basal ganglia anatomy

Aliases

BG, basal ganglia, basal ganglia nuclei, basal ganglia structures, developing basal ganglia, rodent basal ganglia

Related entities (52)

Mentioned in (239)

Papers in which this entity is mentioned.

• Control of precision grip in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2025)
• Integrated single-cell multiomic profiling of caudate nucleus suggests key mechanisms in alcohol use disorder. (2025)
• Prenatal alcohol exposure alters brain structure and neurocognitive outcomes for 6- to 7-year-old children in a South African birth cohort. (2025)
• Normative modeling of brain MRI data identifies small subcortical volumes and associations with cognitive function in youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). (2025)
• Integrated single-cell multiomic profiling of caudate nucleus suggests key mechanisms in alcohol use disorder. (2025)
• Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. (2025)
• Subcortical volume in middle-aged adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2024)
• A global multicohort study to map subcortical brain development and cognition in infancy and early childhood. (2024)
• Subcortical Brain Volumes and Neurocognitive Function in Children With Perinatal HIV Exposure: A Population-Based Cohort Study in South Africa. (2024)
• Integrated Single-Cell Multiomic Profiling of Caudate Nucleus Suggests Key Mechanisms in Alcohol Use Disorder. (2024)
• Brain Volume in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Over a 20-Year Span. (2023)
• Emotion, motivation, decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala. (2023)
• Neurodevelopment among children exposed to HIV and uninfected in sub-Saharan Africa. (2023)
• Maternal ART throughout gestation prevents caudate volume reductions in neonates who are HIV exposed but uninfected. (2023)
• Brain structural differences in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and its subtypes. (2023)
• Current considerations for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: identification to intervention. (2023)
• H-MRS neurometabolite profiles and motor development in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed uninfected: a birth cohort study. (2023)
• Prenatal alcohol exposure and cognition at midlife: Evidence of fluid cognition deficits in two cohorts. (2023)
• A Neurometabolic Pattern of Elevated Myo-Inositol in Children Who Are HIV-Exposed and Uninfected: A South African Birth Cohort Study. (2022)
• Multi-trait genome-wide association study of opioid addiction: OPRM1 and beyond. (2022)
• Association of Maternal and Child Anemia With Brain Structure in Early Life in South Africa. (2022)
• Newborn differential DNA methylation and subcortical brain volumes as early signs of severe neurodevelopmental delay in a South African Birth Cohort Study. (2022)
• The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on gray matter volume and cortical surface area of 2 to 3-year-old children in a South African birth cohort. (2022)
• Subcortical brain volumes in young infants exposed to antenatal maternal depression: Findings from a South African birth cohort. (2022)
• Early structural brain development in infants exposed to HIV and antiretroviral therapy in utero in a South African birth cohort. (2022)
• Neurodevelopmental Trajectories Following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. (2021)
• Genetic scores for adult subcortical volumes associate with subcortical volumes during infancy and childhood. (2021)
• Transcriptional and anatomical diversity of medium spiny neurons in the primate striatum. (2021)
• Cotinine: Pharmacologically Active Metabolite of Nicotine and Neural Mechanisms for Its Actions. (2021)
• Structural and functional brain network alterations in prenatal alcohol exposed neonates. (2021)
• Subcortical structural variations associated with low socioeconomic status in adolescents. (2020)
• Validity of automated FreeSurfer segmentation compared to manual tracing in detecting prenatal alcohol exposure-related subcortical and corpus callosal alterations in 9- to 11-year-old children. (2020)
• Gait control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (2020)
• Neurodevelopment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): A magnetic resonance region of interest analysis. (2020)
• TGF-β/Smad3 Signalling Modulates GABA Neurotransmission: Implications in Parkinson's Disease. (2020)
• Murine Models for the Study of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview. (2020)
• ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries. (2020)
• Para-limbic Structural Abnormalities Are Associated With Internalizing Symptoms in Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. (2020)
• Delineation of early brain development from fetuses to infants with diffusion MRI and beyond. (2019)
• Functional Connectivity and Metabolic Alterations in Medial Prefrontal Cortex in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and in vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. (2019)
• The relationship between biological and psychosocial risk factors and resting-state functional connectivity in 2-month-old Bangladeshi infants: A feasibility and pilot study. (2019)
• Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (2019)
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Neurobehavioral Deficits Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. (2019)
