Cannabis and psychosis/schizophrenia: human studies.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- D'Souza, Deepak Cyril; Sewell, Richard Andrew; Ranganathan, Mohini
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience
- PMID
- 19609589
- DOI
- 10.1007/s00406-009-0024-2
- PMCID
- PMC2864503
The association between cannabis use and psychosis has long been recognized. Recent advances in knowledge about cannabinoid receptor function have renewed interest in this association. Converging lines of evidence suggest that cannabinoids can produce a full range of transient schizophrenia-like positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms in some healthy individuals. Also clear is that in individuals with an established psychotic disorder, cannabinoids can exacerbate symptoms, trigger relapse, and have negative consequences on the course of the illness. The mechanisms by which cannabinoids produce transient psychotic symptoms, while unclear may involve dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurotransmission. However, only a very small proportion of the general population exposed to cannabinoids develop a psychotic illness. It is likely that cannabis exposure is a "component cause" that interacts with other factors to "cause" schizophrenia or a psychotic disorder, but is neither necessary nor sufficient to do so alone. Nevertheless, in the absence of known causes of schizophrenia, the role of component causes remains important and warrants further study. Dose, duration of exposure, and the age of first exposure to cannabinoids may be important factors, and genetic factors that interact with cannabinoid exposure to moderate or amplify the risk of a psychotic disorder are beginning to be elucidated. The mechanisms by which exposure to cannabinoids increase the risk for developing a psychotic disorder are unknown. However, novel hypotheses including the role of cannabinoids on neurodevelopmental processes relevant to psychotic disorders are being studied.
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|---|---|---|
| 20 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Cognitive deficits | Ξ9-THC produced dose-dependent impairments in immediate and delayed (+30 min) recall of a word listβ¦ |
| 21 | Do cannabinoids cause short-lived positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in the general population? β Cognitive deficits | In summary, both natural and synthetic cannabinoids administered via different routes can produce aβ¦ |
| 22 | Do cannabinoids transiently exacerbate symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia? | Epidemiological studies suggest that cannabis use has a negative impact on the expression and course⦠|
| 23 | Do cannabinoids transiently exacerbate symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia? | There are very few experimental studies that have characterized the effects of cannabinoids in this⦠|
| 24 | Do cannabinoids transiently exacerbate symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia? | DβSouza et al. [44] conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Ξ9-THC (0,β¦ |
| 25 | Do cannabinoids transiently exacerbate symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia? | but only 35% of controls had a suprathreshold response to 2.5 mg Ξ9-THC, and 75% of schizophrenicβ¦ |
| 26 | Do cannabinoids transiently exacerbate symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia? | It seems clear that cannabinoids can produce transient schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy⦠|
| 27 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? | The effects of Ξ9-THC are mediated by agonist/partial agonist effects at CB1 receptors (CB1R) whereβ¦ |
| 28 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? | [176]. Levels of 2-AG are 50β1,000 times higher than those of anandamide. Its proposed role is asβ¦ |
| 29 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Dopamine (DA) | According to the dopamine hypothesis, some of the symptoms of psychosis may be attributable toβ¦ |
| 30 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Dopamine (DA) | Ξ9-THC induced dopamine release in the human striatum. The increase in dopamine levels in theseβ¦ |
| 31 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Dopamine (DA) | However, DA D2 receptor antagonism fails to block Ξ9-THC-induced c-fos expression in both theβ¦ |
| 32 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Dopamine (DA) | The effects of CB1R activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may provide a mechanism for theβ¦ |
| 33 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Interactions of CB1R and GABAergic systems provide another potential explanation for theβ¦ |
| 34 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | In the hippocampus and neocortex, CB1Rs are present on axon terminals of cholecystokinin (CCK)β¦ |
| 35 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Furthermore, these CCK-containing, CB1R-expressing GABA neurons are believed to play an importantβ¦ |
| 36 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Since schizophrenic patients already display GABAergic deficits (reviewed in [130, 131]), furtherβ¦ |
| 37 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Of note, GABAergic deficits have been observed in schizophrenia. Therefore, any reduction of GABAβ¦ |
| 38 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Glutamate | Interactions of CB1R and glutamatergic systems may also provide an explanation for theβ¦ |
