Induced neuronal reprogramming.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Ang, Cheen Euong; Wernig, Marius
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- The Journal of comparative neurology
- PMID
- 24771471
- DOI
- 10.1002/cne.23620
- PMCID
- PMC4099045
Cellular differentiation processes during normal embryonic development are guided by extracellular soluble factors such as morphogen gradients and cell contact signals, eventually resulting in induction of specific combinations of lineage-determining transcription factors. The young field of epigenetic reprogramming takes advantage of this knowledge and uses cell fate determination factors to convert one lineage into another such as the conversion of fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells or neurons. These induced cell fate conversions open up new avenues for studying disease processes, generating cell material for therapeutic intervention such as drug screening and potentially also for cell-based therapies. However, there are still limitations that have to be overcome to fulfill these promises, centering on reprogramming efficiencies, cell identity, and maturation. In this review, we discuss the discovery of induced neuronal reprogramming, ways to improve the conversion process, and finally how to define properly the identity of those converted neuronal cells.
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| A10 local | anatomy |
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| AADC local | gene |
| Absence of spontaneous synaptic events local | phenotype |
| acetylcholine | drug |
| action potential firing | phenotype |
| adult fibroblasts local | cohort |
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| CSPG4 | gene |
| curare local | drug |
| cyclic AMP | drug |
| DCX | gene |
| dibutyryl cyclic AMP local | drug |
| Dlx2 | gene |
| donor cell transcriptional program local | phenotype |
| dopamine | drug |
| Dopamine deficiency local | phenotype |
| dopaminergic neurons | anatomy |
| dorsal tier | anatomy |
| embryonic fibroblasts local | cohort |
| eminentia thalami local | anatomy |
| En1 local | gene |
| epinephrine local | drug |
| ES cell local | phenotype |
| excitatory neuronal cells local | phenotype |
| Fast-fatigable motor neuron local | phenotype |
| Fast-fatigue resistant motor neuron local | phenotype |
| FGF | drug |
| Fibroblast local | phenotype |
| Fibroblast growth factor 8 local | drug |
| Fibroblasts local | cell_type |
| forskolin | drug |
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| glutamate | drug |
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| human blood cells local | cohort |
| Human fetal fibroblast local | cohort |
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| human fibroblasts local | phenotype |
| Human induced dopaminergic neurons local | cell_type |
| human postnatal fibroblasts local | cohort |
| iDaN cells local | cell_type |
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| Incomplete assembling of presynaptic compartment local | phenotype |
| induced neuron local | phenotype |
| Induced neuronal cell local | phenotype |
| induced neurons | phenotype |
| Induced pluripotent stem cell local | phenotype |
| induced retinal ganglion-like cells local | phenotype |
| iPS cell local | phenotype |
| iPS cells | cohort |
| iPS cell technology local | drug |
| Isl1 | gene |
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| Klf4 | gene |
| Lateral division of Lateral motor column local | anatomy |
| Lateral motor column local | anatomy |
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| Limb muscle local | phenotype |
| linear poly amido amine local | drug |
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| Medial division of Lateral motor column local | anatomy |
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| MEFs local | cohort |
| mesencephalon | anatomy |
| mice | cohort |
| midbrain | anatomy |
| midbrain dopaminergic neurons local | phenotype |
| Midbrain-type neuron local | phenotype |
| miR-124 | drug |
| miR-9 | drug |
| MNX1 local | gene |
| Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus retroviral vector local | drug |
| motor cortex | anatomy |
| mouse brain | anatomy |
| mouse cortex | anatomy |
| Mouse fibroblast local | cohort |
| Mouse iDaN cells local | cell_type |
| Muscle cell local | phenotype |
| Myc | gene |
| MYOD1 local | gene |
| Myt1l | gene |
| MZ | anatomy |
| neonatal fibroblasts local | cohort |
| Neonatal mouse brain local | anatomy |
| neuroblasts | anatomy |
| NEUROD1 | gene |
| NEUROD2 | gene |
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| neurogenesis | phenotype |
| Neuroligin 4 local | gene |
| neuronal purity local | phenotype |
| neuronal reprogramming local | phenotype |
| neuronal subtype local | phenotype |
| neuronal yield local | phenotype |
| neurons | phenotype |
| Ngn2 | gene |
| norepinephrine | drug |
| NR4A2 | gene |
| Oct4 | gene |
| olfactory bulb | anatomy |
| Olig2 | gene |
| Olig2-VP16 local | variant |
| oxygen | drug |
| P19 cells local | cohort |
| Parkinson's disease | phenotype |
| Parkinsonβs disease | phenotype |
| patient-derived cells local | drug |
| Pax6 | gene |
| peripheral nervous system | anatomy |
| Pitx3 local | gene |
| PITX3 local | gene |
| Pitx3-GFP knock-in mice local | cohort |
| POU3F2 | gene |
| preplate local | anatomy |
| Presynaptic incompetence local | phenotype |
| primary visual cortex | anatomy |
| PRPH | gene |
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| RBFOX3 | gene |
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| RIEG/PITX homeobox family local | gene |
| RPF-1 local | gene |
| Self-inactivating retroviral vector local | drug |
| skin-derived fibroblasts local | cohort |
| Slc17a7 | gene |
| SLC18A2 | gene |
| SLC6A3 | gene |
| Slow-twitch alpha motor neuron local | phenotype |
| Sod1 | gene |
| SOD1 G93A local | variant |
| somatosensory cortex | anatomy |
| Sonic hedgehog | drug |
| Sox2 | gene |
| specific synaptic phenotype local | phenotype |
| spinal motor neurons | anatomy |
| stab wound lesion local | anatomy |
| striatum | anatomy |
| substantia nigra | anatomy |
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| synapse formation | phenotype |
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| Tbr1 | gene |
| TGFΞ² | drug |
| Th | gene |
| Thy1.2 local | gene |
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| ventral midbrain | anatomy |
| ventral tegmental area | anatomy |
| ventral tier | anatomy |
| ventricular zone | anatomy |
| VMAT local | gene |
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