• CommonMind Consortium provides transcriptomic and epigenomic data for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. (2019)
• Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (2019)
• Neuroanatomical Changes Underlying Vertical HIV Infection in Adolescents. (2019)
• The Use of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Differentiate Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Impairment. (2019)
• Sex differences in the developing brain: insights from multimodal neuroimaging. (2019)
• Polygenic risk for neuropsychiatric disease and vulnerability to abnormal deep grey matter development. (2019)
• Neural cell adhesion molecule Negr1 deficiency in mouse results in structural brain endophenotypes and behavioral deviations related to psychiatric disorders. (2019)
• Association Between Age and Familial Risk for Alcoholism on Functional Connectivity in Adolescence. (2019)
• Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences. (2019)
• Longitudinally Mapping Childhood Socioeconomic Status Associations with Cortical and Subcortical Morphology. (2019)
• Cerebrospinal fluid and the early brain development of autism. (2018)
• Human Genetics of Addiction: New Insights and Future Directions. (2018)
• Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood. (2018)
• Molecular Diversity and Specializations among the Cells of the Adult Mouse Brain. (2018)
• Perinatal HIV Infection or Exposure Is Associated With Low -Acetylaspartate and Glutamate in Basal Ganglia at Age 9 but Not 7 Years. (2018)
• Altered brain morphometry in 7-year old HIV-infected children on early ART. (2018)
• Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Exhibit Atypical Gait Characteristics. (2017)
• Human Brain Abnormalities Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. (2017)
• Alcohol's Effects on the Brain: Neuroimaging Results in Humans and Animal Models. (2017)
• Larger Subcortical Gray Matter Structures and Smaller Corpora Callosa at Age 5 Years in HIV Infected Children on Early ART. (2017)
• Environmental factors influencing the risk of autism. (2017)
• Sexual dimorphism of volume reduction but not cognitive deficit in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A combined diffusion tensor imaging, cortical thickness and brain volume study. (2017)
• Reductions in Corpus Callosum Volume Partially Mediate Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on IQ. (2017)
• 2D Representation of Transcriptomes by t-SNE Exposes Relatedness between Human Tissues. (2016)
• Timing control of gait: a study of essential tremor patients vs. age-matched controls. (2016)
• Corticostriatal circuitry. (2016)
• Fronto-striatal organization: Defining functional and microstructural substrates of behavioural flexibility. (2016)
• Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism. (2016)
• Effects of early life stress on amygdala and striatal development. (2016)
• Changes in frontal EEG coherence across infancy predict cognitive abilities at age 3: The mediating role of attentional control. (2016)
• Sexual Dimorphism in White Matter Developmental Trajectories Using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. (2016)
• Associations between mobility, cognition and callosal integrity in people with parkinsonism. (2016)
• Testosterone during Puberty Shifts Emotional Control from Pulvinar to Anterior Prefrontal Cortex. (2016)
• Hippocampus and amygdala volumes from magnetic resonance images in children: Assessing accuracy of FreeSurfer and FSL against manual segmentation. (2016)
• The Impact of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Development in Mice. (2016)
• Ethanol-Associated Changes in Glutamate Reward Neurocircuitry: A Minireview of Clinical and Preclinical Genetic Findings. (2016)
• Neuroanatomical substrates of executive functions: Beyond prefrontal structures. (2016)
• Cognitive Impairment Induced by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol Occurs through Heteromers between Cannabinoid CB1 and Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptors. (2015)
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview from the Glia Perspective. (2015)
• Early maternal alcohol consumption alters hippocampal DNA methylation, gene expression and volume in a mouse model. (2015)
• Child psychiatry branch of the National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging study of human brain development. (2015)
• What Happens When Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Become Adults? (2015)
• What twin studies tell us about the heritability of brain development, morphology, and function: a review. (2015)
• An fMRI study of behavioral response inhibition in adolescents with and without histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2015)
• Differential effects of socioeconomic status on working and procedural memory systems. (2015)
• Genetic absence of nNOS worsens fetal alcohol effects in mice. II: microencephaly and neuronal losses. (2015)
• The potential of infant fMRI research and the study of early life stress as a promising exemplar. (2015)
• Functional Connectivity Disruption in Neonates with Prenatal Marijuana Exposure. (2015)
• Aberrant development of post-movement beta rebound in adolescents and young adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2015)
