of tobacco products/devices for marijuana consumption and association with substance use problems among U.S. young adults (2015-2016).	Seaman EL et al.	—	2020	→
Adolescent recovery capital and recovery high school attendance: An exploratory data mining approach.	Hennessy EA et al.	—	2019	→
Adverse Consequences of Co-Occurring Opioid Use Disorder and Cannabis Use Disorder Compared to Opioid Use Disorder Only.	De Aquino JP et al.	—	2019	→
Age, period and cohort effects in frequent cannabis use among US students: 1991-2018.	Hamilton AD et al.	—	2019	→
Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana consumption is associated with increased odds of same-day substance co- and tri-use.	Roche DJO et al.	—	2019	→
Cannabis Legalization Does Not Influence Patient Compliance with Opioid Therapy.	Lo SY et al.	—	2019	→
Cannabis Prevalence and National Drug Policy in 27 Countries: An Analysis of Adolescent Substance Use.	Kotlaja MM et al.	—	2019	→
Cannabis use patterns at the dawn of US cannabis reform.	Kumar N et al.	—	2019	→
Correct knowledge of medical cannabis legal status in one's own state: Differences between adolescents and adults in the United States, 2004-2013.	Mauro PM et al.	—	2019	→
Determining Risks for Cannabis Use Disorder in the Face of Changing Legal Policies.	Taylor M et al.	—	2019	→
False News of a Cannabis Cancer Cure.	Shi S et al.	—	2019	→
High Risk of Alcohol-Impaired Driving in Adults With Comorbid Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders in the U.S. Population.	Roberts W et al.	—	2019	→
How and why have attitudes about cannabis legalization changed so much?	Felson J et al.	—	2019	→
Impact of Medical Marijuana Laws on State-Level Marijuana Use by Age and Gender, 2004-2013.	Mauro CM et al.	—	2019	→
Impacts of Medical Marijuana Laws on Young Americans Across the Developmental Spectrum.	Schmidt LA et al.	—	2019	→
Implications of cannabis use on sedation for endoscopic procedures.	Woo M et al.	—	2019	→
Marijuana use and outcomes in adult and pediatric trauma patients after legalization in California.	Grigorian A et al.	—	2019	→
Medical Cannabis Use among Adults in the Southeastern United States.	Salazar CA et al.	—	2019	→
MicroNIR/Chemometrics: A new analytical platform for fast and accurate detection of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluids.	Risoluti R et al.	—	2019	→
Nation-scale primary prevention to reduce newly incident adolescent drug use: the issue of lag time.	Cheng HG et al.	—	2019	→
Opioid and Cannabis Co-Use among Adults With Chronic Pain: Relations to Substance Misuse, Mental Health, and Pain Experience.	Rogers AH et al.	—	2019	→
Orthopaedic surgery patients who use recreational marijuana have less pre-operative pain.	Medina SH et al.	—	2019	→
Qualitative Analysis of Cannabis Use Among Older Adults in Colorado.	Bobitt J et al.	—	2019	→
Substance use in kidney transplant candidates and its impact on access to kidney transplantation.	Tang E et al.	—	2019	→
The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana-Related Attitude and Perception Among US Adolescents and Young Adults.	Wen H et al.	—	2019	→
The endocannabinoid system: Novel targets for treating cancer induced bone pain.	Sun J et al.	—	2019	→
The Role of Acculturation and Alcohol Problems on Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Latinas at Risk of an Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy.	Hernandez M et al.	—	2019	→
Time trends in US cannabis use and cannabis use disorders overall and by sociodemographic subgroups: a narrative review and new findings.	Hasin DS et al.	—	2019	→
Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Medical Cannabis.	Briscoe J et al.	—	2019	→
Trends and Related Factors of Cannabis-Associated Emergency Department Visits in the United States: 2006-2014.	Shen JJ et al.	—	2019	→
Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Challenges and Considerations.	Romero-Sandoval EA et al.	—	2018	→
Cannabis in liver disorders: a friend or a foe?	Goyal H et al.	—	2018	→
Cannabis use disorder and male sex predict medical cannabis card status in a sample of high risk adolescents.	Kim J et al.	—	2018	→
Comparing medical and recreational cannabis use among employees: associations with health and work-related outcomes.	Rineer JR et al.	—	2018	→
