Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use: Developmental Mechanisms.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Dawes, Michael A; Mathias, Charles W; Richard, Dawn M; Hill-Kapturczak, Nathalie; Dougherty, Donald M
Year: 2008
Journal: Substance abuse : research and treatment
PMID: 20651946
DOI: 10.4137/sart.s1044
PMCID: PMC2907920

Adolescent suicidal behaviors and substance use are disturbingly common. Research suggests overlap of some of the etiological mechanisms for both adolescent suicidal behavior and substance use, yet clear understanding of the complex relations between these behaviors and their causal underpinnings is lacking. A growing body of evidence and a diathesis model (Mann et al. 1999; Mann, 2003) highlight the importance of impulse control as a proximal risk factor for adolescent suicidal and substance use behaviors. This literature review extends current theory on the relationships between adolescent suicidal behavior and substance use by: (1) examining how, when, and to what extent adolescent development is affected by poor impulse control, stressful life events, substance use behavior, and biological factors; (2) presenting proposed causal mechanisms by which these risk factors interact to increase risk for suicidal behaviors and substance use; and (3) proposing specific new hypotheses to extend the diathesis model to adolescents at risk for suicide and substance use. More specifically, new hypotheses are presented that predict bidirectional relationships between stressful life events and genetic markers of 5-HT dysregulation; substance use behavior and impulsivity; and substance use behavior and suicide attempts. The importance of distinguishing between different developmental trajectories of suicidal and substance use behaviors, and the effects of specific risk and protective mechanisms are discussed. Use of new statistical approaches that provide for the comparison of latent growth curves and latent class models is recommended to identify differences in developmental trajectories of suicidal behavior and substance use. Knowledge gained from these prospective longitudinal methods should lead to greater understanding on the timing, duration, and extent to which specific risk and protective factors influence the outcomes of suicidal behavior and substance use. In turn, findings from these studies should inform researchers who conduct future treatment and prevention studies.

#	Section	Preview
0	Epidemiological Findings of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use	Adolescent suicidal behaviors are widespread and produce a significant burden on healthcare systems.…
1	Epidemiological Findings of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use	In addition to suicidal behavior, adolescence is also the developmental period when drug…
2	Epidemiological Findings of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use	substance use, substance-use disorders, and substance-related problems (Anthony and Petronis, 1995;…
3	Epidemiological Findings of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use	Cross-sectional and retrospective studies of both adolescents and adults have typically reported an…
4	Developmental Features of Adolescence	Adolescence is a critical developmental period of heightened risk for both suicide and substance use…
5	Developmental Features of Adolescence	Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty and ends with the establishment of adult roles and…
6	Developmental Features of Adolescence	Despite the fact that impulse control increases during adolescence with normal development,…
7	Developmental Features of Adolescence	Because of the frequent co-occurrence of suicidal behavior and substance abuse, there is a need to…
8	Developmental Features of Adolescence	and how different risk and protective factors interact to influence the probability for suicidal…
9	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use	Poor impulse control, defined as “a predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to internal…
10	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Poor impulse control	Poor impulse control is a key risk factor that often underlies suicidal and substance use behaviors…
11	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Poor impulse control	one type of poor impulse control, impulsive aggression (the tendency to react to frustration and/or…
12	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Stressful life events	Recent studies have shown that in adolescents and young adults, there are high rates of traumatic…
13	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Stressful life events	Stressful life events, both traumatic and interpersonal, have been shown to contribute to suicide…
14	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Stressful life events	Stressful life events also are risk factors for the onset and escalation of substance use (Novins…
15	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Substance use behavior	Adolescent substance use may increase the risk for suicidal behavior due to both acute and long-term…
16	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Substance use behavior	Exposure to substance use can also be a risk factor for increases in drug involvement. Family…
17	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Substance use behavior	the initiation (Hawkins et al. 1992) and escalation (Morojele and Brook, 2001) of substance use.…
18	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Serotonin dysregulation and related biological factors	Serotonin (5-HT) dysregulation may be associated with both suicidal behaviors (Mann et al.1999;…
19	Risk Factors of Adolescent Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use — Serotonin dysregulation and related biological factors	With the progression of adolescent substance use involvement, abnormalities in serotonin regulation…

Citation	PMID	DOI	Status
