Physical activity attenuates the influence of FTO variants on obesity risk: a meta-analysis of 218,166 adults and 19,268 children.
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- Authors
- Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O; Qi, Lu; Brage, Soren; Sharp, Stephen J; Sonestedt, Emily; Demerath, Ellen; Ahmad, Tariq; Mora, Samia; Kaakinen, Marika; Sandholt, Camilla Helene; Holzapfel, Christina; Autenrieth, Christine S; Hyppönen, Elina; Cauchi, Stéphane; He, Meian; Kutalik, Zoltan; Kumari, Meena; Stančáková, Alena; Meidtner, Karina; Balkau, Beverley; Tan, Jonathan T; Mangino, Massimo; Timpson, Nicholas J; Song, Yiqing; Zillikens, M Carola; Jablonski, Kathleen A; Garcia, Melissa E; Johansson, Stefan; Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L; Wu, Ying; van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V; Onland-Moret, N Charlotte; Zimmermann, Esther; Rivera, Natalia V; Tanaka, Toshiko; Stringham, Heather M; Silbernagel, Günther; Kanoni, Stavroula; Feitosa, Mary F; Snitker, Soren; Ruiz, Jonatan R; Metter, Jeffery; Larrad, Maria Teresa Martinez; Atalay, Mustafa; Hakanen, Maarit; Amin, Najaf; Cavalcanti-Proença, Christine; Grøntved, Anders; Hallmans, Göran; Jansson, John-Olov; Kuusisto, Johanna; Kähönen, Mika; Lutsey, Pamela L; Nolan, John J; Palla, Luigi; Pedersen, Oluf; Pérusse, Louis; Renström, Frida; Scott, Robert A; Shungin, Dmitry; Sovio, Ulla; Tammelin, Tuija H; Rönnemaa, Tapani; Lakka, Timo A; Uusitupa, Matti; Rios, Manuel Serrano; Ferrucci, Luigi; Bouchard, Claude; Meirhaeghe, Aline; Fu, Mao; Walker, Mark; Borecki, Ingrid B; Dedoussis, George V; Fritsche, Andreas; Ohlsson, Claes; Boehnke, Michael; Bandinelli, Stefania; van Duijn, Cornelia M; Ebrahim, Shah; Lawlor, Debbie A; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Harris, Tamara B; Sørensen, Thorkild I A; Mohlke, Karen L; Hofman, Albert; Uitterlinden, André G; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Lehtimäki, Terho; Raitakari, Olli; Isomaa, Bo; Njølstad, Pål R; Florez, Jose C; Liu, Simin; Ness, Andy; Spector, Timothy D; Tai, E Shyong; Froguel, Philippe; Boeing, Heiner; Laakso, Markku; Marmot, Michael; Bergmann, Sven; Power, Chris; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Chasman, Daniel; Ridker, Paul; Hansen, Torben; Monda, Keri L; Illig, Thomas; Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Wareham, Nicholas J; Hu, Frank B; Groop, Leif C; Orho-Melander, Marju; Ekelund, Ulf; Franks, Paul W; Loos, Ruth J F
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- PLoS medicine
- PMID
- 22069379
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001116
- PMCID
- PMC3206047
BACKGROUND: The FTO gene harbors the strongest known susceptibility locus for obesity. While many individual studies have suggested that physical activity (PA) may attenuate the effect of FTO on obesity risk, other studies have not been able to confirm this interaction. To confirm or refute unambiguously whether PA attenuates the association of FTO with obesity risk, we meta-analyzed data from 45 studies of adults (n = 218,166) and nine studies of children and adolescents (n = 19,268). METHODS AND FINDINGS: All studies identified to have data on the FTO rs9939609 variant (or any proxy [r(2)>0.8]) and PA were invited to participate, regardless of ethnicity or age of the participants. PA was standardized by categorizing it into a dichotomous variable (physically inactive versus active) in each study. Overall, 25% of adults and 13% of children were categorized as inactive. Interaction analyses were performed within each study by including the FTO×PA interaction term in an additive model, adjusting for age and sex. Subsequently, random effects meta-analysis was used to pool the interaction terms. In adults, the minor (A-) allele of rs9939609 increased the odds of obesity by 1.23-fold/allele (95% CI 1.20-1.26), but PA attenuated this effect (p(interaction) = 0.001). More specifically, the minor allele of rs9939609 increased the odds of obesity less in the physically active group (odds ratio = 1.22/allele, 95% CI 1.19-1.25) than in the inactive group (odds ratio = 1.30/allele, 95% CI 1.24-1.36). No such interaction was found in children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The association of the FTO risk allele with the odds of obesity is attenuated by 27% in physically active adults, highlighting the importance of PA in particular in those genetically predisposed to obesity.