Contrast sensitivity and motion discrimination in cannabis users.	Mikulskaya E et al.	—	2018	→
Dynamic transitions between marijuana use and cigarette smoking among US adolescents and emerging adults.	Yu B et al.	—	2018	→
Exploring the association of legalisation status of cannabis with problematic cannabis use and impulsivity in the USA.	Destrée L et al.	—	2018	→
Framing marijuana: How U.S. newspapers frame marijuana legalization stories (1995-2014).	Kim H et al.	—	2018	→
Impact of cannabis legalization on treatment and research priorities for cannabis use disorder.	Sahlem GL et al.	—	2018	→
Is recovery from cannabis use problems different from alcohol and other drugs? Results from a national probability-based sample of the United States adult population.	Kelly JF et al.	—	2018	→
"It Ruined My Life": The effects of the War on Drugs on people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Puerto Rico.	Abadie R et al.	—	2018	→
Mapping regulatory models for medicinal cannabis: a matrix of options.	Belackova V et al.	—	2018	→
Marijuana and head and neck cancer: an epidemiological review.	Xie M et al.	—	2018	→
Marijuana and Prescription Pain Reliever Use among Cigarette Smokers.	Goldberg RL et al.	—	2018	→
Marijuana use among adolescent multiple tobacco product users and unique risks of dual tobacco and marijuana use.	Pulvers K et al.	—	2018	→
Marijuana use among adults: Initiation, return to use, and continued use versus quitting over a one-year follow-up period.	Choi NG et al.	—	2018	→
Marijuana use during and after pregnancy and association of prenatal use on birth outcomes: A population-based study.	Ko JY et al.	—	2018	→
Media portrayal of prenatal and postpartum marijuana use in an era of scientific uncertainty.	Jarlenski M et al.	—	2018	→
Medical cannabis legalization and state-level prevalence of serious mental illness in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2008-2015.	Dutra LM et al.	—	2018	→
Medical Marijuana Laws and Marijuana Use Among U.S. Adolescents: Evidence From Michigan Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Data.	Chen X et al.	—	2018	→
Medicinal versus Recreational Cannabis Use among Returning Veterans.	Metrik J et al.	—	2018	→
Older adults' marijuana use, injuries, and emergency department visits.	Choi NG et al.	—	2018	→
Past-month cannabis use among U.S. individuals from 2002-2015: An age-period-cohort analysis.	Chawla D et al.	—	2018	→
Patient Perceptions of the Use of Medical Marijuana in the Treatment of Pain After Musculoskeletal Trauma: A Survey of Patients at 2 Trauma Centers in Massachusetts.	Heng M et al.	—	2018	→
Prospective associations between cannabis use and negative and positive health and social measures among emerging adults.	Korn L et al.	—	2018	→
Religious Involvement and Marijuana Use for Medical and Recreational Purposes.	Burdette AM et al.	—	2018	→
Risks and Benefits of Marijuana Use: A National Survey of U.S. Adults.	Keyhani S et al.	—	2018	→
Sales and Advertising Channels of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Internet, Social Networks, and Smartphone Apps.	Miliano C et al.	—	2018	→
Self-medication of mood and anxiety disorders with marijuana: Higher in states with medical marijuana laws.	Sarvet AL et al.	—	2018	→
Self-reported marijuana use over 25 years and abdominal adiposity: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.	Bancks MP et al.	—	2018	→
Substance Use Disorders Among Veterans in a Nationally Representative Sample: Prevalence and Associated Functioning and Treatment Utilization.	Boden MT et al.	—	2018	→
The Canadian Medical Association and medical marijuana.	Kumar R	—	2018	→
The challenges of 'medical cannabis' and mental health: a clinical perspective.	Newton-Howes G	—	2018	→
The impact of the legalization of recreational marijuana on college students.	Jones J et al.	—	2018	→
The Implications of Cannabis Policy Changes in Washington on Adolescent Perception of Risk, Norms, Attitudes, and Substance Use.	Blevins CE et al.	—	2018	→
Tobacco use during cannabis cessation: Use patterns and impact on abstinence in a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study.	McClure EA et al.	—	2018	→
US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems.	Hasin DS	—	2018	→