Allen, TJ et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 1998, Impulsivity history and of drug dependence	9649965	10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00023-4	Cited
Anderson, RN et al., Natl Vital Stat Rep, 2003, Deaths: Leading causes for 2001	14626726	—	Cited
Anguelova, M et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2003, A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter: II. Suicidal behavior	12874600	10.1038/sj.mp.4001336	Cited
Anthony, J et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 1995, Early-onset drug use and risk of later drug problems	8746919	10.1016/0376-8716(95)01194-3	Cited
APA (American Psychiatric Association), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2000	—	—	—
Apter, A et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1988, Suicidal behavior, depression, and conduct disorder in hospitalized adolescents	3198554	10.1097/00004583-198811000-00005	Cited
Apter, A et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1995, Correlation of suicidal and violent behavior in different diagnostic categories in hospitalized adolescent patients	7649962	10.1097/00004583-199507000-00015	Cited
Aron, AR et al., Nat Neurosci, 2003, Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans	12536210	10.1038/nn1003	Cited
Barratt, E et al., Biological bases of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and anxiety, 1983, Impulsivity: Cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological correlates	—	—	—
Beautrais, AL et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1997, Precipitating factors and life events in serious suicide attempts among youth aged 13 through 24 years	9394939	10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66563-1	Cited
Beautrais, AL et al., Suicide Life Threat Behav, 1999, Personality traits and cognitive styles as risk factors for serious suicide attempts among young people	10322619	—	Cited
Bechara, A, Nat Neurosci, 2005, Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective	16251988	10.1038/nn1584	Cited
Beck, AT et al., Suicide Life Threat Behav, 1999, Suicide ideation at its worst point: A predictor of eventual suicide in psychiatric outpatients	10322616	—	Cited
Bentler, PM et al., Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis, 2002, Cigarette use and drug use progression: Growth trajectory and lagged effects hypothesis	—	—	—
Boergers, J et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1998, Reasons for adolescent suicide attempts: Associations with psychological functioning	9847501	10.1097/00004583-199812000-00012	Cited
Borges, G et al., Am J Epidemiol, 2001, Associations of substance use, abuse, and dependence with subsequent suicidal behavior	10965975	10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010278	Cited
Boyle, MH et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1992, Predicting substance use in late adolescence: results from the Ontario Child Health Study follow-up	1590492	10.1176/ajp.149.6.761	Cited
Brent, DA et al., Acta Psychiatri Scand, 1994, Familial risk factors for adolescent suicide: A case-control study	8140907	10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01485.x	Cited
Brent, DA et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1996, Suicidal behavior runs in families. A controlled family study of adolescent suicide victims	8956681	10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120085015	Cited
Brent, DA et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2002, Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: risk for suicidal behavior in offspring of mood-disordered suicide attempters	12215079	10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.801	Cited
Brent, DA et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1993, Personality disorder, tendency to impulsive violence, and suicidal behavior in adolescents	8428886	10.1097/00004583-199301000-00010	Cited
Brent, DA et al., Suicide in children and adolescents, 2003, Familial factors in adolescent suicidal behavior	—	—	—
Bridge, JA et al., J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2006, Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior	16492264	10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01615.x	Cited
Brook, JS et al., Dev Psychopathol, 1999, The onset of marijuana use from preadolescence and early adolescence to young adulthood	10624731	10.1017/s0954579499002370	Cited
Brown, SA, Am J Psychiatry, 1989, Life events of adolescents in relation to personal and parental substance abuse	2929749	10.1176/ajp.146.4.484	Cited
Casey, BJ et al., J Neurosci, 2002, Dissociating striatal and hippocampal function developmentally with a stimulus-response compatibility task	12351738	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-19-08647.2002	Cited
Caspi, A et al., Developmental Psychopathology, 1995, The continuity of maladaptive behavior: From description to understanding in the study of antisocial behavior	—	—	—
Caspi, A et al., Science, 2003, Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene	12869766	10.1126/science.1083968	Cited
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 2004	—	—	—
Chambers, RA et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2003, Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: A critical period of addiction vulnerability	12777258	10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1041	Cited
Cicchetti, D, Dev Review, 1993, Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections	—	—	—
Clark, DB et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 1998, Adolescent versus adult onset and the development of substance use disorders in males	9543648	10.1016/s0376-8716(97)00154-3	Cited
Clark, DB et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2005, Childhood risk categories for adolescent substance use involvement: A general liability typology	15607837	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.008	Cited
