Neural synchrony during response production and inhibition.
- Authors
- Müller, Viktor; Anokhin, Andrey P
- Year
- 2012
- Journal
- PloS one
- PMID
- 22745691
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0038931
- PMCID
- PMC3380055
Inhibition of irrelevant information (conflict monitoring) and/or of prepotent actions is an essential component of adaptive self-organized behavior. Neural dynamics underlying these functions has been studied in humans using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited in Go/NoGo tasks that require a speeded motor response to the Go stimuli and withholding a prepotent response when a NoGo stimulus is presented. However, averaged ERP waveforms provide only limited information about the neuronal mechanisms underlying stimulus processing, motor preparation, and response production or inhibition. In this study, we examine the cortical representation of conflict monitoring and response inhibition using time-frequency analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings during continuous performance Go/NoGo task in 50 young adult females. We hypothesized that response inhibition would be associated with a transient boost in both temporal and spatial synchronization of prefrontal cortical activity, consistent with the role of the anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortices in cognitive control. Overall, phase synchronization across trials measured by Phase Locking Index and phase synchronization between electrode sites measured by Phase Coherence were the highest in the Go and NoGo conditions, intermediate in the Warning condition, and the lowest under Neutral condition. The NoGo condition was characterized by significantly higher fronto-central synchronization in the 300-600 ms window, whereas in the Go condition, delta- and theta-band synchronization was higher in centro-parietal regions in the first 300 ms after the stimulus onset. The present findings suggest that response production and inhibition is supported by dynamic functional networks characterized by distinct patterns of temporal and spatial synchronization of brain oscillations.
Intertrial phase synchronization in Go and NoGo task conditions.Grand-averaged stimulus-locked time-frequency diagrams of Phase Locking Index (PLI) under Go (upper row) and NoGo (middle row) conditions and the NoGo minus Go difference (bottom row). The corresponding grand average time-domain ERP waveforms (yellow curves) are overlaid on the time-frequency plots for easy comparison of the time courses. Topological distribution of the PLI for the two frequency bands and the two post-stimulus time intervals are shown on the right. The time-frequency diagrams as well as ERPs were averaged over frontal (F7, F3, Fz, F4, and F8), central (T7, C3, Cz, C4, and T8) and parietal (P7, P3, Pz, P4, P8) electrode locations. For topological distribution, PLI-values were averaged within the two consecutive 300-ms time intervals after stimulus onset (T1 and T2) separately for the two frequency bands (De = delta and Th = theta). Please note that time-frequency diagrams and scalp maps in this Figure and in Figure S1 have the same scaling, and are thus comparable. The min/max range in the case of the time-frequency diagrams corresponds to 0.12/0.48 and to −0.12/+0.12 in the case of the difference diagrams (NoGo-Go). The brain maps are scaled in the range 0.30/0.65 for the delta and 0.2/0.4 for the theta frequency band. The difference maps are scaled in the range −0.06/+0.06.
Spatial (inter-electrode) synchronization of brain oscillations in Go and NoGo conditions.Grand average stimulus-locked time-frequency diagrams of Phase Coherence (PC) in Go (upper row) and NoGo (middle row) conditions and NoGo – Go difference (NoGo minus Go, bottom row) are presented. The time-frequency diagrams show average PC between each of the three midline electrodes, frontal (Fz), central (Cz), and parietal (Pz) and all other electrode locations (i.e., the average PC value for connections between Fz and Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, …, P4, P8, O1, O2; Cz and Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, …, P4, P8, O1, O2; Pz and Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, …, P4, P8, O1, O2). Scalp maps show PC values for each electrode pair averaged within the two consecutive 300-ms time intervals (T1 and T2) after stimulus onset, separately for delta and theta frequency bands. PC between the electrodes is represented through connections between the electrodes, which are coded with color from blue (low PC) to red (high PC). Please note that time-frequency diagrams and brain maps in this Figure and in Figure S2 have the same scaling. The min/max range in the case of the time-frequency diagrams corresponds to 0.40/0.58 and to −0.12/+0.12 in the case of the difference diagrams (NoGo-Go). The brain maps are scaled in the range 0.0/0.94 for both the delta and the theta frequency band. The difference maps are scaled in the range −0.2/+0.2 for the delta and in the range −0.07/+0.07 for the theta frequency band.