Visual attention to motion stimuli and its neural correlates in cannabis users.	Mikulskaya E et al.	—	2018	→
Adverse Structural and Functional Effects of Marijuana on the Brain: Evidence Reviewed.	Mandelbaum DE et al.	—	2017	→
Association of cannabis use with the development of elevated anxiety symptoms in the general population: a meta-analysis.	Twomey CD	—	2017	→
Cannabis decriminalization and the age of onset of cannabis use.	Červený J et al.	—	2017	→
Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the U.S.: A review.	Carliner H et al.	—	2017	→
Cannabis Use, Medication Management and Adherence Among Persons Living with HIV.	Vidot DC et al.	—	2017	→
Cannabis use patterns and motives: A comparison of younger, middle-aged, and older medical cannabis dispensary patients.	Haug NA et al.	—	2017	→
CB1-Dependent Long-Term Depression in Ventral Tegmental Area GABA Neurons: A Novel Target for Marijuana.	Friend L et al.	—	2017	→
Changes in undergraduates' marijuana, heavy alcohol and cigarette use following legalization of recreational marijuana use in Oregon.	Kerr DCR et al.	—	2017	→
Chlorination Kinetics of 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol: Effects of pH and Humic Acid.	Mackie AL et al.	—	2017	→
Clearing the haze: the complexities and challenges of research on state marijuana laws.	Choo EK et al.	—	2017	→
Cross-Cultural Effects of Cannabis Use Disorder: Evidence to Support a Cultural Neuroscience Approach.	Prashad S et al.	—	2017	→
Determining Cannabis Use Status From a Photograph: An Assessment of the "Jay-dar" in Neuropsychologists.	Hirst RB et al.	—	2017	→
Estimated probability of becoming a case of drug dependence in relation to duration of drug-taking experience: a functional analysis approach.	Vsevolozhskaya OA et al.	—	2017	→
Examining the effects of illicit drug use on tobacco cessation outcomes in the Helping HAND 2 randomized controlled trial.	Streck JM et al.	—	2017	→
Family Physicians' Perceived Prevalence, Safety, and Screening for Cigarettes, Marijuana, and Electronic-Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use during Pregnancy.	Northrup TF et al.	—	2017	→
Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Primary Care Patients in Washington State.	Lapham GT et al.	—	2017	→
Interaction of marijuana and alcohol on fatal motor vehicle crash risk: a case-control study.	Chihuri S et al.	—	2017	→
Is cannabis treatment for anxiety, mood, and related disorders ready for prime time?	Turna J et al.	—	2017	→
Legal cannabis laws, home cultivation, and use of edible cannabis products: A growing relationship?	Borodovsky JT et al.	—	2017	→
Loose regulation of medical marijuana programs associated with higher rates of adult marijuana use but not cannabis use disorder.	Williams AR et al.	—	2017	→
Mapping medical marijuana: state laws regulating patients, product safety, supply chains and dispensaries, 2017.	Klieger SB et al.	—	2017	→
Marijuana use among young people in an era of policy change: what does recent evidence tell us?	Salas-Wright CP et al.	—	2017	→
Marijuana Use and Self-reported Quality of Eyesight.	Akano OF	—	2017	→
Marijuana use and serum testosterone concentrations among U.S. males.	Thistle JE et al.	—	2017	→
Medical Marijuana and Marijuana Legalization.	Pacula RL et al.	—	2017	→
Medical Marijuana Laws May Be Associated With A Decline In The Number Of Prescriptions For Medicaid Enrollees.	Bradford AC et al.	—	2017	→
Medical Marijuana Legalization and Marijuana Use Among Youth in Oregon.	Paschall MJ et al.	—	2017	→
Patterns and factors of problematic marijuana use in the Canadian population: Evidence from three cross-sectional surveys.	Bonner WIA et al.	—	2017	→
Pregnant Women's Current and Intended Cannabis Use in Relation to Their Views Toward Legalization and Knowledge of Potential Harm.	Mark K et al.	—	2017	→
Prevalence and correlates of marijuana use among HIV-seropositive and seronegative men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1984-2013.	Okafor CN et al.	—	2017	→
Prevalence and correlates of treatment utilization among adults with cannabis use disorder in the United States.	Wu LT et al.	—	2017	→
Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program.	Smith KE et al.	—	2017	→
Prevalence, reasons, perceived effects, and correlates of medical marijuana use: A review.	Park JY et al.	—	2017	→
