Stressed Liver and Muscle Call on Adipocytes with FGF21.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Luo, Yongde; McKeehan, Wallace L
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- Frontiers in endocrinology
- PMID
- 24385972
- DOI
- 10.3389/fendo.2013.00194
- PMCID
- PMC3866528
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an emerging regulator of local and systemic metabolic homeostasis. Treatment with pharmacological levels of FGF21 alleviates obesity and associated metabolic diseases including diabetes. However, beyond anti-obesogenic effects, the normal roles and underlying mechanisms of FGF21 as an endocrine hormone remain unclear. A recent wave of studies has revealed that FGF21 is a stress-induced endocrine factor in liver, muscle, and other tissues that targets adipose tissue and adipocytes through the FGFR1-betaKlotho complex. Adipose tissues and adipocytes within diverse tissues respond with metabolites and adipokine signals that affect functions of body tissues systemically and cells within the local microenvironment adjacent to adipocytes. Normally this is to prevent impaired tissue-specific function and damage to diverse tissues secreting FGF21 in response to chronic stress. Therefore, diverse stressed tissues and the adipose tissue and adipocytes constitute a beneficial endocrine and paracrine communication network through FGF21. Here we attempt to unify these developments with beneficial pharmacological effects of FGF21 on obesity in respect to inter-organ stress communication and mechanisms.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 as a stress hormone acting via a tissue-adipocyte communication axis. Stressed tissues through induction of FGF21 (left box) alert adipocytes by activating the adipocyte FGFR1-KLB complex (center box). Adipocytes respond with secretory metabolic products and adipokines that alleviate tissue-specific stress through modification of cellular pathways whose alterations (right box) are a potentially destructive result of systemic or internal cellular stress (left box). Systemic FGF21 acts on adipocytes in major adipose depots or in the microenvironment of peripheral tissues. Breast is shown as an example of the latter. FGF21-induced adipocyte secretory products, such as adiponectin, leptin, and free fatty acids (FFAs), act both systemically or in the local microenvironment (center box) to affect stressed organs or parenchymal cells, respectively.
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| Name | Type |
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| activating antibody local | drug |
| adipocyte lipolysis | phenotype |
| adipocytes local | phenotype |
| adipokines | drug |
| adipokines local | phenotype |
| adiponectin | drug |
| Adiponectin action local | phenotype |
| adipose tissue | phenotype |
| Akt | gene |
| anti-diabetic effects | phenotype |
| anti-obese effects local | phenotype |
| anti-obesogenic effect local | phenotype |
| ATF4 | gene |
| autophagy/mitophagy defects local | phenotype |
| bile acid local | drug |
| bile acid levels local | phenotype |
| body weight | phenotype |
| brain function | phenotype |
| brown adipose tissue | phenotype |
| chemical insult local | phenotype |
| ChREBP local | gene |
| chronic exercise local | phenotype |
| chronic muscular hyperinsulinemia local | phenotype |
| chronic tissue-specific stress-related disease local | phenotype |
| cold stress adaptation local | phenotype |
| diabetes | phenotype |
| dorsal vagal complex local | anatomy |
| endocrine FGF local | drug |
| energy expenditure | phenotype |
| energy homeostasis | phenotype |
| fatty acids | drug |
| fatty acids local | phenotype |
| fatty liver | phenotype |
| Fe-S cluster deficiency local | phenotype |
| FGF19 local | drug |
| FGF19 local | gene |
| Fgf21 | gene |
| FGF23 local | drug |
| FGFR1 | gene |
| FGFR1-KL local | gene |
| FGFR1-KLB complex local | drug |
| FGFR4 | gene |
| glucose | drug |
| Glucose clearance local | phenotype |
| heparan sulfate proteoglycans | drug |
| hepatic regenerative response local | phenotype |
| hepatic steatosis | phenotype |
| hepatocytes local | phenotype |
| hepatocyte steatosis local | phenotype |
| hepatosteatosis | phenotype |
| hindbrain | anatomy |
| insulin sensitivity | phenotype |
| ketogenesis | phenotype |
| KL local | gene |
| Klb | gene |
| leptin | drug |
| Lipid clearance local | phenotype |
| lipodystrophy | phenotype |
| lipogenesis | phenotype |
| lipotoxic environment local | phenotype |
| liver cancer | phenotype |
| Liver cirrhosis | phenotype |
| liver injury | phenotype |
| LXR | gene |
| metabolic stress local | phenotype |
| metabolic syndrome | phenotype |
| mineral overload stress local | phenotype |
| mineral re-absorption levels local | phenotype |
| mitochondrial function | phenotype |
| mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency local | phenotype |
| muscular abnormalities local | phenotype |
| muscular lipid overload local | phenotype |
| Muscular metabolic stress local | phenotype |
| muscular mitochondrial energy dysfunction local | phenotype |
| Neural stress local | phenotype |
| nutritional deficiency | phenotype |
| obesity | phenotype |
| oxidative stress | phenotype |
| pancreas | anatomy |
| pancreatic islet beta cells local | phenotype |
| PPARΞ± | gene |
| PPARΞ³ | gene |
| pro-thermogenic mitochondrial activity local | phenotype |
| pure strains of laboratory mice local | cohort |
| RARA | gene |
| serum triglycerides local | phenotype |
| SREBP1c | gene |
| starvation local | phenotype |
| Starvation local | phenotype |
| STAT3 | gene |
| STAT5 local | gene |
| steatohepatitis | phenotype |
| stress | phenotype |
| stress-related diseases local | phenotype |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | anatomy |
| Systemic lipids local | phenotype |
| systemic metabolites local | phenotype |
| thermogenesis | phenotype |
| total cholesterol | phenotype |
| Triacylglycerides local | drug |
| Trp53 | gene |
| viral infection | phenotype |
| Weight reduction local | phenotype |
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