Clayton, RR, Vulnerability to Drug Abuse, 1992, Transitions in drug use: Risk and protective factors	—	—	—
Coffey, SF et al., Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 2003, Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals	12622340	10.1037//1064-1297.11.1.18	Cited
Cohen-Sandler, R et al., J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 1982, Life stress and symptomatology: Determinants of suicidal behavior in children	7069084	10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60917-1	Cited
Conner, K et al., Aggression and Violent Behavior, Rates of suicide among males increase steadily from age 11 to 21: Proposed causes and implications for prevention	—	—	—
Covault, J et al., Biol Psychiatry, 2007, Interactive effects of the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR. polymorphism and stressful life events on college student drinking and drug use	16920076	10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.018	Cited
Daderman, AM, Pers Individ Dif, 1999, Differences between severely conduct-disordered juvenile males and normal juvenile males: The study of personality traits	—	—	—
Dahl, RE, Ann N.Y Acad Sci, 2004, Adolescent brain development: A period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Keynote address	15251869	10.1196/annals.1308.001	Cited
Dalton, EJ et al., Bipolar Disord, 2005, Suicide risk in bipolar patients: The role of co-morbid substance use disorders	12656940	10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00017.x	Cited
Davies, M et al., Ir J Psychol Med, 1999, Adolescent parasuicide in the Foyle area	—	—	—
de Wilde, EJ et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1992, The relationship between adolescent suicidal behavior and life events in childhood and adolescence	1728184	10.1176/ajp.149.1.45	Cited
de Wit, DJ et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2000, Age at first alcohol use: A risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders	10784467	10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.745	Cited
Deykin, EY et al., Am J Public Health, 1994, Suicidal ideation and attempts among chemically dependent adolescents	8154569	10.2105/ajph.84.4.634	Cited
Dougherty, DM et al., Aggression: Assessment and Treatment, Laboratory measures of impulsivity	—	—	—
Dougherty, DM et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1999, Alcohol increases commission error rates for a continuous performance test	10470977	—	Cited
Dougherty, DM et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, Suicidal behaviors and drug abuse: Impulsivity and its assessment	15555820	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.010	Cited
Dougherty, DM et al., J Child Psyhol Psychiatry, Behavioral impulsivity paradigms: A comparison in hospitalized adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders	14626456	10.1111/1469-7610.00197	Cited
Dougherty, DM et al., J Psychopharmacology, Impulsive behavioral differences following combined alcohol and L-tryptophan depletion/loading manipulation	—	—	—
Dougherty, DM et al., Psychiatric Times, 2005, Bipolar Disorder and substance abuse: The conceptualization and role of impulsivity	—	—	—
Dougherty, DM et al., Psychological Record, Validation of the Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks in hospitalized adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders	—	—	—
Dougherty, DM et al., Suicide Life Threat Behav, Laboratory measured behavioral impulsivity relates to suicide attempt history	15585459	10.1521/suli.34.4.374.53738	Cited
Ehrenreich, H et al., Psychopharmacology, 1999, Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use	10208322	10.1007/s002130050892	Cited
Eley, TC et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2004, Gene-environment interaction analysis of serotonin system markers with adolescent depression	15241435	10.1038/sj.mp.4001546	Cited
Ellickson, PL et al., Prev Med, 2004, Antecedents and outcomes of marijuana use initiation during adolescence	15475032	10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.013	Cited
Epstein, E et al., Addiction, 2002, A multi-site study of alcohol subtypes: Classification and overlap of unidimensional and multidimensional typologies	12144607	10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00164.x	Cited
Erinoff, L et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2004, Overview of workshop on drug abuse and suicidal behavior	15555814	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.002	Cited
Fergusson, DM et al., J Abnorm Child Psychol, 1996, The short-term consequences of early onset cannabis use	8886945	10.1007/BF01441571	Cited
Fillmore, MT et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2002, Impaired inhibitory control of behavior in chronic cocaine users	12062461	10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00206-x	Cited
Flory, K et al., Dev Psychopathol, 2004, Early adolescent through young adult alcohol and marijuana use trajectories: Early predictors, young adult outcomes, and predictive utility	15115071	10.1017/s0954579404044475	Cited
Garavan, H et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S A, 1999, Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: An event-related functional MRI study	10393989	10.1073/pnas.96.14.8301	Cited
Garrison, CZ et al., Am J Public Health, 1993, Aggression, substance use, and suicidal behaviors in high school students	8427319	10.2105/ajph.83.2.179	Cited
Glowinski, AL et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2004, Paternal alcohol dependence and offspring suicidal behaviors in a children-of-twins study	15555818	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.008	Cited
Goldston, DB et al., Adolescent Substance Abuse: Psychiatric Comorbidity and High Risk Behaviors, 2008, Suicidal and self-harm behaviors	—	—	—
Goldston, DB et al., J Abnorm Psychol, 2006, Predictors of suicide attempts: State and trait components	17100542	10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.842	Cited
