brain structure anatomy
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Related entities (42)
Mentioned in (241)
Papers in which this entity is mentioned.
- Consortium profile: the methylation, imaging and NeuroDevelopment (MIND) consortium. (2026)
- Alcohol use disorder is associated with altered frontomedial phase-amplitude coupling strength during resting state. (2026)
- Substance use and mental health symptoms in adults with prenatal alcohol exposure. (2025)
- Prenatal alcohol exposure alters brain structure and neurocognitive outcomes for 6- to 7-year-old children in a South African birth cohort. (2025)
- Cognitive Processes Influencing Written Sentence Construction in School-Aged Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. (2025)
- Subcortical volume in middle-aged adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2024)
- Subcortical Brain Volumes and Neurocognitive Function in Children With Perinatal HIV Exposure: A Population-Based Cohort Study in South Africa. (2024)
- Consortium Profile: The Methylation, Imaging and NeuroDevelopment (MIND) Consortium. (2024)
- Adverse childhood experiences in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and their effects on behavior. (2023)
- Effect of exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy on offspring's brain cortical thickness and neurocognitive functioning. (2023)
- Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions for pregnant women: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. (2023)
- Human 3D brain organoids: steering the demolecularization of brain and neurological diseases. (2023)
- Predicting Alcohol-Related Memory Problems in Older Adults: A Machine Learning Study with Multi-Domain Features. (2023)
- Brain structural differences in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and its subtypes. (2023)
- Delayed cortical thinning in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure. (2023)
- Prenatal alcohol exposure and cognition at midlife: Evidence of fluid cognition deficits in two cohorts. (2023)
- Maternal perinatal depression and child brain structure at 2-3 years in a South African birth cohort study. (2023)
- Genetic Influences on the Developing Young Brain and Risk for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. (2023)
- A systematic review of neuroimaging epigenetic research: calling for an increased focus on development. (2023)
- Brain charts for the human lifespan. (2022)
- Newborn differential DNA methylation and subcortical brain volumes as early signs of severe neurodevelopmental delay in a South African Birth Cohort Study. (2022)
- Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals. (2022)
- Mother-child similarity in brain morphology: A comparison of structural characteristics of the brain's reading network. (2022)
- Early neurodevelopment of HIV-exposed uninfected children in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
- The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on gray matter volume and cortical surface area of 2 to 3-year-old children in a South African birth cohort. (2022)
- Different FreeSurfer versions might generate different statistical outcomes in case-control comparison studies. (2022)
- Genetic variants associated with longitudinal changes in brain structure across the lifespan. (2022)
- Opportunities for increased reproducibility and replicability of developmental neuroimaging. (2021)
- Polygenic risk scores for alcohol involvement relate to brain structure in substance-naïve children: Results from the ABCD study. (2021)
- Brain morphometry and diminished physical growth in Bangladeshi children growing up in extreme poverty: A longitudinal study. (2021)
- Prenatal Adversity Alters the Epigenetic Profile of the Prefrontal Cortex: Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Food-Related Stress. (2021)
- Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on the Volumes of the Lateral and Medial Walls of the Intraparietal Sulcus. (2021)
- Infant circulating MicroRNAs as biomarkers of effect in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2021)
- Prenatal alcohol exposure disrupts Sonic hedgehog pathway and primary cilia genes in the mouse neural tube. (2021)
- Predicting risk for Alcohol Use Disorder using longitudinal data with multimodal biomarkers and family history: a machine learning study. (2021)
- What proportion of the brain structural and functional abnormalities observed among children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is explained by their prenatal alcohol exposure and their other prenatal and postnatal risks? (2020)
- Neuroimaging young children and associations with neurocognitive development in a South African birth cohort study. (2020)
- Childhood Obesity, Cortical Structure, and Executive Function in Healthy Children. (2020)
- Klotho gene polymorphism, brain structure and cognition in early-life development. (2020)
- Association of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure With Psychological, Behavioral, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. (2020)
- Structural neuroimaging biomarkers for obsessive-compulsive disorder in the ENIGMA-OCD consortium: medication matters. (2020)
- Reduced Hippocampal Volumes Partially Mediate Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Spatial Navigation on a Virtual Water Maze Task in Children. (2020)
- Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days. (2020)
- Neurodevelopment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): A magnetic resonance region of interest analysis. (2020)