• The autism puzzle: Diffuse but not pervasive neuroanatomical abnormalities in children with ASD. (2015)
• The effects of age, sex, and hormones on emotional conflict-related brain response during adolescence. (2015)
• Low and moderate prenatal ethanol exposures of mice during gastrulation or neurulation delays neurobehavioral development. (2015)
• A FreeSurfer-compliant consistent manual segmentation of infant brains spanning the 0-2 year age range. (2015)
• An in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of the deep cerebellar nuclei in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2014)
• The influence of sex steroids on structural brain maturation in adolescence. (2014)
• Prefrontal activation during inhibitory control measured by near-infrared spectroscopy for differentiating between autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. (2014)
• Developmental stages and sex differences of white matter and behavioral development through adolescence: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study. (2014)
• White matter development and early cognition in babies and toddlers. (2014)
• Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions. (2014)
• Quality of 186 child brain spectra using motion and B0 shim navigated single voxel spectroscopy. (2014)
• Administration of memantine during withdrawal mitigates overactivity and spatial learning impairments associated with neonatal alcohol exposure in rats. (2014)
• Effects of Acute Prenatal Exposure to Ethanol on microRNA Expression are Ameliorated by Social Enrichment. (2014)
• Pattern classification of response inhibition in ADHD: toward the development of neurobiological markers for ADHD. (2014)
• Genetic influences on brain developmental trajectories on neuroimaging studies: from infancy to young adulthood. (2014)
• The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders. (2014)
• Long-term genomic and epigenomic dysregulation as a consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure: a model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2014)
• Baths salts, spice, and related designer drugs: the science behind the headlines. (2014)
• White matter integrity in alcohol-naive youth with a family history of alcohol use disorders. (2014)
• Physical exercise-induced adult neurogenesis: a good strategy to prevent cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases? (2014)
• Effects of one- and three-day binge alcohol exposure in neonatal C57BL/6 mice on spatial learning and memory in adolescence and adulthood. (2014)
• Development of thalamocortical connectivity during infancy and its cognitive correlations. (2014)
• Dlx1&2-dependent expression of Zfhx1b (Sip1, Zeb2) regulates the fate switch between cortical and striatal interneurons. (2013)
• Contribution of brain size to IQ and educational underperformance in extremely preterm adolescents. (2013)
• Regional brain morphometry and impulsivity in adolescents following prenatal exposure to cocaine and tobacco. (2013)
• Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. (2013)
• Prenatal ethanol exposure disrupts intraneocortical circuitry, cortical gene expression, and behavior in a mouse model of FASD. (2013)
• Functional brain imaging across development. (2013)
• Accumbens functional connectivity during reward mediates sensation-seeking and alcohol use in high-risk youth. (2013)
• Gait analysis of teenagers and young adults diagnosed with autism and severe verbal communication disorders. (2013)
• Rethinking schizophrenia in the context of normal neurodevelopment. (2013)
• Homologous involvement of striatum and prefrontal cortex in rodent and human water maze learning. (2013)
• Impaired odor identification in children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2013)
• The role of nutrition in children's neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. (2013)
• Structure and function of complex brain networks. (2013)
• Gene expression in the human brain: the current state of the study of specificity and spatiotemporal dynamics. (2013)
• Different patterns of regional Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellar vermis as a function of the timing of prenatal ethanol exposure in an ovine model. (2013)
• Cognition assessment using the NIH Toolbox. (2013)
• A large scale (N=102) functional neuroimaging study of response inhibition in a Go/NoGo task. (2013)
• Alcohol exposure during development: Impact on the epigenome. (2013)
• Children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure experience reduced control of isotonic force. (2013)
• Children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure have different frequency domain signal characteristics when producing isometric force. (2013)
• Top-down modulation: bridging selective attention and working memory. (2012)
• Stress-related neuropeptides and addictive behaviors: beyond the usual suspects. (2012)
• Resiliency in adolescents at high risk for substance abuse: flexible adaptation via subthalamic nucleus and linkage to drinking and drug use in early adulthood. (2012)
• The contribution of myelin to magnetic susceptibility-weighted contrasts in high-field MRI of the brain. (2012)
• The genetics of alcohol dependence: advancing towards systems-based approaches. (2012)
• Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review. (2012)
• Neuroanatomical assessment of biological maturity. (2012)