Goldston, DB et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1996, First-time suicide attempters, repeat attempters, and previous attempters on an adolescent inpatient psychiatry unit	8935210	10.1097/00004583-199605000-00018	Cited
Goldston, DB et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1998, Psychiatric diagnoses of previous suicide attempters, first-time attempters, and repeat attempters on an adolescent inpatient psychiatry unit	9735612	10.1097/00004583-199809000-00012	Cited
Goldston, DB et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1999, Suicide attempts among formerly hospitalized adolescents: A prospective naturalistic study of risk during the first five years following discharge	10361783	10.1097/00004583-199906000-00012	Cited
Goldston, DB, Drug Alcohol Depend, 2004, Conceptual issues in understanding the relationship between suicidal behavior and substance use during adolescence	15555819	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.009	Cited
Gorenstein, EE et al., Psychol Rev, 1980, Disinhibitory psychopathology: A new perspective and a model for research	7384345	—	Cited
Gould, MS et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1996, Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent completed suicide	8956682	10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120095016	Cited
Graham, JW et al., J Consult Clin Psychol, 1991, Modeling transitions in latent stage-sequential processes: A substance use prevention example	2002142	10.1037//0022-006x.59.1.48	Cited
Gray, JA, J Res Pers, 1987, Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: A commentary	—	—	—
Gray, JA, The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System, 1982	—	—	—
Halperin, JM et al., Dev Neuropsychol, 1991, Subtype analysis of commission errors on the continuous performance test in children	—	—	—
Halperin, JM et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1988, Differential assessment of attention and impulsivity in children	3379014	10.1097/00004583-198805000-00010	Cited
Hatch, SL et al., Am J Community Psychol, 2007, Distribution of traumatic and other stressful life events by race/ethnicity, gender, SES and Age: A review of the research	17906927	10.1007/s10464-007-9134-z	Cited
Hawkins, JD et al., Psychol Bull, 1992, Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention	1529040	10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64	Cited
Hawton, A et al., Br J Psychiatry, 1982, Classification of adolescents who take overdoses	7074293	10.1192/bjp.140.2.124	Cited
Hawton, K et al., BMJ, 1993, Factors associated with suicide after Parasuicide in young people	8324431	10.1136/bmj.306.6893.1641	Cited
Hawton, K et al., Br J Psychiatry, 1996, Deliberate self-poisoning and self-injury in children and adolescents under 16 years of age in Oxford, 1976–1993	8871797	10.1192/bjp.169.2.202	Cited
Hill, J, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2002, Biological, psychological, and social processes in the conduct disorders	11848334	10.1111/1469-7610.00007	Cited
Hill, SY et al., Biol Psychiatry, 2000, Factors predicting the onset of adolescent drinking in families at high risk for developing alcoholism	10960157	10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00841-6	Cited
Hinshaw, SP, J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2002, Process, mechanism and explanation related to externalizing behavior in developmental psychopathology	12403148	10.1023/a:1019808712868	Cited
Hoffman, JP, Int J Addict, 1995, The effects of family structure and family relations on adolescent marijuana use	7591341	10.3109/10826089509105131	Cited
Horesh, N et al., Compr Psychiatry, 2003, A comparison of life events between suicidal adolescents with major depression and borderline personality disorder	12923705	10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00091-9	Cited
Horesh, N, Crisis, 2001, Self-report vs. computerized measures of impulsivity as a correlate of suicidal behavior	11548817	10.1027//0227-5910.22.1.27	Cited
Hufford, MR, Clin Psychol Rev, 2001, Alcohol and suicidal behavior	11434231	10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00070-2	Cited
Hyde, T et al., Suicide Life Threat Behav, 2005, An empirical taxonomy of social-psychological risk indicators in youth suicide	16178696	10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.436	Cited
Höfler, M et al., Addiction, 1999, Covariates of cannabis use progression in a representative population sample of adolescents: a prospective examination of vulnerability and risk factors	10892007	10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.941116796.x	Cited
Javors, MA et al., Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2005, Platelet serotonin uptake and paroxetine binding among allelic genotypes of the serotonin transporter in alcoholics	15610939	10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.08.004	Cited
Kamarajan, C et al., Clin Neurophysiol, 2005, Spatial-anatomical mapping of NoGo-P3 in the offspring of alcoholics: Evidence of cognitive and neural disinhibition as a risk for alcoholism	15826845	10.1016/j.clinph.2004.12.015	Primary
Kandel, D, Science, 1975, Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use	1188374	10.1126/science.1188374	Cited
Kashden, J et al., J Abnorm Child Psychol, 1993, Impulsivity in suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents	8335767	10.1007/BF00917538	Cited
Kaufman, J et al., Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2006, Genetic and environmental predictors of early alcohol use	—	—	—
Kaufman, J et al., Biol Psychiatry, 2007, Genetic and environmental predictors of early alcohol use	17123474	10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.039	Cited
Kaufman, J et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children	15563601	10.1073/pnas.0404376101	Cited