- Murine Models for the Study of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview. (2020)
- Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of choline for neurodevelopment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (2020)
- DNA methylation and brain structure and function across the life course: A systematic review. (2020)
- The Neuroscience of Socioeconomic Inequality. (2020)
- Amygdala-Prefrontal Structural Connectivity Mediates the Relationship between Prenatal Depression and Behavior in Preschool Boys. (2020)
- The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Brain Volume in Children and Adolescents With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. (2020)
- Increased power by harmonizing structural MRI site differences with the ComBat batch adjustment method in ENIGMA. (2020)
- Maternal Anxiety and Depression during Late Pregnancy and Newborn Brain White Matter Development. (2020)
- Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. (2019)
- Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder. (2019)
- The relationship between biological and psychosocial risk factors and resting-state functional connectivity in 2-month-old Bangladeshi infants: A feasibility and pilot study. (2019)
- In utero exposure to HIV and/or antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence of cognitive outcomes. (2019)
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Neurobehavioral Deficits Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. (2019)
- Linking genes, circuits, and behavior: network connectivity as a novel endophenotype of externalizing. (2019)
- Association of a Schizophrenia-Risk Nonsynonymous Variant With Putamen Volume in Adolescents: A Voxelwise and Genome-Wide Association Study. (2019)
- Neuroanatomical Changes Underlying Vertical HIV Infection in Adolescents. (2019)
- Sex differences in the developing brain: insights from multimodal neuroimaging. (2019)
- Longitudinal associations between white matter maturation and cognitive development across early childhood. (2019)
- Polygenic risk for neuropsychiatric disease and vulnerability to abnormal deep grey matter development. (2019)
- Neural cell adhesion molecule Negr1 deficiency in mouse results in structural brain endophenotypes and behavioral deviations related to psychiatric disorders. (2019)
- Spatial Navigation in Children and Young Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. (2019)
- Attention and corpus callosum volumes in individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis type I. (2019)
- Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in Two Population-Based Cohorts. (2019)
- Longitudinally Mapping Childhood Socioeconomic Status Associations with Cortical and Subcortical Morphology. (2019)
- Efficacy of Maternal Choline Supplementation During Pregnancy in Mitigating Adverse Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Growth and Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. (2018)
- Structural brain development: A review of methodological approaches and best practices. (2018)
- The neural correlates of the unified percept of alcohol-related craving: a fMRI and EEG study. (2018)
- Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood. (2018)
- Two-year cortical trajectories are abnormal in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure. (2018)
- Hemispheric brain asymmetry differences in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (2018)
- Cortical Abnormalities Associated With Pediatric and Adult Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Findings From the ENIGMA Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group. (2018)
- Diving into the world of alcohol teratogenesis: a review of zebrafish models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (2018)
- The development of brain white matter microstructure. (2018)
- Neural correlates of verbal memory in youth with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2018)
- The enduring impact of neurulation stage alcohol exposure: A combined behavioral and structural neuroimaging study in adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. (2018)
- Altered brain morphometry in 7-year old HIV-infected children on early ART. (2018)
- Altered structural brain changes and neurocognitive performance in pediatric HIV. (2017)
- Neurotrophins in the Brain: Interaction With Alcohol Exposure During Development. (2017)
- Academic Difficulties in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Presence, Profile, and Neural Correlates. (2017)
- Differentiating the Effects of Familial Risk for Alcohol Dependence and Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol on Offspring Brain Morphology. (2017)
- Functional Connectivity of the Infant Human Brain: Plastic and Modifiable. (2017)
- Associations between cortical thickness and neurocognitive skills during childhood vary by family socioeconomic factors. (2017)
- Genome-wide association analysis identifies common variants influencing infant brain volumes. (2017)
- Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1-6 years of age. (2017)
- Sexual dimorphism of volume reduction but not cognitive deficit in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A combined diffusion tensor imaging, cortical thickness and brain volume study. (2017)
- Does prenatal stress alter the developing connectome? (2017)
- Puberty and structural brain development in humans. (2017)