Pros and Cons of Medical Cannabis use by People with Chronic Brain Disorders.	Suryadevara U et al.	—	2017	→
Race/ethnicity and marijuana use in the United States: Diminishing differences in the prevalence of use, 2006-2015.	Keyes KM et al.	—	2017	→
Recent legalization of cannabis use: effects on sleep, health, and workplace safety.	Bowles NP et al.	—	2017	→
Sex Differences in Cannabis Use Disorder Diagnosis Involved Hospitalizations in the United States.	Zhu H et al.	—	2017	→
State and National Contexts in Evaluating Cannabis Laws: A Case Study of Washington State.	Cambron C et al.	—	2017	→
Structural barriers in access to medical marijuana in the USA-a systematic review protocol.	Valencia CI et al.	—	2017	→
Support for Marijuana Legalization and Predictors of Intentions to Use Marijuana More Often in Response to Legalization Among U.S. Young Adults.	Cohn AM et al.	—	2017	→
The impact of cannabis and cannabinoids for medical conditions on health-related quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	Goldenberg M et al.	—	2017	→
The impact of cannabis use on patients enrolled in opioid agonist therapy in Ontario, Canada.	Franklyn AM et al.	—	2017	→
The Impact of Legalizing and Regulating Weed: Issues with Study Design and Emerging Findings in the USA.	Hunt PE et al.	—	2017	→
The Increasing Use of Cannabis Among Older Americans: A Public Health Crisis or Viable Policy Alternative?	Kaskie B et al.	—	2017	→
Theory and methods in comparative drug and alcohol policy research: Response to a review of the literature.	Burris S	—	2017	→
The widening gender gap in marijuana use prevalence in the U.S. during a period of economic change, 2002-2014.	Carliner H et al.	—	2017	→
Trends of Cannabis Use Disorder in the Inpatient: 2002 to 2011.	Charilaou P et al.	—	2017	→
US Adult Illicit Cannabis Use, Cannabis Use Disorder, and Medical Marijuana Laws: 1991-1992 to 2012-2013.	Hasin DS et al.	—	2017	→
Vaping Synthetic Cannabinoids: A Novel Preclinical Model of E-Cigarette Use in Mice.	Lefever TW et al.	—	2017	→
A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.	Kalant H	—	2016	→
Cannabis Abuse Is Increasing and Associated with Increased Emergency Department Utilization in Gastroenterology Patients.	Gubatan J et al.	—	2016	→
Cannabis and adolescents: Exploring the substance misuse treatment provider experience in a climate of legalization.	Sobesky M et al.	—	2016	→
Cannabis in Pain Treatment: Clinical and Research Considerations.	Savage SR et al.	—	2016	→
Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders.	Lynskey M et al.	—	2016	→
Capturing Heterogeneity in Medical Marijuana Policies: A Taxonomy of Regulatory Regimes Across the United States.	Chapman SA et al.	—	2016	→
Clinical and Public Health Considerations in Urine Drug Testing to Identify and Treat Substance Use.	Barthwell AG	—	2016	→
Colorado Cannabis Legalization and Its Effect on Emergency Care.	Kim HS et al.	—	2016	→
Commentary: Adolescent Marijuana Use and Mental Health Amidst a Changing Legal Climate.	Yurasek AM et al.	—	2016	→
Comparative policy analysis for alcohol and drugs: Current state of the field.	Ritter A et al.	—	2016	→
Comparing adults who use cannabis medically with those who use recreationally: Results from a national sample.	Lin LA et al.	—	2016	→
Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with comorbid cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder.	Weinstock LM et al.	—	2016	→
Early Versus Late Onset of Cannabis Use: Differences in Striatal Response to Cannabis Cues.	Wetherill RR et al.	—	2016	→
Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States.	Hall W et al.	—	2016	→
Examination of the Divergence in Trends for Adolescent Marijuana Use and Marijuana-Specific Risk Factors in Washington State.	Fleming CB et al.	—	2016	→
Marijuana Legalization and Parents' Attitudes, Use, and Parenting in Washington State.	Kosterman R et al.	—	2016	→
Marijuana Legalization: Impact on Physicians and Public Health.	Wilkinson ST et al.	—	2016	→
Marijuana: Views on Its Medical Use Recorded at the Slovak Social Network.	Kolena B et al.	—	2016	→
Medical Marijuana Laws Reduce Prescription Medication Use In Medicare Part D.	Bradford AC et al.	—	2016	→
Medical marijuana legalization and cigarette and marijuana co-use in adolescents and adults.	Wang JB et al.	—	2016	→