• Withdrawal from THC during adolescence: sex differences in locomotor activity and anxiety. (2012)
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging study comparing rhythmic finger tapping in children and adults. (2012)
• White matter microstructural alterations in children with prenatal methamphetamine/polydrug exposure. (2012)
• Children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit deficits when regulating isometric force. (2012)
• The neural effects of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents. (2012)
• Caudate volume predicts neurocognitive performance in youth with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2012)
• Regional brain volume reductions relate to facial dysmorphology and neurocognitive function in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2012)
• Exploration and modulation of brain network interactions with noninvasive brain stimulation in combination with neuroimaging. (2012)
• Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum. (2011)
• Beyond age and gender: relationships between cortical and subcortical brain volume and cognitive-motor abilities in school-age children. (2011)
• Number processing in adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure and ADHD: differences in the neurobehavioral phenotype. (2011)
• Quantitative susceptibility mapping of human brain reflects spatial variation in tissue composition. (2011)
• Fetal alcohol exposure leads to abnormal olfactory bulb development and impaired odor discrimination in adult mice. (2011)
• Association among SNAP-25 gene DdeI and MnlI polymorphisms and hemodynamic changes during methylphenidate use: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. (2011)
• The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on behavior: rodent and primate studies. (2011)
• Administration of memantine during ethanol withdrawal in neonatal rats: effects on long-term ethanol-induced motor incoordination and cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. (2011)
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: neuropsychological and behavioral features. (2011)
• Developmental trajectories during adolescence in males and females: a cross-species understanding of underlying brain changes. (2011)
• Magnetic resonance-based imaging in animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (2011)
• Functional connectivity MRI in infants: exploration of the functional organization of the developing brain. (2011)
• The effects of a single memantine treatment on behavioral alterations associated with binge alcohol exposure in neonatal rats. (2011)
• Focus on: structural and functional brain abnormalities in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2011)
• Ventromedian forebrain dysgenesis follows early prenatal ethanol exposure in mice. (2011)
• Basal forebrain involvement in low-functioning autistic children: a voxel-based morphometry study. (2011)
• MicroRNA-9 regulates neurogenesis in mouse telencephalon by targeting multiple transcription factors. (2011)
• Abnormal brain activation during working memory in children with prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: the effects of methamphetamine, alcohol, and polydrug exposure. (2011)
• Imaging the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on the structure of the developing human brain. (2011)
• The effects of a secondary task on forward and backward walking in Parkinson's disease. (2010)
• How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. (2010)
• Adolescent development of the reward system. (2010)
• White matter fiber degradation attenuates hemispheric asymmetry when integrating visuomotor information. (2010)
• Strengthening of top-down frontal cognitive control networks underlying the development of inhibitory control: a functional magnetic resonance imaging effective connectivity study. (2010)
• Contributions of studies on alcohol use disorders to understanding cerebellar function. (2010)
• The development of human functional brain networks. (2010)
• Motor response programming and movement time in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2010)
• Does childhood executive function predict adolescent functional outcomes in girls with ADHD? (2010)
• Normal development of brain circuits. (2010)
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: from research to policy. (2010)
• Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: what have we learned and where are we going? (2010)
• Neurocognitive correlates of white matter quality in adolescent substance users. (2010)
• Diffusion tensor imaging of deep gray matter brain structures: effects of age and iron concentration. (2010)
• The basics of brain development. (2010)
• The neuropathology of autism: defects of neurogenesis and neuronal migration, and dysplastic changes. (2010)
• Cingulate gyrus morphology in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2010)
• Evaluating the validity of volume-based and surface-based brain image registration for developmental cognitive neuroscience studies in children 4 to 11 years of age. (2010)
• Is there an inhibitory-response-control system in the rat? Evidence from anatomical and pharmacological studies of behavioral inhibition. (2010)
• Magnetic resonance microscopy defines ethanol-induced brain abnormalities in prenatal mice: effects of acute insult on gestational day 7. (2010)