- Lower total and regional grey matter brain volumes in youth with perinatally-acquired HIV infection: Associations with HIV disease severity, substance use, and cognition. (2017)
- Structural brain anomalies in healthy adolescents in the NCANDA cohort: relation to neuropsychological test performance, sex, and ethnicity. (2017)
- Neural correlates of language variability in preschool-aged boys with autism spectrum disorder. (2017)
- The developmental relationship between DHEA and visual attention is mediated by structural plasticity of cortico-amygdalar networks. (2016)
- Gray matter maturation and cognition in children with different APOE ε genotypes. (2016)
- Fronto-striatal organization: Defining functional and microstructural substrates of behavioural flexibility. (2016)
- A testosterone-related structural brain phenotype predicts aggressive behavior from childhood to adulthood. (2016)
- Fast and sequence-adaptive whole-brain segmentation using parametric Bayesian modeling. (2016)
- Alcohol exposure in utero is associated with decreased gray matter volume in neonates. (2016)
- Lipids and Oxidative Stress Associated with Ethanol-Induced Neurological Damage. (2016)
- Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples. (2016)
- The association between parental attributions of misbehavior and parenting practices in caregivers raising children with prenatal alcohol exposure: A mixed-methods study. (2016)
- Trajectories of cortical thickness maturation in normal brain development--The importance of quality control procedures. (2016)
- Hippocampus and amygdala volumes from magnetic resonance images in children: Assessing accuracy of FreeSurfer and FSL against manual segmentation. (2016)
- The Impact of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Development in Mice. (2016)
- Neuroanatomical substrates of executive functions: Beyond prefrontal structures. (2016)
- Contribution of Neuroimaging Studies to Understanding Development of Human Cognitive Brain Functions. (2016)
- Amygdala functional connectivity, HPA axis genetic variation, and life stress in children and relations to anxiety and emotion regulation. (2015)
- Functional and structural brain correlates of risk for major depression in children with familial depression. (2015)
- Early maternal alcohol consumption alters hippocampal DNA methylation, gene expression and volume in a mouse model. (2015)
- Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. (2015)
- Executive function and cortical thickness in youths prenatally exposed to cocaine, alcohol and tobacco. (2015)
- Child psychiatry branch of the National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging study of human brain development. (2015)
- Genetic and environmental contributions to the relationships between brain structure and average lifetime cigarette use. (2015)
- Test-retest reliability of freesurfer measurements within and between sites: Effects of visual approval process. (2015)
- Atypical cortical gyrification in adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2015)
- The effects of puberty on white matter development in boys. (2015)
- Longitudinal development of hormone levels and grey matter density in 9 and 12-year-old twins. (2015)
- Longitudinal changes in adolescent risk-taking: a comprehensive study of neural responses to rewards, pubertal development, and risk-taking behavior. (2015)
- ERBB4 polymorphism and family history of psychiatric disorders on age-related cortical changes in healthy children. (2015)
- A longitudinal study: changes in cortical thickness and surface area during pubertal maturation. (2015)
- Fetal exposure to maternal depressive symptoms is associated with cortical thickness in late childhood. (2015)
- Clinically relevant genetic biomarkers from the brain in alcoholism with representation on high resolution chromosome ideograms. (2015)
- The autism puzzle: Diffuse but not pervasive neuroanatomical abnormalities in children with ASD. (2015)
- Importance of genetics in fetal alcohol effects: null mutation of the nNOS gene worsens alcohol-induced cerebellar neuronal losses and behavioral deficits. (2015)
- Dynamic Development of Regional Cortical Thickness and Surface Area in Early Childhood. (2015)
- Selective reduction of cerebral cortex GABA neurons in a late gestation model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (2015)
- Prenatal drug exposure affects neonatal brain functional connectivity. (2015)
- Anterior cingulate cortex surface area relates to behavioral inhibition in adolescents with and without heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2015)
- The neurobiology of childhood structural brain development: conception through adulthood. (2014)
- Adolescent brain maturation and cortical folding: evidence for reductions in gyrification. (2014)
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Recent Neuroimaging Findings. (2014)
- Multi-atlas segmentation of subcortical brain structures via the AutoSeg software pipeline. (2014)
- Cognitive ability changes and dynamics of cortical thickness development in healthy children and adolescents. (2014)
- The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data. (2014)
- A tensor-based morphometry analysis of regional differences in brain volume in relation to prenatal alcohol exposure. (2014)
- The effects of intracranial volume adjustment approaches on multiple regional MRI volumes in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease. (2014)
- Cortical morphology in children with alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. (2014)
