Genetic independence of mouse measures of some aspects of novelty seeking.
- Authors
- Kliethermes, Christopher L; Crabbe, John C
- Year
- 2006
- Journal
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
- PMID
- 16551746
- DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.0509724103
- PMCID
- PMC1405908
High novelty seeking is a complex personality attribute correlated with risk for substance abuse. There are many putative mouse models of some aspects of novelty seeking, but little is known of genetic similarities among these models. To assess the genetic coherence of "novelty seeking," we compared the performance of 14 inbred strains of mice in five tests: activity in a novel environment, novel environment preference, head dipping on a hole-board, object preference, and a two-trial version of the spontaneous alternation task. Differences among strains were observed for all tasks, but performance in any given task was generally not predictive of performance in any other. To evaluate similarities among these tasks further, we selectively bred lines of mice for high or low head dipping on the hole-board. Similar to results from the inbred strain experiments, head dipping was not correlated with performance in the other measures but was genetically correlated with differences in locomotor activity. Using two approaches to estimating common genetic influences across tasks, we have found little evidence that these partial models of novelty seeking reflect the influence of common genes or measure a single, unified construct called novelty seeking. Based on the substantial influence of genetic factors, ease of implementation, and relative independence from general locomotion, head dipping on a hole-board is a good task to use in the domain of novelty seeking, but multiple tasks, including others not tested here, would be needed to capture the full genetic range of the behavioral domain.
Pearson product moment correlations among the inbred strain means of the novelty seeking measures. Each point represents an inbred strain mean, and the lines represent the least squares regression line for each correlation. “Rears” indicates the number of rears during the initial 30-min activity assessment, and “Activity” refers to the distance traveled (in centimeters) during this same test. “Novel Environment Preference” refers to the amount of time spent in the novel compartment, and “Head Dips” is the number of head dips on the hole-board. “Object Preference” indicates the percentage of time spent head dipping for holes relative to the total time spent head dipping, and “Alternation” is the proportion of mice from each strain that chose the novel arm. NOD refers to strain NOD/LTJ and is labeled to indicate this strain’s influence on the correlations with spontaneous alternation, and A/J is similarly shown as an outlier for the correlations with novel environment preference. The r values including all strains are indicated in each scatter plot. For values without the outlier strains, see Results.
Response to selection for divergent expression of head dipping in HEB and LEB mice. (A and B) The head dipping response across five generations of selection. Connected points indicate the line means, and the unconnected points represent the mice selected at each generation as breeders that produced the offspring of the following generation. (C and D) Activity (beam breaks) in HEB and LEB mice across the entire experiment (HEB and LEB mice were not selected for this trait). Means ± SEM are depicted.
Object preference (A), novel environment preference (B), and spontaneous alternation (C) in HEB and LEB mice after five generations of selection. The dashed line indicates chance performance in all measures. Above-chance levels were observed in all tests, but no line differences were apparent. (n = 24–44 per genotype.) Means ± SEM are depicted.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 129S1/SvImJ local | cohort |
| activity | phenotype |
| activity in a novel environment local | phenotype |
| Activity in a novel environment local | phenotype |
| activity measures local | phenotype |
| A/J local | cohort |
| AKR/J local | cohort |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| anxiety-like behavior | phenotype |
| anxiety-like state local | phenotype |
| B6D2F2/J mice local | cohort |
| B6D2F3 local | cohort |
| B6D2F3/J mice local | cohort |
| B6D2F3 mice local | cohort |
| BALB/cByJ local | cohort |
| BTBR/J local | cohort |
| C3H/HeJ local | cohort |
| C57BL/6J | cohort |
| C57L/J local | cohort |
| choice behavior | phenotype |
| corticosterone | drug |
| DBA/2J | cohort |
| degree of preference for a novel environment local | phenotype |
| exploratory behavior | phenotype |
| exploratory excitability local | phenotype |
| F3 hybrid cross local | cohort |
| F3 parental population local | cohort |
| free exploratory procedure local | phenotype |
| FVB/NJ local | cohort |
| general activity local | phenotype |
| head dipping local | phenotype |
| Head dipping local | phenotype |
| Head Dipping local | phenotype |
| head dipping behavior local | phenotype |
| head dipping on a hole-board local | phenotype |
| head dips local | phenotype |
| Head dips local | phenotype |
| HEB local | cohort |
| HEB local | phenotype |
| HEB-1 line local | cohort |
| HEB-2 line local | cohort |
| HEB line local | cohort |
| HEB mice local | cohort |
| High exploratory behavior (HEB) local | phenotype |
| Horizontal Activity local | phenotype |
| hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis | anatomy |
| impulsivity component of novelty seeking local | phenotype |
| inbred strain experiment local | cohort |
| inbred strain experiments local | cohort |
| inbred strains | cohort |
| LEB local | cohort |
| LEB local | phenotype |
| LEB-1 line local | cohort |
| LEB-2 line local | cohort |
| LEB line local | cohort |
| LEB mice local | cohort |
| locomotion | phenotype |
| locomotor activity | phenotype |
| Low exploratory behavior (LEB) local | phenotype |
| mice | cohort |
| neophobia local | phenotype |
| NOD/LTJ local | cohort |
| nonselected control line local | cohort |
| novel compartment preference local | phenotype |
| Novel environment local | phenotype |
| novel environment preference local | phenotype |
| novel environment preference test local | phenotype |
| novelty seeking | phenotype |
| number of head dips local | phenotype |
| number of head dips in hole-board task local | phenotype |
| number of rears in novel environment local | phenotype |
| NZB/B1NJ local | cohort |
| object preference local | phenotype |
| Object preference local | phenotype |
| object recognition | phenotype |
| Other measures local | phenotype |
| PERA/EiJ local | cohort |
| percent preference for objects local | phenotype |
| PL/J local | cohort |
| predator odor exposure local | phenotype |
| preference | phenotype |
| Preference for a novel environment local | phenotype |
| preference for objects local | phenotype |
| preference for the novel compartment local | phenotype |
| preference for the novel environment local | phenotype |
| rearing local | phenotype |
| rearing behavior | phenotype |
| residual score local | phenotype |
| Residual score local | phenotype |
| residual score of head dipping local | phenotype |
| rodent exploration local | phenotype |
| selected line local | cohort |
| sex | phenotype |
| spontaneous alternation local | phenotype |
| Spontaneous alternation local | phenotype |
| strain A/J local | cohort |
| stress | phenotype |
| Temperament and Character Inventory local | phenotype |
| The Jackson Laboratory local | cohort |
| time spent in an area local | phenotype |
| time spent in the novel compartment local | phenotype |
| Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire local | phenotype |
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