Study design of the FTO×PA interaction meta-analysis.Eligible studies were identified by a literature search, as well as through personal contacts (indicated in the figure as “other data”). Of all studies that were invited, 45 studies of adults (n = 218,166) and nine studies of children and adolescents (n = 19,268) joined the meta-analysis. A standardized analytical plan was sent to each of the studies. Summary statistics were subsequently meta-analyzed.
Forest plot of the effect of the interaction between the FTO rs9939609 SNP and physical activity on BMI in a random effects meta-analysis of 218,166 adults.The studies are sorted by sample size (largest sample size lowest). Details of the studies are given in Text S1. The interaction beta represents the difference in BMI per minor (A−) allele of rs9939609 comparing physically active individuals to inactive individuals, adjusting for age and sex. For example, a betainteraction of −0.10 kg/m2 for BMI represents a 0.10 kg/m2 attenuation in the BMI-increasing effect of the rs9939609 minor allele in physically active individuals compared to inactive individuals.
Forest plot of the effect of the interaction between the FTO rs9939609 SNP and physical activity on BMI in a random effects meta-analysis of 19,268 children and adolescents.The studies are sorted by sample size (largest sample size lowest). Details of the studies are given in Text S1. The interaction Z-score represents the difference in age- and sex-standardized BMI per minor (A−) allele of rs9939609 comparing physically active children to inactive children. For example, a betainteraction of −0.1 represents a 0.1 unit attenuation in the BMI Z-score-increasing effect of the rs9939609 minor allele in physically active children compared to inactive children.
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| Effect of FTO rs9930506 on obesity and interaction of the gene variants with dietary protein and vitamin E on C-reactive protein levels in multi-ethnic Malaysian adults. | Mitra SR et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Effect of Obesity-Linked <i>FTO</i> rs9939609 Variant on Physical Activity and Dietary Patterns in Physically Active Men and Women. | West NR et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Epigenetic control of variation and stochasticity in metabolic disease. | Panzeri I et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Ethnic and population differences in the genetic predisposition to human obesity. | Stryjecki C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Gene-by-environment interactions in urban populations modulate risk phenotypes. | Favé MJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Gene-lifestyle interplay in type 2 diabetes. | Franks PW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetic predisposition to obesity, restrained eating and changes in body weight: a population-based prospective study. | Konttinen H et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetics of obesity: what genetic association studies have taught us about the biology of obesity and its complications. | Goodarzi MO | — | 2018 | → |
| Genetic variants influencing phenotypic variance heterogeneity. | Ek WE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genome-Wide Interactions with Dairy Intake for Body Mass Index in Adults of European Descent. | Smith CE et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Genotype-Based Recall Studies in Complex Cardiometabolic Traits. | Franks PW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| <i>FTO</i> rs9939609 Does Not Interact with Physical Exercise but Influences Basal Insulin Metabolism in Brazilian Overweight and Obese Adolescents. | do Nascimento GA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Influence of <i>FTO</i> rs9939609 polymorphism on appetite, ghrelin, leptin, IL6, TNFα levels, and food intake of women with morbid obesity. | Magno FCCM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Mediation of the bidirectional relations between obesity and depression among women. | Vittengl JR | — | 2018 | → |
| Physical activity modifies genetic susceptibility to obesity in postmenopausal women. | Ochs-Balcom HM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Physical activity modifies the FTO effect on body mass index change in Japanese adolescents. | Shinozaki K et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Precision Medicine in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: The Relevance of Early-Life Exposures. | Estampador AC et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Revisiting the evolutionary origins of obesity: lazy versus peppy-thrifty genotype hypothesis. | Reddon H et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The genetics of adiposity. | Loos RJ | — | 2018 | → |
| The Promise of Selecting Individuals from the Extremes of Exposure in the Analysis of Gene-Physical Activity Interactions. | Osazuwa-Peters OL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The role of female obesity on in vitro fertilization outcomes. | Kasum M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Assessing gene-environment interaction effects of FTO, MC4R and lifestyle factors on obesity using an extreme phenotype sampling design: Results from the HUNT study. | Bjørnland T et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Association of Fat Mass and Obesity-associated Gene Variant with Lifestyle Factors and Body Fat in Indian Children. | Parthasarthy LS et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Can genetic-based advice help you lose weight? Findings from the Food4Me European randomized controlled trial. | Celis-Morales C et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Commentary: Mining gene-lifestyle interactions in UK Biobank: all that glitters isn't gold. | Franks PW | — | 2017 | → |
| Complex Relationship between Obesity and the Fat Mass and Obesity Locus. | Yang Q et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers? | Romieu I et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Excessive fuel availability amplifies the FTO-mediated obesity risk: results from the TUEF and Whitehall II studies. | Wagner R et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene influences skeletal muscle phenotypes in non-resistance trained males and elite rugby playing position. | Heffernan SM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| From genetics and epigenetics to the future of precision treatment for obesity. | Sun X et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| FTO Gene Associates and Interacts with Obesity Risk, Physical Activity, Energy Intake, and Time Spent Sitting: Pilot Study in a Nigerian Population. | Oyeyemi BF et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gene-Diet Interaction and Precision Nutrition in Obesity. | Heianza Y et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction study for BMI reveals interactions between genetic factors and physical activity, alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status. | Rask-Andersen M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gene-obesogenic environment interactions in the UK Biobank study. | Tyrrell J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Gene Regulatory Elements, Major Drivers of Human Disease. | Chatterjee S et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Genetic association analysis of polymorphisms in PSD3 gene with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and HDL cholesterol. | Gong S et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Genetic endowments, parental resources and adult health: Evidence from the Young Finns Study. | Pehkonen J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Genetic factors associated with risk of metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma. | Tang R et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Genome-wide physical activity interactions in adiposity - A meta-analysis of 200,452 adults. | Graff M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Interaction between Social/Psychosocial Factors and Genetic Variants on Body Mass Index: A Gene-Environment Interaction Analysis in a Longitudinal Setting. | Zhao W et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Lessons Learned From Past Gene-Environment Interaction Successes. | Ritz BR et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Lifestyle and precision diabetes medicine: will genomics help optimise the prediction, prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle therapy? | Franks PW et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Molecular genetics of human obesity: A comprehensive review. | Singh RK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Obesity pandemic: causes, consequences, and solutions-but do we have the will? | Meldrum DR et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Genetic Predisposition to Obesity in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). | Moon JY et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Penetrance of Polygenic Obesity Susceptibility Loci across the Body Mass Index Distribution. | Abadi A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors Modify the Association between Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene Variant and Obesity in Chinese Children and Adolescents. | Song JY et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Population differentiation in allele frequencies of obesity-associated SNPs. | Mao L et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Ranking and characterization of established BMI and lipid associated loci as candidates for gene-environment interactions. | Shungin D et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Recent Advances in Human Genetics and Epigenetics of Adiposity: Pathway to Precision Medicine? | Fall T et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. | Booth FW et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The contribution of genetics and environment to obesity. | Albuquerque D et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The heritable basis of gene-environment interactions in cardiometabolic traits. | Poveda A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The joint effects of family risk of obesity and neighborhood environment on obesity among women. | Kowaleski-Jones L et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Advances in Exercise, Fitness, and Performance Genomics in 2015. | Sarzynski MA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Air pollution and diabetes association: Modification by type 2 diabetes genetic risk score. | Eze IC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| A novel interaction between the FLJ33534 locus and smoking in obesity: a genome-wide study of 14 131 Pakistani adults. | Ahmad S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| A patient with a novel homozygous missense mutation in FTO and concomitant nonsense mutation in CETP. | Çağlayan AO et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Changes in Physical Activity Following a Genetic-Based Internet-Delivered Personalized Intervention: Randomized Controlled Trial (Food4Me). | Marsaux CF et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Dietary fat intake modifies the influence of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity in adolescents: The HELENA cross-sectional study. | Labayen I et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Estimation of Physical Activity Energy Expenditure during Free-Living from Wrist Accelerometry in UK Adults. | White T et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Exposing the exposures responsible for type 2 diabetes and obesity. | Franks PW et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| FTO association and interaction with time spent sitting. | Klimentidis YC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| FTO gene variation, macronutrient intake and coronary heart disease risk: a gene-diet interaction analysis. | Gustavsson J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| FTO genotype and weight loss in diet and lifestyle interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | Xiang L et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| FTO genotype and weight loss: systematic review and meta-analysis of 9563 individual participant data from eight randomised controlled trials. | Livingstone KM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| FTO Genotype Interacts with Improvement in Aerobic Fitness on Body Weight Loss During Lifestyle Intervention. | Sailer C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| FTO polymorphism, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity in Brazilian youth. | Reuter CP et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Gene-environment interactions in obesity: implication for future applications in preventive medicine. | Nakamura S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Genetic Correlation between Body Fat Percentage and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Suggests Common Genetic Etiology. | Schnurr TM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Genetic markers as instrumental variables. | von Hinke S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Genetic variants influencing effectiveness of exercise training programmes in obesity - an overview of human studies. | Leońska-Duniec A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Impacts of Physical Activity on the Obese. | Waleh MQ | — | 2016 | → |