• In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: basic methodology and clinical applications. (2010)
• An fMRI study of magnitude comparison and exact addition in children. (2010)
• Structural, metabolic, and functional brain abnormalities as a result of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: evidence from neuroimaging. (2010)
• The functional role of cross-frequency coupling. (2010)
• Differentiating prenatal exposure to methamphetamine and alcohol versus alcohol and not methamphetamine using tensor-based brain morphometry and discriminant analysis. (2010)
• Lower diffusion in white matter of children with prenatal methamphetamine exposure. (2009)
• Cannabis and psychosis/schizophrenia: human studies. (2009)
• Anatomical characterization of human fetal brain development with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. (2009)
• A 1q42 deletion involving DISC1, DISC2, and TSNAX in an autism spectrum disorder. (2009)
• Central and peripheral timing variability in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. (2009)
• Magnetic resonance spectroscopy outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2009)
• Low and High Gamma Oscillations in Rat Ventral Striatum have Distinct Relationships to Behavior, Reward, and Spiking Activity on a Learned Spatial Decision Task. (2009)
• Altered neurometabolites and motor integration in children exposed to methamphetamine in utero. (2009)
• Pathogenesis of holoprosencephaly. (2009)
• Cerebellar vermal volumes and behavioral correlates in children with autism spectrum disorder. (2009)
• Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. (2009)
• Neuroimaging of children following prenatal drug exposure. (2009)
• Neuroimaging of children following prenatal drug exposure. (2009)
• Neuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2009)
• Interaction between two independent CNR1 variants increases risk for cocaine dependence in European Americans: a replication study in family-based sample and population-based sample. (2009)
• Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on verbal memory revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. (2009)
• Effects of ethanol and ipsapirone on the expression of genes encoding anti-apoptotic proteins and an antioxidant enzyme in ethanol-treated neurons. (2009)
• The role of GABA(A) receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol: a decade of progress. (2009)
• Magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2009)
• Can prenatal ultrasound detect the effects of in-utero alcohol exposure? A pilot study. (2009)
• The embryonic preoptic area is a novel source of cortical GABAergic interneurons. (2009)
• Occipital-temporal Reduction and Sustained Visual Attention Deficit in Prenatal Alcohol Exposed Adults. (2008)
• A structural MRI study of human brain development from birth to 2 years. (2008)
• The error-related negativity (ERN) and psychopathology: toward an endophenotype. (2008)
• Special article: gait measures indicate underlying focal gray matter atrophy in the brain of older adults. (2008)
• Three-dimensional brain growth abnormalities in childhood-onset schizophrenia visualized by using tensor-based morphometry. (2008)
• Neuregulin 1 in neural development, synaptic plasticity and schizophrenia. (2008)
• Neuroimaging studies of normal brain development and their relevance for understanding childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. (2008)
• Mapping white matter integrity and neurobehavioral correlates in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. (2008)
• How do the basal ganglia contribute to categorization? Their roles in generalization, response selection, and learning via feedback. (2008)
• Delineation of multiple subpallial progenitor domains by the combinatorial expression of transcriptional codes. (2007)
• Perlecan controls neurogenesis in the developing telencephalon. (2007)
• Triangulating a cognitive control network using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI. (2007)
• Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks. (2007)
• Spatial genetic patterning of the embryonic neuroepithelium generates GABAergic interneuron diversity in the adult cortex. (2007)
• Mutations within Sox2/SOX2 are associated with abnormalities in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in mice and humans. (2006)
• Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. (2004)
• Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes. (2004)
• Teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain and behavior. (2001)
• The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on executive functioning. (2001)
• Lobular patterns of cerebellar activation in verbal working-memory and finger-tapping tasks as revealed by functional MRI. (1997)
• Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: evidence for a Gs linkage to the CB1 receptor. (1997)
• Effects of chronic treatment with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cannabinoid-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS autoradiography in rat brain. (1996)
• Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol Across the Life Span. (1996)
• MRI and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Images Provide Insight Into FAS. (1994)
• Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. (1988)

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