- Genetic influences on brain developmental trajectories on neuroimaging studies: from infancy to young adulthood. (2014)
- Function-structure associations of the brain: evidence from multimodal connectivity and covariance studies. (2014)
- The influence of puberty on subcortical brain development. (2014)
- White matter microstructure abnormalities and executive function in adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure. (2013)
- Modeling transformations of neurodevelopmental sequences across mammalian species. (2013)
- Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: effects of age and pubertal development. (2013)
- Effect of predictive cuing on response inhibition in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2013)
- Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. (2013)
- The influence of fetal ethanol exposure on subsequent development of the cerebral cortex as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. (2013)
- Rethinking schizophrenia in the context of normal neurodevelopment. (2013)
- Childhood trauma exposure and alcohol dependence severity in adulthood: mediation by emotional abuse severity and neuroticism. (2013)
- The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project. (2013)
- Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. (2013)
- Topological organization of functional brain networks in healthy children: differences in relation to age, sex, and intelligence. (2013)
- Quantification of multiple-sclerosis-related brain atrophy in two heterogeneous MRI datasets using mixed-effects modeling. (2013)
- Topological organization of functional brain networks in healthy children: differences in relation to age, sex, and intelligence. (2013)
- The effects of FreeSurfer version, workstation type, and Macintosh operating system version on anatomical volume and cortical thickness measurements. (2012)
- Along-tract statistics allow for enhanced tractography analysis. (2012)
- Pediatric neuroimaging in early childhood and infancy: challenges and practical guidelines. (2012)
- An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. (2012)
- Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review. (2012)
- Neuroanatomical assessment of biological maturity. (2012)
- Within-subject template estimation for unbiased longitudinal image analysis. (2012)
- Sex matters during adolescence: testosterone-related cortical thickness maturation differs between boys and girls. (2012)
- Adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure show subtle alterations in striatal surface morphology and frontal cortical volumes. (2012)
- Generator localization by current source density (CSD): implications of volume conduction and field closure at intracranial and scalp resolutions. (2012)
- White matter microstructural alterations in children with prenatal methamphetamine/polydrug exposure. (2012)
- How the cortex gets its folds: an inside-out, connectivity-driven model for the scaling of Mammalian cortical folding. (2012)
- FreeSurfer. (2012)
- Mutations in Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat) perturb Hedgehog signaling, resulting in severe acrania-holoprosencephaly-agnathia craniofacial defects. (2012)
- How to measure cortical folding from MR images: a step-by-step tutorial to compute local gyrification index. (2012)
- A longitudinal study of the long-term consequences of drinking during pregnancy: heavy in utero alcohol exposure disrupts the normal processes of brain development. (2012)
- The neural effects of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents. (2012)
- Gene expression changes in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice following prenatal alcohol exposure. (2012)
- FreeSurfer. (2012)
- GAT: a graph-theoretical analysis toolbox for analyzing between-group differences in large-scale structural and functional brain networks. (2012)
- Adolescent binge drinking alters adult brain neurotransmitter gene expression, behavior, brain regional volumes, and neurochemistry in mice. (2011)
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview. (2011)
- Beyond age and gender: relationships between cortical and subcortical brain volume and cognitive-motor abilities in school-age children. (2011)
- Magnetic resonance-based imaging in animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (2011)
- Automatic Skull-stripping of Rat MRI/DTI Scans and Atlas Building. (2011)
- Functional connectivity MRI in infants: exploration of the functional organization of the developing brain. (2011)
- How does your cortex grow? (2011)
- Infant brain atlases from neonates to 1- and 2-year-olds. (2011)
- Characterization of the corpus callosum in very preterm and full-term infants utilizing MRI. (2011)
- Brain imaging correlates of verbal working memory in children following traumatic brain injury. (2011)
- Focus on: magnetic resonance-based studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in animal models. (2011)
- Basal forebrain involvement in low-functioning autistic children: a voxel-based morphometry study. (2011)
- Abnormal brain activation during working memory in children with prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: the effects of methamphetamine, alcohol, and polydrug exposure. (2011)
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview. (2011)
- Imaging the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on the structure of the developing human brain. (2011)
- An MRI-based atlas and database of the developing mouse brain. (2011)
- The effects of maternal binge drinking during pregnancy on neural correlates of response inhibition and memory in childhood. (2011)