| Interaction between FTO gene variants and lifestyle factors on metabolic traits in an Asian Indian population. | Vimaleswaran KS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Longitudinal relationships between glycemic status and body mass index in a multiethnic study: evidence from observational and genetic epidemiology. | Ishola AF et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Multiple novel gene-by-environment interactions modify the effect of FTO variants on body mass index. | Young AI et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Physical activity and FTO genotype by physical activity interactive influences on obesity. | Kim JY et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Physical activity and genetic predisposition to obesity in a multiethnic longitudinal study. | Reddon H et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Physical activity attenuates genetic effects on BMI: Results from a study of Chinese adult twins. | Wang B et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Physical activity, but not dietary intake, attenuates the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on obesity and metabolic syndrome in Lithuanian adult population. | Petkeviciene J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Putting the Genome in Context: Gene-Environment Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes. | Franks PW et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Review of studies on the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene interactions with environmental factors affecting on obesity and its impact on lifestyle interventions. | Kalantari N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The importance of gene-environment interactions in human obesity. | Reddon H et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The influence of clinical and genetic factors on the development of obesity in children with type 1 diabetes. | Łuczyński W et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The interaction between physical activity and obesity gene variants in association with BMI: Does the obesogenic environment matter? | Graff M et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Advancement in genetic variants conferring obesity susceptibility from genome-wide association studies. | Wang T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2014. | Loos RJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| A genetic risk score of 45 coronary artery disease risk variants associates with increased risk of myocardial infarction in 6041 Danish individuals. | Krarup NT et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Appetitive traits as behavioural pathways in genetic susceptibility to obesity: a population-based cross-sectional study. | Konttinen H et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Behavioral and Environmental Modification of the Genetic Influence on Body Mass Index: A Twin Study. | Horn EE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Childhood cognitive ability moderates later-life manifestation of type 2 diabetes genetic risk. | Mõttus R et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Current review of genetics of human obesity: from molecular mechanisms to an evolutionary perspective. | Albuquerque D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Dietary Intake, FTO Genetic Variants, and Adiposity: A Combined Analysis of Over 16,000 Children and Adolescents. | Qi Q et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Elite athletes' genetic predisposition for altered risk of complex metabolic traits. | Banting LK et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Finding the missing gene-environment interactions. | Kraft P et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Future Perspectives of Personalized Weight Loss Interventions Based on Nutrigenetic, Epigenetic, and Metagenomic Data. | Goni L et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Gene × dietary pattern interactions in obesity: analysis of up to 68 317 adults of European ancestry. | Nettleton JA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetic and environmental transactions underlying the association between physical fitness/physical exercise and body composition. | Johnson W et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetics of second-generation antipsychotic and mood stabilizer-induced weight gain in bipolar disorder: common and specific effects of key regulators of fat-mass homoeostasis genes. | Creta E et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| High genetic risk individuals benefit less from resistance exercise intervention. | Klimentidis YC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| In reply—Maternal, paternal, and societal efforts are needed to "cure" childhood obesity. | Archer E | — | 2015 | → |
| Intrauterine Programming of Diabetes and Adiposity. | Tomar AS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Historical Context, and Genetic Inheritance in Shaping Body Mass in Middle and Late Adulthood. | Liu H et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Modulation of genetic associations with serum urate levels by body-mass-index in humans. | Huffman JE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Obesity and genomics: role of technology in unraveling the complex genetic architecture of obesity. | Apalasamy YD et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Obesity as a causal risk factor for deep venous thrombosis: a Mendelian randomization study. | Klovaite J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Obesity is associated with race/sex disparities in diabetes and hypertension prevalence, but not cardiovascular disease, among HIV-infected adults. | Willig AL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Obesity-Related Genetic Variants and their Associations with Physical Activity. | Lee H et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Physical activity, smoking, and genetic predisposition to obesity in people from Pakistan: the PROMIS study. | Ahmad S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture. | Hruby A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The ethnoepidemiology of obesity. | Valera B et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The Impact of Familial Predisposition to Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease on Childhood Obesity. | Nielsen LA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Understanding the candidate gene × environment interaction debate: epistemological or evidential divide? | Munafò MR | — | 2015 | → |
| Variability in children's eating response to portion size. A biobehavioral perspective. | Kral TV et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2013. | Wolfarth B et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Analysis of linear and non-linear genotype × environment interaction. | Yang RC | — | 2014 | → |
| An evolving scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity. | Katzmarzyk PT et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Appetite for prevention: genetics and developmental epidemiology join forces in obesity research. | Belsky DW | — | 2014 | → |
