Update on the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH) superfamily.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Jackson, Brian; Brocker, Chad; Thompson, David C; Black, William; Vasiliou, Konstandinos; Nebert, Daniel W; Vasiliou, Vasilis
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Human genomics
- PMID
- 21712190
- DOI
- 10.1186/1479-7364-5-4-283
- PMCID
- PMC3392178
Members of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH) superfamily play an important role in the enzymic detoxification of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes and in the formation of molecules that are important in cellular processes, like retinoic acid, betaine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. ALDHs exhibit additional, non-enzymic functions, including the capacity to bind to some hormones and other small molecules and to diminish the effects of ultraviolet irradiation in the cornea. Mutations in ALDH genes leading to defective aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases, including gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, pyridoxine-dependent seizures, SjΓΆgren-Larsson syndrome and type II hyperprolinaemia. Interestingly, several ALDH enzymes appear to be markers for normal and cancer stem cells. The superfamily is evolutionarily ancient and is represented within Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukarya taxa. Recent improvements in DNA and protein sequencing have led to the identification of many new ALDH family members. To date, the human genome contains 19 known ALDH genes, as well as many pseudogenes. Whole-genome sequencing allows for comparison of the entire complement of ALDH family members among organisms. This paper provides an update of ALDH genes in several recently sequenced vertebrates and aims to clarify the associated records found in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) gene database. It also highlights where and when likely gene-duplication and gene-loss events have occurred. This information should be useful to future studies that might wish to compare the role of ALDH members among species and how the gene superfamily as a whole has changed throughout evolution.
Figure 1
Neighbour-joining dendrogram (with branch lengths representing relative protein sequence similarity) of ALDH3B sequences in human, rat and mouse, indicating the likely homology and identity of the genes assigned 'Aldh3b3' in rat and mouse.
Figure 2
Comparison of ALDH4A1 from human and rat. Rat Aldh4a1 is part of the larger fusion gene LRRP Ba1-651 [26]. The exons representing the Aldh4a1 portion of this gene with homology to mouse and human are highlighted.
Figure S1
Alignment of ALDH3B2 genes in human, rat and mouse created by ClustalW. Dashes (-) represent sequence gaps, asterisks (*) represent identical amino acids (AAs), colons (:) represent very similar AAs, periods (.) represent less similar AAs, whereas spaces () represent dissimilar AAs.
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| Revelation of candidate genes and molecular mechanism of reproductive seasonality in female rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.) by RNA sequencing. | Jaiswal S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Role of ALDH2 in Hepatic Disorders: Gene Polymorphism and Disease Pathogenesis. | Wang Q et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Catecholaldehyde Hypothesis for the Pathogenesis of Catecholaminergic Neurodegeneration: What We Know and What We Do Not Know. | Goldstein DS | β | 2021 | β |
| The Multifaceted Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. | PΓΌschel J et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Presence and Potential Role of ALDH1A2 in the Glioblastoma Microenvironment. | Sanders S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission and induces mitochondrial protease Omi/HtrA2 in skeletal muscle. | Wakabayashi Y et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| A critical assessment of the potential of pharmacological modulation of aldehyde dehydrogenases to treat the diseases of bone loss. | Mittal M et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive melanoma stem cells in tumorigenesis, drug resistance and anti-neoplastic immunotherapy. | Zhang S et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenases contribute to skeletal muscle homeostasis in healthy, aging, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. | Etienne J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Alpha-lipoic acid protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via ALDH2-dependent Nrf1-FUNDC1 signaling. | Li W et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| A Regulatory Cysteine Residue Mediates Reversible Inactivation of NAD<sup>+</sup>-Dependent Aldehyde Dehydrogenases to Promote Oxidative Stress Response. | Zhang Y et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Association between ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism and risk of ischemic stroke: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. | Jiang Y et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Design, synthesis characterization and biological evaluation of novel multi-isoform ALDH inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. | Dinavahi SS et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Design, synthesis of 1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4-diones as potent and selective aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) inhibitors with glucose consumption improving activity. | Ma Z et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Development of a Novel Multi-Isoform ALDH Inhibitor Effective as an Antimelanoma Agent. | Dinavahi SS et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Doxorubicin and Ξ±-Mangostin oppositely affect luminal breast cancer cell stemness evaluated by a new retinaldehyde-dependent ALDH assay in MCF-7 tumor spheroids. | Bissoli I et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| MicroRNA hsa-miR-1301-3p Regulates Human <i>ADH6</i>, <i>ALDH5A1</i> and <i>ALDH8A1</i> in the Ethanol-Acetaldehyde-Acetate Metabolic Pathway. | Wang X et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells. | Terraneo N et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| RNA-binding protein IGF2BP1 maintains leukemia stem cell properties by regulating HOXB4, MYB, and ALDH1A1. | Elcheva IA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome: Mechanisms and Management. | Bindu PS | β | 2020 | β |
| Targeting Cancer Stem Cells by Genetically Engineered Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. | Alhabbab RY | β | 2020 | β |
