Ethanol-Associated Changes in Glutamate Reward Neurocircuitry: A Minireview of Clinical and Preclinical Genetic Findings.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Bell, Richard L; Hauser, Sheketha R; McClintick, Jeanette; Rahman, Shafiqur; Edenberg, Howard J; Szumlinski, Karen K; McBride, William J
- Year
- 2016
- Journal
- Progress in molecular biology and translational science
- PMID
- 26809998
- DOI
- 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.018
- PMCID
- PMC4749142
Herein, we have reviewed the role of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, in a number of neurochemical, -physiological, and -behavioral processes mediating the development of alcohol dependence. The findings discussed include results from both preclinical as well as neuroimaging and postmortem clinical studies. Expression levels for a number of glutamate-associated genes and/or proteins are modulated by alcohol abuse and dependence. These changes in expression include metabotropic receptors and ionotropic receptor subunits as well as different glutamate transporters. Moreover, these changes in gene expression parallel the pharmacologic manipulation of these same receptors and transporters. Some of these gene expression changes may have predated alcohol abuse and dependence because a number of glutamate-associated polymorphisms are related to a genetic predisposition to develop alcohol dependence. Other glutamate-associated polymorphisms are linked to age at the onset of alcohol-dependence and initial level of response/sensitivity to alcohol. Finally, findings of innate and/or ethanol-induced glutamate-associated gene expression differences/changes observed in a genetic animal model of alcoholism, the P rat, are summarized. Overall, the existing literature indicates that changes in glutamate receptors, transporters, enzymes, and scaffolding proteins are crucial for the development of alcohol dependence and there is a substantial genetic component to these effects. This indicates that continued research into the genetic underpinnings of these glutamate-associated effects will provide important novel molecular targets for treating alcohol abuse and dependence.
A simplified diagram depicting glutamatergic projections of the mesocorticolimbic, extended amygdala, and brainstem reward neurocircuitry. The online version includes color coding of these projections; with green representing the PFC/mPFC, red representing the amygdala, purple representing the hippocampus, blue representing the VTA, and gray representing the DRN.
A simplified diagram of a prototypic glutamatergic synapse in the brain. The figure depicts some of the intra-, inter-, and extracellular activities of glutamate-associated plasticity. Abbreviations: AC, adenylate cyclase; AP2, adaptor protein 2; Arc, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-association protein; Asp, aspartate; GKAP/DAP1, disks large associated protein 1 (part of PSD); Gln or GluN, glutamine; GlnT, glutamine transporter; GLT, glutamate transporter; Glu, glutamate; Gly, glycine; GlyT, glycine transporter; LTD, long-term depression; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; Src, a tyrosine kinase; VDCC, voltage dependent calcium channel. Other abbreviations are in the text and tables.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| AA rat local | cohort |
| Acb | cohort |
| Acb core local | anatomy |
| AcbSh | cohort |
| Acb shell local | anatomy |
| ACC | anatomy |
| actin | drug |
| addiction | phenotype |
| addiction-related plasticity local | phenotype |
| adolescent binge-like drinking local | phenotype |
| Adolescent binge-like drinking local | phenotype |
| adolescent binge-like ethanol drinking local | phenotype |
| Adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) local | cohort |
| adolescent rats | cohort |
| adolescents | cohort |
| Adult Americans local | cohort |
| Adult CIE local | phenotype |
| adult ethanol-naive P rats local | cohort |
| adult rats | cohort |
| Age at alcohol dependence onset local | phenotype |