Medical Marijuana Legalization and Co-use in Adult Cigarette Smokers.	Wang JB et al.	—	2016	→
Nonmedical prescription pain reliever and alcohol consumption among cannabis users.	Novak SP et al.	—	2016	→
Older-adult marijuana users and ex-users: Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and mental and substance use disorders.	Choi NG et al.	—	2016	→
Older, Less Regulated Medical Marijuana Programs Have Much Greater Enrollment Rates Than Newer 'Medicalized' Programs.	Williams AR et al.	—	2016	→
Prevalence and correlates of a lifetime cannabis use disorder among pregnant former tobacco smokers.	Emery RL et al.	—	2016	→
Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorder, 2012-2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.	Hasin DS et al.	—	2016	→
Prevalence of marijuana and other substance use before and after Washington State's change from legal medical marijuana to legal medical and nonmedical marijuana: Cohort comparisons in a sample of adolescents.	Mason WA et al.	—	2016	→
Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis?	Borodovsky JT et al.	—	2016	→
State-level medical marijuana laws, marijuana use and perceived availability of marijuana among the general U.S. population.	Martins SS et al.	—	2016	→
Tasty THC: Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles.	Barrus DG et al.	—	2016	→
The effect of medical cannabis laws on juvenile cannabis use.	Stolzenberg L et al.	—	2016	→
The Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Adolescent Use, Consequences, and Perceived Risk.	Estoup AC et al.	—	2016	→
The Importance of Context: Neighborhood Drinking Norms and Heavy Drinking Among HIV Patients.	Elliott JC et al.	—	2016	→
The increasing global health priority of substance use in young people.	Degenhardt L et al.	—	2016	→
Trends in registered medical marijuana participation across 13 US states and District of Columbia.	Fairman BJ	—	2016	→
A reexamination of medical marijuana policies in relation to suicide risk.	Grucza RA et al.	—	2015	→
A socio-cultural view of trends in drug use indicators.	Golub A et al.	—	2015	→
Assessing the effects of medical marijuana laws on marijuana use: the devil is in the details.	Pacula RL et al.	—	2015	→
Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA.	Hall W et al.	—	2015	→
Cannabis Liberalization and Adolescent Cannabis Use: A Cross-National Study in 38 Countries.	Shi Y et al.	—	2015	→
Cannabis Mobile Apps: A Content Analysis.	Ramo DE et al.	—	2015	→
Concomitant cannabis abuse/dependence in patients treated with opioids for non-cancer pain.	Hefner K et al.	—	2015	→
Discrepant Patterns of Heavy Drinking, Marijuana Use, and Smoking and Intimate Partner Violence: Results From the California Community Health Study of Couples.	Cunradi CB et al.	—	2015	→
Distance to Cannabis Shops and Age of Onset of Cannabis Use.	Palali A et al.	—	2015	→
Effects of marijuana use on impulsivity and hostility in daily life.	Ansell EB et al.	—	2015	→
Effects of minimum legal drinking age on alcohol and marijuana use: evidence from toxicological testing data for fatally injured drivers aged 16 to 25 years.	Keyes KM et al.	—	2015	→
Frequency and Risk of Marijuana Use among Substance-Using Health Care Patients in Colorado with and without Access to State Legalized Medical Marijuana.	Richmond MK et al.	—	2015	→
Gateway to curiosity: Medical marijuana ads and intention and use during middle school.	D'Amico EJ et al.	—	2015	→
Introduction to the special issue: Substance use and the adolescent brain: Developmental impacts, interventions, and longitudinal outcomes.	Luciana M et al.	—	2015	→
Maternal age and trajectories of cannabis use.	De Genna NM et al.	—	2015	→
Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana use in the USA from 1991 to 2014: results from annual, repeated cross-sectional surveys.	Hasin DS et al.	—	2015	→
Naltrexone Maintenance Decreases Cannabis Self-Administration and Subjective Effects in Daily Cannabis Smokers.	Haney M et al.	—	2015	→
Perceived risk of regular cannabis use in the United States from 2002 to 2012: differences by sex, age, and race/ethnicity.	Pacek LR et al.	—	2015	→
Pharmacy Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Medical Marijuana.	Moeller KE et al.	—	2015	→