Kaufman, JN et al., J Neurosci, 2003, Cingulate hypoactivity in cocaine users during a Go-NoGo task as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging	12944513	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-21-07839.2003	Cited
Kendall-Tackett, KA et al., Psychol Bull, 1993, Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies	8426874	10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164	Cited
Kendler, KS et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2005, The interaction of stressful life events and the serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes of major depression: A replication	15867106	10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.529	Cited
Khantzian, EJ, Harv Rev Psychiatry, 1997, The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications	9385000	10.3109/10673229709030550	Cited
Kienhorst, IC et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1995, Adolescents’ image of their suicide attempt	7775357	10.1097/00004583-199505000-00014	Cited
Kingsbury, S et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1999, Do adolescents who take overdoses have specific psychological characteristics? A comparative study with psychiatric and community controls	10504811	10.1097/00004583-199909000-00016	Cited
Kirby, KN et al., J Exp Psychol Gen, 1999, Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls	10100392	10.1037//0096-3445.128.1.78	Cited
Klein, RG et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1997, Clinical efficacy of methylphenidate in conduct disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	9400342	10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830240023003	Cited
Koob, GF et al., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001, Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis	11120394	10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00195-0	Cited
Kosterman, R et al., Am J Public Health, 2000, The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence	10705852	10.2105/ajph.90.3.360	Cited
Kovacs, M et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1993, Suicidal behavior and childhood-onset depressive disorders: A longitudinal investigation	8428888	10.1097/00004583-199301000-00003	Cited
Labouvie, E et al., Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway hypothesis, 2002, Drug Sequences, age of onset, and use trajectories as predictors of drug abuse/dependence in young adulthood	—	—	—
Leboyer, M et al., Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 2005, Suicidal disorders: A nosological entity per se?	15645477	10.1002/ajmg.c.30040	Cited
LeMarquand, D et al., Biol Psychiatry, Serotonin and alcohol intake, abuse and dependence: findings of animal studies	7803601	10.1016/0006-3223(94)91215-7	Cited
LeMarquand, D et al., Biol Psychiatry, Serotonin and alcohol intake, abuse, and dependence: clinical evidence	7993959	10.1016/0006-3223(94)90630-0	Cited
Levy, JC et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1989, Suicidality, depression, and substance abuse in adolescence	2817119	10.1176/ajp.146.11.1462	Cited
Lewinsohn, P et al., J Consult Clin Psychol, 1994, Psychosocial risk factors for future adolescent suicide attempts	8201067	10.1037//0022-006x.62.2.297	Cited
Light, JM et al., Addict Behaviors, 2003, Adolescent alcohol use and suicidal ideation: A nonrecursive model	12726785	10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00270-2	Cited
Logan, GD, Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory, and Language, 1994, On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users’ guide to the Stop Signal Paradigm	—	—	—
Lotrich, FE et al., Psychiatr Genet, 2004, Meta-analysis of serotonin polymorphism and affective disorders	15318024	10.1097/00041444-200409000-00001	Cited
Malone, KM et al., Br J Psychiatry, 1996, Prolactin response to fenfluramine and suicide attempt lethality in major depression	8833686	10.1192/bjp.168.3.324	Cited
Mandell, DS et al., Suicide Life Threat Behav, 2006, Variation in functioning, psychosocial characteristics and six-month outcomes among suicidal youth in comprehensive community mental health services	16805663	10.1521/suli.2006.36.3.349	Cited
Mann, JJ et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1999, Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients	9989552	10.1176/ajp.156.2.181	Cited
Mann, JJ, Ann Intern Med, 2002, A current perspective of suicide and attempted suicide	11848728	10.7326/0003-4819-136-4-200202190-00010	Cited
Mann, JJ, Nat Med, 1998, The neurobiology of suicide	9427602	10.1038/nm0198-025	Cited
Mann, JJ, Nat Rev Neurosci, 2003, Neurobiology of suicidal behavior	14523381	10.1038/nrn1220	Cited
Mathias, CW et al., Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 2001, Suicidality and a laboratory measure of impulsivity	—	—	—
Mathias, CW, Comparison of Approaches to Suicide Research, 2006, Behavioral assessment and performance based measures: Application among suicidal samples	—	—	—
McDonald, J et al., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, Effects of THC on behavioral measures of impulsivity in humans	12784123	10.1038/sj.npp.1300176	Cited
McGue, M et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res, Origins and consequences of age at first drink I: Associations with substance-use disorders, disinhibatory behavior, and psychopathology and P3 amplitude	11505047	—	Cited
McGue, M et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res, Origins and consequences of age at first drink, II: Familial risk and heritability	11515563	—	Cited
Milich, R et al., Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities, 1984, Reflections on impulsivity: An empirical investigation of impulsivity as a construct	—	—	—
Moeller, FG et al., Addictive Disorders and their Treatment, Heavy “Ecstasy” use is associated with increased impulsivity	—	—	—
Moeller, FG et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2001, Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity	11691682	10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783	Cited