| The predominant expression of cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A3 in tumor infiltrative area is associated with shorter overall survival of human glioblastoma. | Gan C et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| The Role of Lipoxidation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. | Augustine J et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Transcriptional profiling reveals altered biological characteristics of chorionic stem cells from women with gestational diabetes. | Chen L et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Two Aldehyde Clearance Systems Are Essential to Prevent Lethal Formaldehyde Accumulation in Mice and Humans. | Dingler FA et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Alcohol abuse and disorder of granulopoiesis. | Shi X et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 and Heart Failure. | Li W et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 as a therapeutic target. | Kimura M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase diversity in bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus. | Riveros-Rosas H et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapeutics. | Dinavahi SS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase in regulatory T-cell development, immunity and cancer. | Bazewicz CG et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: Not Just Markers, but Functional Regulators of Stem Cells. | Vassalli G | β | 2019 | β |
| Aldehyde toxicity and metabolism: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in detoxification, drug resistance and carcinogenesis. | Ahmed Laskar A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Aldh1b1 expression defines progenitor cells in the adult pancreas and is required for Kras-induced pancreatic cancer. | Mameishvili E et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| ALDH2 and Stroke: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. | Xu H et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| ALDH as a Stem Cell Marker in Solid Tumors. | Toledo-GuzmΓ‘n ME et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Analysis of Liver Proteome and Identification of Critical Proteins Affecting Milk Fat, Protein, and Lactose Metabolism in Dariy Cattle with iTRAQ. | Xu L et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| A Novel ALDH1A1 Inhibitor Targets Cells with Stem Cell Characteristics in Ovarian Cancer. | Nwani NG et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Bortezomib Augments Natural Killer Cell Targeting of Stem-Like Tumor Cells. | Luna JI et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Ethanol promotes alcohol-related colorectal cancer metastasis via the TGF-Ξ²/RUNX3/Snail axis by inducing TGF-Ξ²1 upregulation and RUNX3 cytoplasmic mislocalization. | Zheng K et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Genetics and functions of the retinoic acid pathway, with special emphasis on the eye. | Thompson B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Lyophilized <i>B. subtilis</i> ZB183 Spores: 90-Day Repeat Dose Oral (Gavage) Toxicity Study in Wistar Rats. | Appala Naidu B et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Lyophilized<i>B. subtilis</i>ZB183 Spores: 90-Day Repeat Dose Oral (Gavage) Toxicity Study In Wistar Rats | Naidu. B A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Multifaceted Regulation of ALDH1A1 by Cdk5 in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. | Nikhil K et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Neural symptoms in a gene knockout mouse model of SjΓΆgren-Larsson syndrome are associated with a decrease in 2-hydroxygalactosylceramide. | Kanetake T et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| New alcohol-related genes suggest shared genetic mechanisms with neuropsychiatric disorders. | Evangelou E et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Potential Enzymatic Targets in Alzheimer's: A Comprehensive Review. | Alam J et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Proteomic analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex isolates: Correlation of the levels of differentially expressed proteins with in vivo virulence. | do Amaral CC et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Physiopathological Processes. | RodrΓguez-Zavala JS et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Taraxacum officinale extract ameliorates dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis by regulating fatty acid degradation and microbial dysbiosis. | Chen W et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Bidirectional Effect of Defective ALDH2 Polymorphism and Disease Prevention. | Matsumoto A | β | 2019 | β |
| Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review. | Edenberg HJ et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| ALDH1A3 Is the Key Isoform That Contributes to Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity and Affects <i>in Vitro</i> Proliferation in Cardiac Atrial Appendage Progenitor Cells. | Puttini S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| ALDH1A inhibition sensitizes colon cancer cells to chemotherapy. | Kozovska Z et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Autoantibody against aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 could be a biomarker to monitor progression of Graves' orbitopathy. | Cheng KC et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Competition between ethanol clearance and retinoic acid biosynthesis in the induction of fetal alcohol syndrome. | Shabtai Y et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Could ALDH2<sup>*</sup>2 be the reason for low incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer for East Asia women? | Yan S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| DDB2 represses ovarian cancer cell dedifferentiation by suppressing ALDH1A1. | Cui T et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| De novo draft assembly of the Botrylloides leachii genome provides further insight into tunicate evolution. | Blanchoud S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Design, synthesis, and ex vivo evaluation of a selective inhibitor for retinaldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes. | Harper AR et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Ethanol toxicity differs depending on the time of day. | Vera LM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Identification of up-regulated transcripts during Pleurotus ostreatus primordium stage and characterization of PoALDH1. | Qi Y et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Metabolic control of PPAR activity by aldehyde dehydrogenase regulates invasive cell behavior and predicts survival in hepatocellular and renal clear cell carcinoma. | Andrejeva