Phase coherence for separate electrode pairs under the different task conditions.Phase Coherence (PC) values averaged across subjects and conditions for separate electrode pairs indicating phase coupling within the left hemisphere (F3-C3, C3-P3, and F3-P3, upper row), within the right hemisphere (F4-C4, C4-P4, and F4-P4, middle row), within the left hemisphere (F3-F4, C3-C4, and P3-P4, bottom row) are presented. The PC-values were averaged for each electrode pair within the three consecutive 300-ms time intervals (T0, T1 and T2) separately for delta and theta frequency bands. The vertical bars indicate standard errors.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| adulthood | cohort |
| Alpha band synchronization local | phenotype |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| Anteriorization local | phenotype |
| anterior region | anatomy |
| Antero-Posterior local | phenotype |
| antisocial personality disorder | phenotype |
| arousal | phenotype |
| attention | phenotype |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| C3-C4 local | anatomy |
| C3-P3 local | anatomy |
| central | anatomy |
| central sites | anatomy |
| Centro-parietal brain activity local | anatomy |
| centro-parietal region | anatomy |
| childhood | cohort |
| cognitive control | phenotype |
| Cognitive process local | phenotype |
| coherence | phenotype |
| Condition | phenotype |
| conditioning | phenotype |
| Conflict detection | phenotype |
| conflict monitoring | phenotype |
| continuous performance task local | cohort |
| Continuous performance test | phenotype |
| cortex | anatomy |
| cued Go/NoGo Task local | phenotype |
| Cued Go/NoGo task local | phenotype |
| Cz | anatomy |
| decision making | phenotype |
| Decision not to respond local | phenotype |
| delta | phenotype |
| delta band | phenotype |
| delta frequency band local | drug |
| delta oscillations | phenotype |
| Distinct patterns of synchronous activity local | phenotype |
| EEG phase synchronization local | phenotype |
| Electrode F3-C3 local | anatomy |
| Electrode F3-F4 local | anatomy |
| Electrode F3-P3 local | anatomy |
| Electrode F4-C4 local | anatomy |
| Electrode F4-P4 local | anatomy |
| Electrode Pairs local | anatomy |
| Electrode Pairs local | phenotype |
| Event-related coherence local | phenotype |
| F3-C3 local | anatomy |
| F3-F4 local | anatomy |
| F3-P3 local | anatomy |
| F4-C4 local | anatomy |
| Female cohort (18-28) local | cohort |
| Fp1 | anatomy |
| Fp2 | anatomy |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| frontal sites | anatomy |
| frontal theta synchronization local | phenotype |
| fronto-parietal network | anatomy |
| Fz | anatomy |
| general intelligence local | phenotype |
| Go | phenotype |
| Go condition | phenotype |
| go/no-go task | phenotype |
| Go-P3 local | phenotype |
| Head injury | phenotype |
| High frequency gamma oscillation (78–94 Hz) local | phenotype |
| Identical Picture test local | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| Information exchange local | phenotype |
| Interhemispheric connections local | anatomy |
| Inter-trial coherence (ITC) local | phenotype |
| ITC local | phenotype |
| lateral parietal cortex | anatomy |
| learning | phenotype |
| Low frequency gamma oscillation (23–31 Hz) local | phenotype |
| Low-frequency oscillation local | phenotype |
| low-frequency oscillations | phenotype |
| mastoid | anatomy |
| memory | phenotype |
| mid-sagittal local | anatomy |
| Motor action local | phenotype |
| motor areas | anatomy |
| Motor inhibition process local | phenotype |
| N2 component | phenotype |
| Neural integration local | phenotype |
| neural synchrony | phenotype |
| neuropsychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| neutral | phenotype |
| neutral condition | phenotype |
| Neutral trials local | phenotype |
| NoGo | phenotype |
| NoGo condition | phenotype |
| NoGo-P3 local | phenotype |
| NoGo task condition local | phenotype |
| old age local | cohort |
| older adults | cohort |
| orienting reflex local | phenotype |
| Orienting reflex local | phenotype |
| Oscillatory brain activity local | phenotype |
| Oscillatory phenomena local | phenotype |
| P3 component | phenotype |
| P3 latency | phenotype |
| P3-NoGo component local | phenotype |
| P3-P4 local | anatomy |
| parietal cortex | anatomy |
| perceptual speed | phenotype |
| Phase Coherence local | drug |
| phase lag index | anatomy |
| Phase Lag Index local | phenotype |
| Phase Locking Index local | drug |
| phase synchronization | phenotype |
| Phase synchronization measures local | phenotype |
| posterior region | anatomy |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| psychotropic medication | drug |
| Pz | anatomy |
| response competition local | phenotype |
| response execution | phenotype |
| response inhibition | phenotype |
| silver-chloride local | drug |
| stimulus-locked synchronization measures local | phenotype |
| stimulus processing | phenotype |
| subcortex | anatomy |
| Substance abuse and dependence local | phenotype |
| T0 local | phenotype |
| T1 local | phenotype |
| T2 local | phenotype |
| Task conditions local | phenotype |
| task demand | phenotype |
| temporal and spatial phase synchronization of low-frequency oscillations local | phenotype |
| theta band | phenotype |
| Theta band synchronization local | phenotype |
| theta oscillations | phenotype |
| Time Interval local | phenotype |
| Visual discrimination Go/NoGo task local | phenotype |
| Warning local | phenotype |
| Warning condition local | phenotype |
| Warning stimulus local | phenotype |
| Warning trials local | phenotype |
| young adults | cohort |
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