| 39 | What are the mechanisms by which cannabinoids cause transient psychotic symptoms? β Glutamate | The initial iteration of the glutamate hypothesis of psychosis/schizophrenia was based on theβ¦ |
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose local | drug |
| 2-AG | drug |
| 2-arachidonoylglycerol | drug |
| abstract ability local | phenotype |
| Acetylcholine receptor local | drug |
| acute transient psychotic symptoms local | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| affective disorders | phenotype |
| alcoholism | phenotype |
| altered body perception local | phenotype |
| amnesia | phenotype |
| amnestic effects local | phenotype |
| Amnestic effects local | phenotype |
| amotivational syndrome local | phenotype |
| amphetamine | drug |
| amygdala | anatomy |
| anandamide | drug |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| antipsychotic effect local | phenotype |
| antipsychotics | drug |
| Antipsychotic side effects local | phenotype |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| anxiolysis | phenotype |
| anxiolytic effect | phenotype |
| apprehension local | phenotype |
| attention | phenotype |
| auditory distortion local | phenotype |
| auditory hallucinations | phenotype |
| basal ganglia | anatomy |
| Bdnf | gene |
| binocular depth inversion local | phenotype |
| bizarre behavior local | phenotype |
| body distortion local | phenotype |
| boredom | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| brain-derived neurotrophic factor | drug |
| brain development | phenotype |
| Cadenhead et al. cohort local | cohort |
| cannabidiol | drug |
| cannabigerol local | drug |
| cannabinoids | drug |
| cannabis dependence | phenotype |
| cannabis-induced psychosis local | phenotype |
| cannabis psychosis local | phenotype |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| cannabis users | phenotype |
| CB1R agonist local | drug |
| CB1 receptor | drug |
| Cck | gene |
| CCK GABAergic basket cell interneurons local | phenotype |
| cerebellum | anatomy |
| Cholecystokinin | drug |
| chronic heavy cannabis users local | cohort |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| clouding of consciousness local | phenotype |
| Cnr1 | gene |
| cognition | phenotype |
| cognitive symptoms | phenotype |
| COMT | gene |
| COMT Met allele | gene |
| COMT Val allele | gene |
| conceptual disorganization local | phenotype |
| confusion | phenotype |
| controls | cohort |
| Conversion to psychosis local | phenotype |
| Corcoran et al. cohort local | cohort |
| cortex | anatomy |
| D1 receptor | drug |
| DAGL | drug |
| decision-making | phenotype |
| delayed recall local | phenotype |
| delirium | phenotype |
| delusions | phenotype |
| delusions of thought insertion local | phenotype |
| dentate gyrus | anatomy |
| depersonalization local | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| derealization local | phenotype |
| dietary sodium local | drug |
| difficulty concentrating | phenotype |
| disorganized thinking local | phenotype |
| disorientation local | phenotype |
| dissociation local | phenotype |
| distorted sensory perceptions local | phenotype |
| disturbed temporal and spatial perception local | phenotype |
| dopamine | drug |
| dopaminergic pathways local | drug |
| DRD2 | gene |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| Dunedin birth cohort local | cohort |
| dysphoria | phenotype |
| Embryonic brain | anatomy |
| endocannabinoids | drug |
| endocannabinoid system | drug |
| euphoria | phenotype |
| excitement | phenotype |
| executive control of attention deficits local | phenotype |
| executive function | phenotype |
| executive functioning | phenotype |
| extreme slowing of time local | phenotype |
| false-positive responses local | phenotype |
| False-positives local | phenotype |
| Family history of psychotic disorder local | phenotype |
| fear | phenotype |
| fear of being hypnotized local | phenotype |
| fear of developing schizophrenia local | phenotype |
| fear of electroconvulsive therapy local | phenotype |
| feelings of unreality local | phenotype |
| First-degree relatives of cannabis-induced psychosis patients local | cohort |
| First-episode schizophrenic patients local | cohort |
| flight of ideas local | phenotype |
| former opiate addicts local | cohort |
| Fos | gene |
| fragmented thinking local | phenotype |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| GABA | phenotype |
| GABAA receptor | drug |
| GABAergic deficit local | phenotype |
| GABAergic deficits local | phenotype |
| GABAergic interneurons local | anatomy |
| GABAergic phenotype local | phenotype |
| GABAergic system local | anatomy |
| GABA neuron local | phenotype |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid | drug |
| gamma oscillations | phenotype |
| general population | cohort |
| glutamate | drug |
| Glutamatergic phenotype local | phenotype |
| Glutamatergic pyramidal cells local | phenotype |
| grandiose delusions local | phenotype |
| gray matter | anatomy |
| hallucinations | phenotype |
| haloperidol | drug |
| hashish | drug |
| healthy | phenotype |
| healthy controls | cohort |
| Henquet study local | cohort |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| humans | cohort |
| hypertension | phenotype |
| ideas of reference local | phenotype |
| illusions local | phenotype |
| immediate recall local | phenotype |
| impairments in attention local | phenotype |
| impairments in memory local | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| increased appetite | phenotype |
| individuals at risk for psychosis local | cohort |
| Individuals with psychotic disorder local | cohort |
| intravenous drug use local | phenotype |