D et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Precision medicine approach: Empagliflozin for diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2β―*β―2 mutation, a specific genetic mutation in millions of East Asians. | Pan G et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Selective determination of the catalytic cysteine pK<sub>a</sub> of two-cysteine succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Acinetobacter baumannii using burst kinetics and enzyme adduct formation. | Phonbuppha J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The modulation of acetic acid pathway genes in Arabidopsis improves survival under drought stress. | Rasheed S et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| A High-Content Assay Enables the Automated Screening and Identification of Small Molecules with Specific ALDH1A1-Inhibitory Activity. | Yasgar A et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Alcohol and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Adding Fuel to the Flame. | Ramadori P et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Alcohol metabolism and oesophageal cancer: a systematic review of the evidence. | Matejcic M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 increases NADH levels and promotes tumor growth via glutathione/dihydrolipoic acid-dependent NAD<sup>+</sup> reduction. | Wang B et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Aldehyde Dehydrogenases 1A2 Expression and Distribution are Potentially Associated with Neuron Death in Spinal Cord of Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur Mice. | Liang H et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| ALDH1A3 is epigenetically regulated during melanocyte transformation and is a target for melanoma treatment. | PΓ©rez-Alea M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Decreased expression of ALDH5A1 predicts prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. | Tian X et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Different specificities of two aldehyde dehydrogenases from <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii</i>. | Datta S et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene superfamily under abiotic stresses in cotton. | Guo X et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Global gene expression profiling and senescence biomarker analysis of hESC exposed to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> induced non-cytotoxic oxidative stress. | Barandalla M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| HER2 in Breast Cancer Stemness: A Negative Feedback Loop towards Trastuzumab Resistance. | Nami B et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| High ALDH1 expression correlates with better prognosis in tumorigenic malignant melanoma. | Taylor LA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Interaction of Aldehyde dehydrogenase with acetaminophen as examined by spectroscopies and molecular docking. | Kolawole AO | β | 2017 | β |
| Modeling of interactions between functional domains of ALDH1L1. | Horita DA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Structure and biochemistry of phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase from the Pseudomonas putida S12 styrene catabolic pathway. | Crabo AG et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The different pathogeneses of sporadic adenoma and adenocarcinoma in non-ampullary lesions of the proximal and distal duodenum. | Niwa A et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| The Fatty Acid Ξ²-Oxidation Pathway is Activated by Leucine Deprivation in HepG2 Cells: A Comparative Proteomics Study. | Yan G et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Transcriptomic analysis and plasma metabolomics in Aldh16a1-null mice reveals a potential role of ALDH16A1 in renal function. | Charkoftaki G et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Use of retinoic acid/aldehyde dehydrogenase pathway as potential targeted therapy against cancer stem cells. | Moreb JS et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Alda-1 modulates the kinetic properties of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). | Belmont-DΓaz JA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 in stem cells and cancer. | Tomita H et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. | GrΓΌnblatt E et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| ALDH2 Inhibition Potentiates High Glucose Stress-Induced Injury in Cultured Cardiomyocytes. | Pan G et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Comparative expression analysis of putative cancer stem cell markers CD44 and ALDH1A1 in various skin cancer subtypes. | Erfani E et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Comparative Proteomics Analysis Reveals L-Arginine Activates Ethanol Degradation Pathways in HepG2 Cells. | Yan G et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Disruption of the SjΓΆgren-Larsson Syndrome Gene Aldh3a2 in Mice Increases Keratinocyte Growth and Retards Skin Barrier Recovery. | Naganuma T et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Genetics and prospective therapeutic targets for SjΓΆgren-Larsson Syndrome. | Rizzo WB | β | 2016 | β |
| Homozygous ALDH2*2 Is an Independent Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke in Taiwanese Men. | Sung YF et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Mechanistic Details of Early Steps in Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis Pathway in Yeast. | Payet LA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived From a Reproductive Tissue Niche Under Oxidative Stress Have High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity. | Kusuma GD et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Mitochondrial protein functions elucidated by multi-omic mass spectrometry profiling. | Stefely JA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Roles of defective ALDH2 polymorphism on liver protection and cancer development. | Matsumoto A et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Synthesis and degradation pathways, functions, and pathology of ceramides and epidermal acylceramides. | Kihara A | β | 2016 | β |