Moeller, FG et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, Increased impulsivity in cocaine dependent subjects independent of antisocial personality disorder and aggression	12167556	10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00106-0	Cited
Moeller, FG et al., Neuropsychobiology, 2004, P300 event related potential amplitude and impulsivity in cocaine dependent subjects	15292673	10.1159/000079110	Cited
Moeller, FG et al., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2005, Reduced anterior corpus callosum white matter integrity is related to increased impulsivity and reduced discriminability in cocaine-dependent subjects: diffusion tensor imaging	15637640	10.1038/sj.npp.1300617	Cited
Morgan, M, Psychopharmacology, 2000, Ecstasy (MDMA): A review of its persistent psychological effects	11105933	10.1007/s002130000545	Cited
Morojele, NK et al., J Genet Psychol, 2001, Adolescent Precursors of Intensity of Marijuana and other illicit drug use among adult initiators	11831352	10.1080/00221320109597494	Cited
Muthén, B, New Developments and Techniques in Structural Equation Modeling, 2001, Latent variable mixture modeling	—	—	—
Nation, M et al., Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2006, Risk factors for serious alcohol and drug use: The role of psychosocial variables in predicting the frequency of substance use among adolescents	16864471	10.1080/00952990600753867	Cited
Newcomb, MD et al., J Pers Soc Psychol, 1992, Multiple protective and risk factors for drug use and abuse: Cross-sectional and prospective findings	1403617	10.1037//0022-3514.63.2.280	Cited
Nigg, JT, Psychol Bull, 2000, On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy	10748641	10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.220	Cited
NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke), NINDS Cooperative Program in Translational Research, 2005, Program Announcement (PA) Number: PAR-05–158	—	—	—
Nixon, MK et al., J Am Acad Child Adolsec Psychiatry, 2002, Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive self-injury in hospitalized adolescents	12410076	10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015	Cited
Nock, MK et al., J Consult Clin Psychol, 2004, A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior	15482046	10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885	Cited
Novins, DK et al., Addiction, 1998, Factors associated with marijuana use among American Indian adolescents	9926532	10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.931116937.x	Cited
Odum, AL et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2000, Needle sharing in opioid-dependent outpatients: Psychological processes underlying risk	11053760	10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00111-3	Cited
Ohmura, Y et al., Psychopharmacology, 2005, Discounting delayed and probabilistic monetary gains and losses by smokers of cigarettes	16167142	10.1007/s00213-005-0110-8	Cited
Olsson, CA et al., Mol Psychiatry, 2005, Association between 5-HTTLPR genotypes and persisting patterns of anxiety and alcohol use: Results from a 10-year longitudinal study of adolescent mental health	15852063	10.1038/sj.mp.4001677	Cited
Owens, MJ et al., Clin Chem, 1994, Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter	7508830	—	Cited
Pages, KP et al., J Clin Psychiatry, 1997, Determinants of suicidal ideation: The role of substance use disorders	9413423	—	Cited
Pandey, GN et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2002, Higher expression of serotonin 5-HT (2A) receptors in the postmortem brains of teenage suicide victims	11870006	10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.419	Cited
Pandey, GN et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2004, Decreased catalytic activity and expression of protein kinase C isozymes in teenage suicide victims: A postmortem brain study	15237080	10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.685	Cited
Pandey, GN, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1997, Altered serotonin function in suicide: Evidence from platelet and neuroendocrine studies	9616799	10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52360.x	Cited
Paus, T, Trends Cogn Sci, 2005, Mapping brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence	15668098	10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.008	Cited
Peterson, BS et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1996, Risk factors for presenting problems in child psychiatric emergencies	8824060	10.1097/00004583-199609000-00014	Cited
Petraitis, J et al., Psycho Bull, 1995, Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: Organizing pieces of the puzzle	7870864	10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.67	Cited
Petry, NM, Psychopharmacology, 2002, Discounting delayed rewards in substance abusers: Relationship to antisocial personality disorder	12172697	10.1007/s00213-002-1115-1	Cited
Pezawas, L et al., Nat Neurosci, 2005, 5-HTTLPR. polymorphism impacts cingulated-amygdala interactions: A genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression	15880108	10.1038/nn1463	Cited
Pfeffer, CR et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1983, Suicidal and assaultive behavior in children: Classification measurement, and interrelations	6849424	10.1176/ajp.140.2.154	Cited
Pratt, HD, Adolesc Med, 2002, Neurodevelopmental issues in the assessment and treatment of deficits in attention, cognition, and learning during adolescence	12270802	—	Cited
Putnins, AL, Drug Alcohol Rev, 1995, Recent drug use and suicidal behaviour among young offenders	—	—	—
Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Institute of Medicine, 2002	25057611	—	Cited
Reynolds, B et al., Behav Processes, 2004, Delay discounting and probability discounting as related to cigarette smoking status in adults	14744545	10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00109-8	Cited
Rivara, FP et al., JAMA, 1997, Alcohol and illicit drug abuse and the risk of vilent death in the home	9268278	—	Cited