| intrusive thoughts | phenotype |
| ketamine | drug |
| key neurotransmitters local | drug |
| LaGuardia Committee on Marihuana local | cohort |
| large community samples local | cohort |
| learning and memory | phenotype |
| less obvious symptoms local | phenotype |
| levonantradol local | drug |
| light users of cannabis local | cohort |
| Longitudinal birth cohort local | cohort |
| Longitudinal studies local | cohort |
| long-lasting cognitive deficits local | phenotype |
| loosening of associations local | phenotype |
| loss of control | phenotype |
| loss of self-control local | phenotype |
| loss of train of thought local | phenotype |
| low IQ | phenotype |
| LSD | drug |
| lung cancer | phenotype |
| MAPK3 | gene |
| marked illusions local | phenotype |
| medication side-effects local | phenotype |
| memory | phenotype |
| mesocortical dopaminergic transmission local | drug |
| mesolimbic system | anatomy |
| mesoprefrontal dopamine transmission local | drug |
| mood changes | phenotype |
| motor coordination | phenotype |
| nabilone local | drug |
| NAPE-PLD local | gene |
| needing redirection local | phenotype |
| negative consequence local | phenotype |
| negative symptoms | phenotype |
| negative symptoms of schizophrenia local | phenotype |
| neocortex | anatomy |
| nerve growth factor | drug |
| Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study local | cohort |
| neurodevelopmental disorder | phenotype |
| neurodevelopmental processes | phenotype |
| neuroticism | phenotype |
| neurotrophin | drug |
| Neurotrophin-4 local | drug |
| NGF | drug |
| NMDA receptor | drug |
| non-abusers local | cohort |
| normal controls | cohort |
| NRG1 | gene |
| NT3 | drug |
| nucleus accumbens | anatomy |
| occupational dysfunction local | phenotype |
| panic disorder | phenotype |
| paranoia | phenotype |
| paranoid-anxious reactions local | phenotype |
| paranoid delusion local | phenotype |
| paranoid delusions | phenotype |
| paranoid ideation local | phenotype |
| paranoid psychotic state local | phenotype |
| perceptual alterations local | phenotype |
| Perceptual altering effects local | phenotype |
| perceptual changes local | phenotype |
| perceptual distortions local | phenotype |
| Perceptual disturbances local | phenotype |
| persecutory delusions local | phenotype |
| persecutory ideas local | phenotype |
| persistent cognitive deficits local | phenotype |
| personality disorders | phenotype |
| phencyclidine | drug |
| physicians | cohort |
| poor integration of transcortical inputs local | phenotype |
| poor social integration local | phenotype |
| Positive psychotomimetic effects local | phenotype |
| positive symptoms | phenotype |
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia local | phenotype |
| precommissural dorsal putamen local | anatomy |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| prenatal cannabinoids local | drug |
| Prepulse inhibition (PPI) local | phenotype |
| pressured thought local | phenotype |
| prisoners local | cohort |
| prodromal symptoms | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| psychomotor agitation | phenotype |
| psychomotor speed | phenotype |
| psychosis | phenotype |
| Psychosis-free individuals local | cohort |
| Psychosis-prone local | phenotype |
| psychosis-proneness local | phenotype |
| Psychosis-proneness local | phenotype |
| psychosis risk local | phenotype |
| psychotic-like symptoms | phenotype |
| psychotic outcome local | phenotype |
| Psychotic outcome local | phenotype |
| psychotic reactions local | phenotype |
| psychotropic effects local | phenotype |
| Pyramidal cell local | phenotype |
| racing thoughts local | phenotype |
| Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study local | cohort |
| rats | cohort |
| Recent-onset schizophrenic patients local | cohort |
| relatives of patients with schizophrenia local | cohort |
| relaxation | phenotype |
| restlessness | phenotype |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| schizophrenia-like cognitive symptoms local | phenotype |
| schizophrenia-like negative symptoms local | phenotype |
| schizophrenia-like positive symptoms local | phenotype |
| schizophreniform disorder | phenotype |
| selective attention | phenotype |
| separated or detached local | phenotype |
| seven healthy subjects local | cohort |
| short-term memory | phenotype |
| siblings | cohort |
| social deficits local | phenotype |
| spaced out local | phenotype |
| stimulants | drug |
| stimulation | phenotype |
| striatum | anatomy |
| Substance misuse disorder local | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| Subthreshold psychotic symptoms local | phenotype |
| suspiciousness | phenotype |
| sustained attention | phenotype |
| sustained attention deficits local | phenotype |
| Swedish case registry local | cohort |
| Swedish conscript cohort local | cohort |
| tachycardia | phenotype |
| thought blocking local | phenotype |
| thought disorder local | phenotype |
| thought disturbances local | phenotype |
| tracking difficulties local | phenotype |
| transient psychotic episode local | phenotype |
| Transient schizophrenia-like symptoms local | phenotype |
| unusual thoughts local | phenotype |
| urbanicity local | phenotype |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| verbal learning | phenotype |
| verbal recall deficits local | phenotype |
| visual distortion local | phenotype |
| visual hallucinations local | phenotype |
| visual illusions local | phenotype |
| white matter | anatomy |
| working memory | phenotype |
| Ξ9-THC | drug |
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