- Focus on: the use of animal models for the study of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2011)
- Early pharmacotherapy restores neurogenesis and cognitive performance in the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome. (2010)
- Automatic parcellation of human cortical gyri and sulci using standard anatomical nomenclature. (2010)
- A review of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure among school-aged children. (2010)
- Genetic control over the resting brain. (2010)
- The development of the corpus callosum in the healthy human brain. (2010)
- A tract-specific framework for white matter morphometry combining macroscopic and microscopic tract features. (2010)
- Cortical thickness or grey matter volume? The importance of selecting the phenotype for imaging genetics studies. (2010)
- Normal development of brain circuits. (2010)
- Obesity, smoking, and frontal brain dysfunction. (2010)
- Obesity is linked with lower brain volume in 700 AD and MCI patients. (2010)
- Prenatal alcohol exposure alters the patterns of facial asymmetry. (2010)
- Dyrk1A overexpression inhibits proliferation and induces premature neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells. (2010)
- The development of gyrification in childhood and adolescence. (2010)
- Associations between IQ, total and regional brain volumes, and demography in a large normative sample of healthy children and adolescents. (2010)
- Whole genome association study of brain-wide imaging phenotypes for identifying quantitative trait loci in MCI and AD: A study of the ADNI cohort. (2010)
- Structural, metabolic, and functional brain abnormalities as a result of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: evidence from neuroimaging. (2010)
- Longitudinally mapping the influence of sex and androgen signaling on the dynamics of human cortical maturation in adolescence. (2010)
- The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain. (2010)
- Corpus callosum abnormalities and their association with psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. (2010)
- Anatomical characterization of human fetal brain development with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. (2009)
- Genome-wide association studies in ADHD. (2009)
- Medial orbitofrontal cortex gray matter is reduced in abstinent substance-dependent individuals. (2009)
- Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (2009)
- Neuroimaging of children following prenatal drug exposure. (2009)
- Neuroimaging of children following prenatal drug exposure. (2009)
- Neuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2009)
- Distinct genetic influences on cortical surface area and cortical thickness. (2009)
- A comparison of automated segmentation and manual tracing for quantifying hippocampal and amygdala volumes. (2009)
- Abnormal cerebral cortex structure in children with ADHD. (2009)
- The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. (2009)
- Special article: gait measures indicate underlying focal gray matter atrophy in the brain of older adults. (2008)
- Three-dimensional brain growth abnormalities in childhood-onset schizophrenia visualized by using tensor-based morphometry. (2008)
- Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. (2008)
- Neuroimaging studies of normal brain development and their relevance for understanding childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. (2008)
- The changing impact of genes and environment on brain development during childhood and adolescence: initial findings from a neuroimaging study of pediatric twins. (2008)
- Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6. (2007)
- Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults. (2006)
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. (2005)
- Genetic contributions to human gyrification: sulcal morphometry in Williams syndrome. (2005)
- Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. (2004)
- Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children. (2004)
- Teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain and behavior. (2001)
- Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. (2000)
- Role of founder cell deficit and delayed neuronogenesis in microencephaly of the trisomy 16 mouse. (2000)
- Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol Across the Life Span. (1996)
- Trace eyeblink conditioning increases CA1 excitability in a transient and learning-specific manner. (1996)
- Alcohol-Related Cognitive Impairments: An Overview of How Alcoholism May Affect the Workings of the Brain. (1995)
- Critical Periods for Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Evidence From Animal and Human Studies. (1994)
Merged raw entities (12)
All extracted name/type variants the normalize job merged into this entity. Use this to spot wrong merges, or aliases that should be split off.
| Raw name | Type | Papers | Mentions |
|---|---|---|---|
| brain structure | anatomy | 90 | 130 |
| brain structure | phenotype | 76 | 110 |
| cortical volume | phenotype | 67 | 135 |
| brain structures | anatomy | 43 | 50 |
| cortical structures | anatomy | 26 | 34 |
| brain structure volumes | phenotype | 4 | 4 |
| brain structure alterations | phenotype | 2 | 2 |
| structural brain measures | anatomy | 1 | 1 |
| 170 structures | anatomy | — | — |
| alterations in brain structure | anatomy | — | — |
| brain structure specific to smoking-related diseases | anatomy | — | — |
| smaller brain structures | anatomy | — | — |