Robinson, TE et al., Addiction, 2000, The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: A incentive-sensitization view	11002906	10.1080/09652140050111681	Cited
Rogers, RD et al., Biol Psychiatry, 2004, Distinct portions of anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex are activated by reward processing in separable phases of decision-making cognition	15013828	10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.012	Cited
Rubia, K et al., Br J Psychiatry, 2001, Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity	11483475	10.1192/bjp.179.2.138	Cited
Runeson, B et al., J Nerv Ment Dis, 1991, Borderline personality disorder in young Swedish suicides	1997663	10.1097/00005053-199103000-00007	Cited
Sameroff, AJ, Dev Psychopathol, 2000, Developmental systems and psychopathology	11014740	10.1017/s0954579400003035	Cited
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), National Survey on Drug Use Health, OAS, 2007	—	—	—
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), Substance use and the risk of suicide among youths, 2002	—	—	—
Schepis, TS et al., Am J Addict, 2008, Neurobiological processes in adolescent addictive disorders	18214718	10.1080/10550490701756146	Cited
Schneider, M et al., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, Chronic pubertal, but not adult chronic cannabinoid treatment impairs sensorimotor gating, recognition memory, and the performance in a progressive ratio task in adult rats	12888772	10.1038/sj.npp.1300225	Cited
Schuckit, MA et al., In Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Youth Suicide, 1989, Substance use and abuse: A risk factor in youth suicide	—	—	—
Shaffer, D et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1996, Psychiatric diagnoses in child and adolescent suicide	8634012	10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040075012	Cited
Shaffer, D et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2001, Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with suicidal behavior	11434483	10.1097/00004583-200107001-00003	Cited
Spear, LP, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2000, The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations	10817843	10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2	Cited
Steinberg, L, Trends Cogn Sci, 2005, Cognitive and affective development in adolescence	15668099	10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005	Cited
Swann, AC et al., Bipolar Disord, 2004, Impulsivity: A link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse	15117399	10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00110.x	Cited
Takahashi, T, Neuroreport, 2004, Cortisol levels and time-discounting of monetary gain in humans	15486498	10.1097/00001756-200409150-00029	Cited
Tarter, RE et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2003, Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early onset of substance disorder	12777265	10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1078	Cited
Tranah, T et al., Person Individ Diff, 1998, Conduct Disorder and personality	—	—	—
Uebersax, J, NIDA Res Monogr, 1994, Latent class analysis of substance abuse patterns	9243533	—	Cited
van den Bree, MB et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2005, Risk factors predicting change in marijuana involvement in teenagers	15753244	10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.311	Cited
Volkow, ND et al., Pharmacol Ther, 2005, Drugs and alcohol: Treating and preventing abuse, addiction, and their medical consequences	16098597	10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.021	Cited
Volkow, ND, Am J Psychiatry, 2005, What do we know about drug addiction?	16055760	10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1401	Cited
von Diemen, L et al., Addiction, 2008, Impulsivity, age of first alcohol use and substance use disorders among male adolescents: A population based case-control study	18494839	10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02223.x	Cited
von Sydow, K et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2002, What predicts incident use of cannabis and progression to abuse and dependence? A 4-year prospective examination of risk factors in a community sample of adolescents and young adults	12167552	10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00102-3	Cited
Wagner, BM, Bull, 1997, Family risk factors for child and adolescent suicidal behavior. Psychol	9100488	10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.246	Cited
Wagner, FA et al., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2002, From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol	11927172	10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00367-0	Cited
Walrath, CM et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2001, Suicide attempts in the “comprehensive community mental health services for children and their families” program	11589533	10.1097/00004583-200110000-00014	Cited
Wilcox, HC et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2004, Association of alcohol and drug disorders and completed suicide: An empirical review of cohort studies	15555812	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003	Cited
Wilcox, HC et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2004, The development of suicide ideation and attempts: An epidemiologic study of first graders followed into young adulthood	15555817	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.007	Cited
Wills, TA et al., J Abnorm Psychol, 1996, Escalated substance use: A longitudinal grouping analysis from early to middle adolescence	8722998	10.1037//0021-843x.105.2.166	Cited
Windle, M et al., Dev Psychopathol, 2004, Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: Predictors and outcomes	15704825	10.1017/s0954579404040118	Cited
Windle, M et al., Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism, 1999, Developmental theory and research	—	—	—