| Age at onset of alcohol dependence local | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Alcohol dependence/addiction diagnostic criteria local | phenotype |
| alcohol-dependent rats | cohort |
| alcohol-deprivation effect local | phenotype |
| alcohol/drug dependence local | phenotype |
| alcoholism | phenotype |
| alcoholism-related behavior local | phenotype |
| Alcohol-preferring mice local | cohort |
| Alcohol seeking | phenotype |
| alcohol self-administration | phenotype |
| alcohol sensitivity | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | phenotype |
| alcohol use disorders | phenotype |
| alcohol withdrawal-associated delirium tremens local | phenotype |
| ALKO rat local | cohort |
| ALKO rats local | cohort |
| alpha-ketoglutarate local | drug |
| Altered glutamatergic function local | phenotype |
| Altered level of response to alcohol local | phenotype |
| AMPA | drug |
| AMPA/kainate receptors local | drug |
| AMPAR | drug |
| AMPA receptor | drug |
| AMPA receptor subunits local | gene |
| amygdala | anatomy |
| aniracetam local | drug |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| apoptosis | phenotype |
| basal ganglia | anatomy |
| basolateral amygdala | anatomy |
| binge drinking | phenotype |
| binge-drinking behavior local | phenotype |
| binge-like local | phenotype |
| binge-like drinking local | phenotype |
| BLA | anatomy |
| blood alcohol concentration (BAC) | phenotype |
| blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) local | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| brain damage | phenotype |
| brainstem nuclei | anatomy |
| breakpoint local | phenotype |
| C57BL/6J | cohort |
| CACNG2 | gene |
| Caucasian cohort | cohort |
| caudate nucleus | anatomy |
| CeA | anatomy |
| Ceftriaxone local | drug |
| CENTG1 local | gene |
| central amygdala | anatomy |
| central nervous system | anatomy |
| central reward circuitry local | anatomy |
| Central reward circuitry local | anatomy |
| cerebellum | anatomy |
| Chinese | cohort |
| chronic alcoholism | phenotype |
| chronic ethanol exposure | phenotype |
| chronic free-choice access to ethanol local | phenotype |
| Chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) local | cohort |
| cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| CNQX | drug |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) | cohort |
| control rats | cohort |
| controls | cohort |
| cortex | anatomy |
| CPCCOEt local | drug |
| cue-induced reinstatement | phenotype |
| cysteine | drug |
| cystine | drug |
| DAGLB local | gene |
| DBA2/J mice local | cohort |
| delta receptor subunits local | gene |
| Dendritic complexity | phenotype |
| DENDRITIC_MORPHOLOGY local | phenotype |
| dependent mice local | cohort |
| Dependent mice local | cohort |
| Dlg4 | gene |
| DNQX | drug |
| dorsal raphe nucleus | anatomy |
| dorsal striatum | anatomy |
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| dorsomedial caudate nucleus local | anatomy |
| drug | drug |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| EAAT2 | gene |
| early/adolescent-onset excessive drinking local | phenotype |
| early/adolescent-onset of excessive drinking local | phenotype |
| early onset risky drinking local | phenotype |
| Egr1 | gene |
| EGR2 | gene |
| EGR4 local | gene |
| Elevated extracellular glutamate local | phenotype |
| epilepsy | phenotype |
| ERK1/2 | gene |
| ERK1/2 phosphorylation local | drug |
| ERK1/2 phosphorylation local | phenotype |
| ethanol breakpoint local | phenotype |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| ethanol dependence | phenotype |
| ethanol-diet local | phenotype |
| ethanol drinking acquisition local | phenotype |
| ethanol drinking maintenance local | phenotype |
| ethanol-drinking/self-administering adult P rats local | cohort |
| ethanol-naive controls local | cohort |
| ethanol-naive P rats local | cohort |
| ethanol preference | phenotype |
| ethanol reinforcement | phenotype |
| ethanol relapse behavior local | phenotype |
| European American male cohort local | cohort |