Prevalence and patterns of marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age.	Ko JY et al.	—	2015	→
Prevalence of Marijuana Use Disorders in the United States Between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013.	Hasin DS et al.	—	2015	→
The association between cannabis use and mood disorders: A longitudinal study.	Feingold D et al.	—	2015	→
The impacts of marijuana dispensary density and neighborhood ecology on marijuana abuse and dependence.	Mair C et al.	—	2015	→
The moderating effects of cannabis use and decision making on the relationship between conduct disorder and risky sexual behavior.	Ross JM et al.	—	2015	→
The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: review and summary of findings.	Hasin DS et al.	—	2015	→
Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood predicting unemployment in the mid 30s.	Lee JY et al.	—	2015	→
An examination of opinions toward marijuana policies among high school seniors in the United States.	Palamar JJ	—	2014	→
Association of unintentional pediatric exposures with decriminalization of marijuana in the United States.	Wang GS et al.	—	2014	→
Availability of tobacco products associated with use of marijuana cigars (blunts).	Lipperman-Kreda S et al.	—	2014	→
Cannabis.	Ladouceur R	—	2014	→
Cannabis, pesticides and conflicting laws: the dilemma for legalized States and implications for public health.	Stone D	—	2014	→
Cannabis use disorders are comparatively prevalent among nonwhite racial/ethnic groups and adolescents: a national study.	Wu LT et al.	—	2014	→
Changes in driver cannabinoid prevalence in 12 U.S. states after implementing medical marijuana laws.	Masten SV et al.	—	2014	→
Correlates of intentions to use cannabis among US high school seniors in the case of cannabis legalization.	Palamar JJ et al.	—	2014	→
Examining the relationship between the physical availability of medical marijuana and marijuana use across fifty California cities.	Freisthler B et al.	—	2014	→
Implications of marijuana legalization for adolescent substance use.	Hopfer C	—	2014	→
It's not your mother's marijuana: effects on maternal-fetal health and the developing child.	Warner TD et al.	—	2014	→
Marijuana liberalization policies: why we can’t learn much from policy still in motion.	Pacula RL et al.	—	2014	→
Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999-2010.	Bachhuber MA et al.	—	2014	→
Patterns of medical marijuana use among individuals sampled from medical marijuana dispensaries in los angeles.	Grella CE et al.	—	2014	→
Predictors of disapproval toward "hard drug" use among high school seniors in the US.	Palamar JJ	—	2014	→
Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users.	Bonn-Miller MO et al.	—	2014	→
Temporal trends in marijuana attitudes, availability and use in Colorado compared to non-medical marijuana states: 2003-11.	Schuermeyer J et al.	—	2014	→
The effects of ethnic, social and cultural factors on axis I comorbidity of bipolar disorder: results from the clinical setting in Korea.	Baek JH et al.	—	2014	→
The effects of medical marijuana laws on illegal marijuana use.	Chu YW	—	2014	→
The effects of medical marijuana laws on potency.	Sevigny EL et al.	—	2014	→
Waiting for the opportune moment: the tobacco industry and marijuana legalization.	Barry RA et al.	—	2014	→
Drugged driving: increased traffic risks involving licit and illicit substances.	Pilkinton MW et al.	—	2013	→
DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale.	Hasin DS et al.	—	2013	→
Illicit and nonmedical drug use among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, and mixed-race individuals.	Wu LT et al.	—	2013	→
Legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use among youths.	Friese B et al.	—	2013	→
Revisiting the role of the urban environment in substance use: the case of analgesic overdose fatalities.	Cerdá M et al.	—	2013	→
Trends in detection rates of risky marijuana use in Colorado health care settings.	Richmond MK et al.	—	2013	→
Medical marijuana use among adolescents in substance abuse treatment.	Salomonsen-Sautel S et al.	—	2012	→
Medicinal and recreational marijuana use among HIV-infected women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) cohort, 1994-2010.	Dʼsouza G et al.	—	2012	→
Physicians and medical marijuana.	Kleber HD et al.	—	2012	→