Cannabis and psychosis/schizophrenia: human studies.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- D'Souza, Deepak Cyril; Sewell, Richard Andrew; Ranganathan, Mohini
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience
- PMID
- 19609589
- DOI
- 10.1007/s00406-009-0024-2
- PMCID
- PMC2864503
The association between cannabis use and psychosis has long been recognized. Recent advances in knowledge about cannabinoid receptor function have renewed interest in this association. Converging lines of evidence suggest that cannabinoids can produce a full range of transient schizophrenia-like positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms in some healthy individuals. Also clear is that in individuals with an established psychotic disorder, cannabinoids can exacerbate symptoms, trigger relapse, and have negative consequences on the course of the illness. The mechanisms by which cannabinoids produce transient psychotic symptoms, while unclear may involve dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurotransmission. However, only a very small proportion of the general population exposed to cannabinoids develop a psychotic illness. It is likely that cannabis exposure is a "component cause" that interacts with other factors to "cause" schizophrenia or a psychotic disorder, but is neither necessary nor sufficient to do so alone. Nevertheless, in the absence of known causes of schizophrenia, the role of component causes remains important and warrants further study. Dose, duration of exposure, and the age of first exposure to cannabinoids may be important factors, and genetic factors that interact with cannabinoid exposure to moderate or amplify the risk of a psychotic disorder are beginning to be elucidated. The mechanisms by which exposure to cannabinoids increase the risk for developing a psychotic disorder are unknown. However, novel hypotheses including the role of cannabinoids on neurodevelopmental processes relevant to psychotic disorders are being studied.
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| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Introduction | The observed relationship between cannabis consumption and psychosis has long been recognized [161,β¦ |
| 1 | Introduction | As a prelude to reviewing the relationship between cannabinoids and psychosis, a few important⦠|
| 2 | Introduction | has been shown to have anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects [126, 242] leading to the suggestion⦠|
| 3 | Introduction | Evidence for an association between cannabis and psychosis comes from several sources, including⦠|
| 4 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Anecdotal evidence, case reports, and surveys | In one of the first autobiographical accounts of cannabis effects, Moreau de Tours in 1845 describedβ¦ |
| 5 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Anecdotal evidence, case reports, and surveys | As reviewed elsewhere [43], there are a number of anecdotal reports that cannabis can produce aβ¦ |
| 6 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Anecdotal evidence, case reports, and surveys | but there have been a few reports of symptoms persisting for weeks [30, 35]. Cannabis may alsoβ¦ |
| 7 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Anecdotal evidence, case reports, and surveys | Some of the limitations of anecdotal accounts, case reports, and case series can be addressed byβ¦ |
| 8 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β The effects of medicinal cannabinoids | Another source of data on the association between cannabis and psychosis comes from the knownβ¦ |
| 9 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Experimental evidence | Unfortunately, survey and anecdotal data have inherent methodological limitations, such as samplingβ¦ |
| 10 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Experimental evidence | The first reported study was conducted under the direction of the βLaGuardia Committee onβ¦ |
| 11 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Experimental evidence | the effects of varying doses of Ξ9-THC in 40 former opiate addicts. At a dose of Ξ9-THC, 120β¦ |
| 12 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Experimental evidence | disorder and paranoia. The authors specifically described βtracking difficultiesβ that subjectsβ¦ |
| 13 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Experimental evidence | mild euphoria to more pronounced reactions, including feelings of loss of self-control and bodyβ¦ |
| 14 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Experimental evidence | The pharmacological studies discussed so far had several limitations, including the absence ofβ¦ |
| 15 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Experimental evidence | DβSouza et al. [46] characterized the behavioral and cognitive effects of Ξ9-THC (0, 2.5, and 5β¦ |
| 16 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Positive symptoms | Ξ9-THC induced a range of positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including suspiciousness, paranoidβ¦ |
| 17 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Positive symptoms | seemed to happening at once.β Healthy subjects also reported unusual thoughts such as βI thoughtβ¦ |
| 18 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Positive symptoms | Ξ9-THC also produced distorted sensory perceptions, altered body perception, feelings of unreality,β¦ |
| 19 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Negative symptoms | Ξ9-THC also produced negative symptoms of schizophrenia which included blunted affect, reducedβ¦ |
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| cigarettes | phenotype |
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| COMT | gene |
| COMT Met allele | gene |
| COMT Val allele | gene |
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| DAGL | drug |
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| impairments in memory local | phenotype |
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| increased appetite | phenotype |
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| intravenous drug use local | phenotype |
| intrusive thoughts | phenotype |
| ketamine | drug |
| key neurotransmitters local | drug |
| LaGuardia Committee on Marihuana local | cohort |
| large community samples local | cohort |
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| less obvious symptoms local | phenotype |
| levonantradol local | drug |
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| neuroticism | phenotype |
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| Neurotrophin-4 local | drug |
| NGF | drug |
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| Perceptual altering effects local | phenotype |
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| perceptual distortions local | phenotype |
| Perceptual disturbances local | phenotype |
| persecutory delusions local | phenotype |
| persecutory ideas local | phenotype |
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| phencyclidine | drug |
| physicians | cohort |
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| rats | cohort |
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| seven healthy subjects local | cohort |
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| siblings | cohort |
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| stimulation | phenotype |
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| Substance misuse disorder local | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
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| Swedish conscript cohort local | cohort |
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| visual hallucinations local | phenotype |
| visual illusions local | phenotype |
| white matter | anatomy |
| working memory | phenotype |
| Ξ9-THC | drug |
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