| excessive alcohol consumption | phenotype |
| Excessive drinking phenotypes local | phenotype |
| excitatory presynaptic compartment local | anatomy |
| Excitatory synapse local | anatomy |
| excitotoxicity | phenotype |
| extended amygdala | anatomy |
| extended ethanol drinking local | phenotype |
| Extracellular glutamate levels local | phenotype |
| F2 rats (PxNP–NPxP cross) local | cohort |
| F344 rats local | cohort |
| Familial history negative local | phenotype |
| Familial history positive local | phenotype |
| family history negative | phenotype |
| Family history negative individuals local | cohort |
| family history positive | phenotype |
| Fawn-Hooded (FH) rats local | cohort |
| Female Swedish cohort local | cohort |
| FHN | cohort |
| FHP | cohort |
| FHP individual local | phenotype |
| FHP individuals | cohort |
| FH rat local | cohort |
| full sample | cohort |
| GABA | phenotype |
| GAD1 | gene |
| GAD1 methylation local | variant |
| GAD1 polymorphisms local | variant |
| GAD1-rs11542313 local | variant |
| GAD2 | gene |
| GAD2-243A>G local | variant |
| German cohort | cohort |
| glial cells | anatomy |
| Glud2ip local | gene |
| GLUL | gene |
| glutamate | drug |
| Glutamate activity local | phenotype |
| glutamate ancillary genes local | gene |
| Glutamate-associated enzymes local | gene |
| Glutamate-associated genes local | gene |
| Glutamate-associated polymorphisms local | variant |
| Glutamate-associated scaffolding proteins local | gene |
| glutamate decarboxylase local | drug |
| glutamate dehydrogenase local | drug |
| glutamatergic system local | anatomy |
| Glutamate transporters local | gene |
| glutaminase local | drug |
| glutamine | drug |
| glutamine synthetase local | drug |
| glutamine transporter local | drug |
| glutathione | drug |
| glycine | drug |
| glycine receptor | drug |
| GRIA1 | gene |
| GRIA2 | gene |
| GRIA3 | gene |
| GRIA4 | gene |
| Grid1 | gene |
| Grid2 | gene |
| GRIK1 | gene |
| GRIK2 | gene |
| GRIK3 | gene |
| GRIK4 | gene |
| GRIK5 | gene |
| GRIN1 | gene |
| GRIN2A | gene |
| GRIN2B | gene |
| GRIN2C | gene |
| GRIN2D | gene |
| GRIN3A | gene |
| GRIN3B | gene |
| GRM1 | gene |
| GRM2 | gene |
| GRM2_stop_codon_SNP local | variant |
| GRM3 | gene |
| GRM4 | gene |
| GRM5 | gene |
| Grm6 local | gene |
| GRM6 local | gene |
| GRM7 | gene |
| GRM8 | gene |
| Han Chinese men local | cohort |
| Han Taiwanese men local | cohort |
| Han Taiwanese men cohort local | cohort |
| healthy controls | cohort |
| High ethanol intake local | phenotype |
| hindbrain | anatomy |
| hippocampal dentate gyrus | anatomy |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| Homer1 | gene |
| Homer2 local | gene |
| HOMER2 local | gene |
| Homer2a/b local | variant |
| HOMER3 local | gene |
| human alcoholics | phenotype |
| hyperglutamatergic state | phenotype |
| IMAGEN | cohort |
| Immature-like dendritic spine phenotype local | phenotype |
| inbred P (iP) rats local | cohort |
| infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex local | anatomy |
| Infralimbic mPFC local | anatomy |
| Initial level of response to alcohol local | phenotype |
| ionotropic glutamate receptor | drug |
| Ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits local | gene |
| iP rat local | cohort |
| Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence sample local | cohort |
| Italian cohort local | cohort |
| ITPR1 | gene |
| JNJ 16259685 local | drug |
| kainate | drug |
| kainate receptor | drug |
| kainate receptor subunits local | gene |
| ketamine | drug |
| L-701,324 local | drug |
| lateral septum | anatomy |
| learning and memory | phenotype |
| Lewis rats local | cohort |
| light drinkers | phenotype |
| limbic regions | anatomy |
| locomotor activity | phenotype |
| long-term depression | phenotype |
| long-term potentiation | phenotype |
| Low ethanol intake local | phenotype |
| LY341495 | drug |
| LY379268 | drug |
| LY404039 local | drug |
| major depressive disorder | phenotype |
| maximum number of drinks in adulthood local | phenotype |