| Vitamin B-6 catabolism and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. | Ulvik A et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| (1) H NMR spectroscopy of glioblastoma stem-like cells identifies alpha-aminoadipate as a marker of tumor aggressiveness. | Rosi A et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenases and cancer stem cells. | Xu X et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| ALDH1 might influence the metastatic capability of HeLa cells. | Yao T et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Comparative study of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene superfamily in the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana and Eutrema halophytes. | Hou Q et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Dead enzymes in the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene family: role in drug metabolism and toxicology. | Jackson BC et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Involvement of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A2 in the regulation of cancer stem cell properties in neuroblastoma. | Hartomo TB et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| NADPH-generating systems in bacteria and archaea. | Spaans SK et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) as a substrate and mechanism-based inhibitor for human ALDH isoenzymes. | Morgan CA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Promyelocytic leukemia protein induces arsenic trioxide resistance through regulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. | Zhang X et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Redox effects and cytotoxic profiles of MJ25 and auranofin towards malignant melanoma cells. | Sachweh MC et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Structural and functional analysis of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Staphylococcus aureus. | Halavaty AS et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Structural insight into the substrate inhibition mechanism of NADP(+)-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Streptococcus pyogenes. | Jang EH et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Ξ²-Catenin-regulated ALDH1A1 is a target in ovarian cancer spheroids. | Condello S et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme ALDH3H1 from Arabidopsis thaliana: Identification of amino acid residues critical for cofactor specificity. | Stiti N et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cancer: an opportunity for biomarker and drug development? | Pors K et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Altered protein expression profiles in umbilical veins: insights into vascular dysfunctions of the children born after in vitro fertilization. | Gao Q et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Catecholamine autotoxicity. Implications for pharmacology and therapeutics of Parkinson disease and related disorders. | Goldstein DS et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Epigenetic targeting of ovarian cancer stem cells. | Wang Y et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Identification of trans,trans-2,4-decadienal metabolites in mouse and human cells using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. | Pan KL et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Regulation and therapeutic strategies of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal metabolism in heart disease. | Mali VR et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Structure-based mutational studies of substrate inhibition of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase BetB from Staphylococcus aureus. | Chen C et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase 2: new therapeutic opportunities. | Chen CH et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| The Glu504Lys polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 contributes to development of coronary artery disease. | Xu F et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenases: from eye crystallins to metabolic disease and cancer stem cells. | Vasiliou V et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cellular responses to oxidative/electrophilic stress. | Singh S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| ALDH1B1 is a potential stem/progenitor marker for multiple pancreas progenitor pools. | Ioannou M et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| ALDH2 rs671 Polymorphism and coronary heart disease risk among Asian populations: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. | Wang Q et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| A novel aldehyde dehydrogenase-3 activator (Alda-89) protects submandibular gland function from irradiation without accelerating tumor growth. | Xiao N et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Colorectal adenoma stem-like cell populations: associations with adenoma characteristics and metachronous colorectal neoplasia. | Bartley AN et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Comparative genomics, molecular evolution and computational modeling of ALDH1B1 and ALDH2. | Jackson BC et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Distinct expression patterns and roles of aldehyde dehydrogenases in normal oral mucosa keratinocytes: differential inhibitory effects of a pharmacological inhibitor and RNAi-mediated knockdown on cellular phenotype and epithelial morphology. | Kato H et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Identification of proteins implicated in the development of pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics. | Wang WS et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| In vitro visualization of betaine aldehyde synthesis and oxidation using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy. | Allouche-Arnon H et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Lung cancer stem cells: a biological and clinical perspective. | Koren A et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Ocular aldehyde dehydrogenases: protection against ultraviolet damage and maintenance of transparency for vision. | Chen Y et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Therapeutic potential of targeting lipid aldehydes and lipoxidation end-products in the treatment of ocular disease. | McDowell RE et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Aldehyde dehydrogenases and cell proliferation. | Muzio G et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Cancer stem cells as a predictive factor in radiotherapy. | Brunner TB et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in ovarian cancer tissues and sphere cultures. | Saw YT et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism. | Hurley TD et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Genome-wide identification and analysis of grape aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene superfamily. | Zhang Y et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Glutathione peroxidase 3, a new retinoid target gene, is crucial for human skeletal muscle precursor cell survival. | El Haddad M et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Diabetes-related adduct formation and retinopathy. | Stitt AW et al. | β | 2011 | β |