Windle, M, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2004, Suicidal behaviors and alcohol use among adolescents: A developmental psychopathology perspective	15166634	10.1097/01.alc.0000127412.69258.ee	Cited
Wines, JD et al., Drug Alcohol Depend, 2004, Suicidal behavior, drug use and depressive symptoms after detoxification: A 2-year prospective study	15555813	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.004	Cited
Wingate, LR et al., Behav Sci Law, 2004, Empirically informed approaches to topics in suicide risk assessment	15378593	10.1002/bsl.612	Cited
Wu, LT et al., Use Misuse, 2000, The use of the case-crossover design in studying illicit drug use. Subst	10847221	10.3109/10826080009148431	Cited
Zalsman, G et al., Int J Adolesc Med Health, 2005, Editorial: The neurobiology of suicide in adolescents: An emerging field of research	16231469	—	Cited
Zerhouni, E, Science, 2003, Medicine: The NIH Roadmap	14526066	10.1126/science.1091867	Cited
Zucker, RA et al., Developmental Psychopathology, 1995, Emergence of alcohol problems and the several alcoholisms: A developmental perspective on etiologic theory and life course trajectory	—	—	—

In this knowledge base

Title	Year	PMID
Reciprocal relationships between substance use and disorders and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism.	2017	28213124

External

Title	Authors	Journal	Year	Link
Hidden Wounds: Exploring Racial and Gender Disparities in the Impact of Mass Shooting Events on Suicide Risk Among U.S. High School Students.	Teotia A et al.	—	2026	→
Addiction profile is associated with suicidal behavior and repetition of non-suicidal self injury: a latent profile analysis study in a schooled adolescents.	Arqueros M et al.	—	2025	→
Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among Youth Living With HIV/AIDS Attending Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence: A Comparison Between Substance Users and Non-Substance Users.	Baghirova-Busang L et al.	—	2025	→
Associations between Physical Activity, Mental Health, and Suicidal Behavior in Korean Adolescents: Based on Data from 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2022).	Roh S et al.	—	2024	→
Predictors of Suicidal Ideation and Continued Substance Use Problems Among Patients Receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment Who Have Co-Occurring Cocaine Use Disorder.	Kelly LM et al.	—	2024	→
Predictors of Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts among School-Going Thai Adolescents: A Sex-Specific Structural Equation Modelling Analysis.	Dadras O	—	2024	→
Suicide and Suicide Risk in Adolescents.	Hua LL et al.	—	2024	→
Testing the modifiability of episodic future thinking and episodic memory among suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents.	Goger P et al.	—	2024	→
Child maltreatment and youth suicide risk: A developmental conceptual model and implications for suicide prevention.	Duprey EB et al.	—	2023	→
Interactive effect of adverse child experiences and suicidal thoughts and behaviors on adolescent alcohol and cannabis use frequency.	Kelly L et al.	—	2023	→
Developmental Relations Between Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Ideation in Middle Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Do Internalizing Problems and Substance Use Mediate Their Links?	Zhu X et al.	—	2022	→
Factors Associated with Distinct Patterns of Suicidal Thoughts, Suicide Plans, and Suicide Attempts Among US Adolescents.	Romanelli M et al.	—	2022	→
Substance use disorder and suicide-related behaviour around dates of parental death and its anniversaries: a register-based cohort study.	Hiyoshi A et al.	—	2022	→
Suicide Attempt and Risk of Substance Use Disorders Among Female Youths.	Auger N et al.	—	2022	→
Use of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Caffeine and Suicide Attempts: Findings From a Nationally Representative Cross-sectional Study.	Cho MS	—	2020	→
Age of onset of substance use in patients with dual diagnosis and its association with clinical characteristics, risk behaviors, course, and outcome: A retrospective study.	Subodh BN et al.	—	2019	→
Association between illegal use of substances and suicidal behavior in school students: An integrative review of empirical data.	Karanikola M et al.	—	2019	→
Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and attempts among children and adolescents.	Sampasa-Kanyinga H et al.	—	2017	→
Reciprocal relationships between substance use and disorders and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism.	Agrawal A et al.	—	2017	→
Presence of Alcohol and Drugs in Hispanic Versus Non-Hispanic Youth Suicide Victims in Miami-Dade County, Florida.	Castellanos D et al.	—	2016	→
High-risk behaviors related to intentional and unintentional harm in adolescents of zahedan, iran.	Ansari-Moghaddam A et al.	—	2015	→
High school suicide in South Africa: teachers' knowledge, views and training needs.	Shilubane HN et al.	—	2015	→
High school students' knowledge and experience with a peer who committed or attempted suicide: a focus group study.	Shilubane HN et al.	—	2014	→
Suicidal ideation and substance use among adolescents and young adults: a bidirectional relation?	Zhang X et al.	—	2014	→
Gang membership, violence, and psychiatric morbidity.	Coid JW et al.	—	2013	→
Co-occurring risk behaviors among White, Black, and Hispanic US high school adolescents with suicide attempts requiring medical attention, 1999-2007: implications for future prevention initiatives.	Pena JB et al.	—	2012	→
Multiple substance use and self-reported suicide attempts by adolescents in 16 European countries.	Kokkevi A et al.	—	2012	→
Substance abuse and suicide risk among adolescents.	—	—	2012	→
Intolerance to delayed reward in girls with multiple suicide attempts.	Mathias CW et al.	—	2011	→
Young men's intimate partner violence and relationship functioning: long-term outcomes associated with suicide attempt and aggression in adolescence.	Kerr DC et al.	—	2011	→