| medial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| mesocorticolimbic reward circuitry local | anatomy |
| Mesocorticolimbic system | anatomy |
| metabotropic glutamate receptors | drug |
| mGlu1 antagonist local | drug |
| mGlu2/3 agonists | drug |
| mGlu2/3 receptor local | drug |
| mGlu2 knockout mice local | cohort |
| mGlu2 stop-codon polymorphism local | variant |
| mGlu5 receptor | drug |
| mice | cohort |
| midbrain | anatomy |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| motor activity | phenotype |
| Mpdz | gene |
| MPEP | drug |
| mPFC | anatomy |
| MPP5 local | gene |
| MTEP local | drug |
| N-acetyl-cysteine local | drug |
| neurological disorders | phenotype |
| neurotoxicity | phenotype |
| nicotine | drug |
| Nicotine-abusing individuals local | cohort |
| Nicotine and alcohol abusers local | cohort |
| NLGN local | gene |
| NMDA | drug |
| NMDA excitation local | phenotype |
| NMDAR | drug |
| NMDA receptor | drug |
| NMDA_RECEPTOR local | drug |
| NMDA receptor subunits local | gene |
| nondependent mice local | cohort |
| Nondependent mice local | cohort |
| Nonpreferring mice local | cohort |
| Nos1 | gene |
| NP rats | cohort |
| NRXN local | gene |
| nucleus accumbens | anatomy |
| nucleus accumbens core | anatomy |
| nucleus accumbens shell | anatomy |
| OCT-1 | drug |
| operant ethanol-seeking behavior local | phenotype |
| Operant relapse responding local | phenotype |
| orbitofrontal cortex | anatomy |
| oxidative stress | phenotype |
| P300 event-related potential local | phenotype |
| periadolescent binge-ethanol consumption local | phenotype |
| periadolescent binge-ethanol drinking local | phenotype |
| periadolescent binge-like drinking local | phenotype |
| perisynapse local | anatomy |
| Polygenic risk score for alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Posterior VTA local | anatomy |
| postsynaptic density local | anatomy |
| Postsynaptic density local | anatomy |
| P rats | cohort |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response local | phenotype |
| presynaptic terminal local | anatomy |
| PRKCE | gene |
| Progressive ratio responding local | phenotype |
| rats | cohort |
| relapse | phenotype |
| relapse-like local | phenotype |
| Relapse-like behavior | phenotype |
| reward neurocircuitry local | anatomy |
| Risky alcohol drinking local | phenotype |
| risky drinking | phenotype |
| rs2300620 local | variant |
| rs6465084 local | variant |
| Russian male cohort local | cohort |
| SAGE study local | cohort |
| SAP102 local | gene |
| sedative effects | phenotype |
| Severe alcoholism local | phenotype |
| Shank | gene |
| Shank1 local | gene |
| SHANK1 local | gene |
| SHANK2 | gene |
| SHANK3 | gene |
| single nucleotide polymorphisms | variant |
| Slc17a6 | gene |
| SLC17A6-rs2290045 local | variant |
| Slc17a7 | gene |
| Slc17a8 | gene |
| SLC1A1 | gene |
| Slc1a2 | gene |
| Slc1a3 | gene |
| SLC1A6 local | gene |
| SLC1A7 local | gene |
| SLC25A family local | gene |
| Slc38a local | gene |
| SLC6A5 local | gene |
| SLC6A9 | gene |
| SLC6A family local | gene |
| Slc7a11 | gene |
| SLC7A family local | gene |
| striatum | anatomy |
| Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment | cohort |
| sucrose | drug |
| sucrose breakpoint local | phenotype |
| sucrose responding local | phenotype |
| synaptic plasticity | phenotype |
| SYNAPTIC_PLASTICITY local | phenotype |
| theta ERO | phenotype |
| Threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate local | drug |
| TJP3 local | gene |
| ventral tegmental area | anatomy |
| vGLUT1 | gene |
| vGLUT2 | gene |
| VTA | anatomy |
| water control group local | cohort |
| water responding local | phenotype |
| wild-type mice | cohort |
| Wistar rats | cohort |
| withdrawal | phenotype |
| xCT local | drug |
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|---|---|---|
| A Critical Review of Methods and Results in the Search for Genetic Contributors to Alcohol Sensitivity. | 2018 | 29623680 |
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