| A simulation study of gene-by-environment interactions in GWAS implies ample hidden effects. | Marigorta UM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Association of INSIG2 rs9308762 with ALT level independent of BMI. | Guan L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Association of physical activity with lower type 2 diabetes incidence is weaker among individuals at high genetic risk. | Klimentidis YC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Associations of genetic risk score with obesity and related traits and the modifying effect of physical activity in a Chinese Han population. | Zhu J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Beyond the Paleolithic prescription: commentary. | Muskiet FA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Etiology of Obesity Over the Life Span: Ecological and Genetic Highlights from Asian Countries. | Chong PN et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Exploring unknowns in cardiology. | Alfieri O et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene polymorphisms are associated with physical activity, food intake, eating behaviors, psychological health, and modeled change in body mass index in overweight/obese Caucasian adults. | Harbron J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Findings from the Quebec Family Study on the Etiology of Obesity: Genetics and Environmental Highlights. | Chaput JP et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and body mass index: gene-diet interaction analysis in three US cohort studies. | Qi Q et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| FTO genetic variants, dietary intake and body mass index: insights from 177,330 individuals. | Qi Q et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| FTO genotype, physical activity, and coronary heart disease risk in Swedish men and women. | Gustavsson J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| FTO genotype, vitamin D status, and weight gain during childhood. | Lourenço BH et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction. | Manuck SB et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Gene-Lifestyle Interactions in Complex Diseases: Design and Description of the GLACIER and VIKING Studies. | Kurbasic A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genetics of Alzheimer's disease. | Chouraki V et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genetics of disc-related disorders: current findings and lessons from other complex diseases. | Näkki A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and obesity: from genome-wide association studies to rare variants and beyond. | Grarup N et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genome-wide association studies of obesity and metabolic syndrome. | Fall T et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genotype by energy expenditure interaction and body composition traits: The Portuguese Healthy Family Study. | Santos DM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Health inequalities in urban adolescents: role of physical activity, diet, and genetics. | Ortega FB et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Heritability: The family roots of obesity. | Willyard C | — | 2014 | → |
| Human obesity: FTO, IRX3, or both? | Cedernaes J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Integrating genetics and social science: genetic risk scores. | Belsky DW et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Interaction between genetic predisposition to obesity and dietary calcium in relation to subsequent change in body weight and waist circumference. | Larsen SC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Lack of association between DRD2 and OPRM1 genotypes and adiposity. | Hardman CA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Moderate to vigorous physical activity interactions with genetic variants and body mass index in a large US ethnically diverse cohort. | Richardson AS et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Modification of genetic influences on adiposity between 36 and 63 years of age by physical activity and smoking in the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. | Johnson W et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Obesity and FTO: Changing Focus at a Complex Locus. | Tung YCL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| On the association of common and rare genetic variation influencing body mass index: a combined SNP and CNV analysis. | Peterson RE et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Physical activity and sedentary behaviors associated with risk of progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. | Bao W et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Programming effects of FTO in the development of obesity. | Sebert S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Response to Dr. Cawley. | Downey M | — | 2014 | → |
| Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and DNA methylation markers associated with central obesity and regulation of body weight. | Goni L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The Affordable Care Act permits greater financial rewards for weight loss: a good idea in principle, but many practical concerns remain. | Cawley J | — | 2014 | → |
| The bigger picture of FTO: the first GWAS-identified obesity gene. | Loos RJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The role of environmental heterogeneity in meta-analysis of gene-environment interactions with quantitative traits. | Li S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The role of the FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity Related) locus in regulating body size and composition. | Yeo GS | — | 2014 | → |
| Toward personalized prevention of obesity: can vitamin D negate the FTO effect? | Engelman CD | — | 2014 | → |
| Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Childhood Obesity: protocol description. | Forslund A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2012. | Pérusse L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Association of the FTO and ADRB2 genes with body composition and fat distribution in obese women. | Rauhio A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Associations between a polymorphism in the pleiotropic GCKR and Age-related phenotypes: the HALCyon programme. | Alfred T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Causal inference of the effect of adiposity on bone mineral density in adults. | Warodomwichit D et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Challenges in reproducibility of genetic association studies: lessons learned from the obesity field. | Li A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Cohort profile: the English longitudinal study of ageing. | Steptoe A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Exploring gene-environment relationships in cardiovascular disease. | Joseph PG et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| FTO predicts weight regain in the Look AHEAD clinical trial. | McCaffery JM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Gene-environment and gene-treatment interactions in type 2 diabetes: progress, pitfalls, and prospects. | Franks PW et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Gene × environment interactions in obesity: the state of the evidence. | Ahmad S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Gene × physical activity interactions in obesity: combined analysis of 111,421 individuals of European ancestry. | Ahmad S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic control of obesity and gut microbiota composition in response to high-fat, high-sucrose diet in mice. | Parks BW et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic instrumental variable studies of effects of prenatal risk factors. | Wehby GL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic predisposition to obesity and lifestyle factors--the combined analyses of twenty-six known BMI- and fourteen known waist:hip ratio (WHR)-associated variants in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. | Jääskeläinen T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic screening for the risk of type 2 diabetes: worthless or valuable? | Lyssenko V et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetics in population health science: strategies and opportunities. | Belsky DW et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) in association with food preferences in healthy adults. | Brunkwall L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Lifestyle factors modify obesity risk linked to PPARG2 and FTO variants in an elderly population: a cross-sectional analysis in the SUN Project. | Galbete C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 variants and dietary fatty acids: meta-analysis of European origin and African American studies. | Smith CE et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Meal frequencies modify the effect of common genetic variants on body mass index in adolescents of the northern Finland birth cohort 1986. | Jääskeläinen A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Obesity-susceptibility loci and the tails of the pediatric BMI distribution. | Mitchell JA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Obesogens and obesity--an alternative view? | Sharpe RM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Relation of parenting styles, feeding styles and feeding practices to child overweight and obesity. Direct and moderated effects. | Hubbs-Tait L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Scientific decision making, policy decisions, and the obesity pandemic. | Hebert JR et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Screen time behaviours may interact with obesity genes, independent of physical activity, to influence adolescent BMI in an ethnically diverse cohort. | Graff M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The biology of FTO: from nucleic acid demethylase to amino acid sensor. | Gulati P et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The case-only test for gene-environment interaction is not uniformly powerful: an empirical example. | Wu C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The FTO A/T polymorphism and elite athletic performance: a study involving three groups of European athletes. | Eynon N et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The influence of obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms on BMI across the life course: the PAGE study. | Graff M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The new perspectives on genetic studies of type 2 diabetes and thyroid diseases. | Xu M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The positive association of obesity variants with adulthood adiposity strengthens over an 80-year period: a gene-by-birth year interaction. | Demerath EW et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Where genotype is not predictive of phenotype: towards an understanding of the molecular basis of reduced penetrance in human inherited disease. | Cooper DN et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2011. | Roth SM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Aerobic fitness does not modify the effect of FTO variation on body composition traits. | Huuskonen A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Beyond the fourth wave of genome-wide obesity association studies. | Sandholt CH et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Common variants of FTO are associated with childhood obesity in a cross-sectional study of 3,126 urban Indian children. | Dwivedi OP et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Current genetic data do not improve the prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the CoLaus study. | Schmid R et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Early determinants of obesity: genetic, epigenetic, and in utero influences. | Rhee KE et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Fat mass and obesity-associated gene polymorphisms do not affect metabolic response to hormone therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. | Ramos RB et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| FTO genotype is associated with phenotypic variability of body mass index. | Yang J et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Gene-environment interactions in the development of type 2 diabetes: recent progress and continuing challenges. | Cornelis MC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Gene-exercise interactions. | Rankinen T et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Gene-Lifestyle Interactions in Obesity. | van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic determinants of common obesity and their value in prediction. | Loos RJ | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetics of pediatric obesity. | Manco M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Impact of FTO genotypes on BMI and weight in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | Wojciechowski P et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Inclusion of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions unlikely to dramatically improve risk prediction for complex diseases. | Aschard H et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Leisure time activities in adolescence in the presence of susceptibility genes for obesity: risk or resilience against overweight in adulthood? The HUNT study. | Cuypers K et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Molecular nutrition research: the modern way of performing nutritional science. | Norheim F et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Novel AlkB dioxygenases--alternative models for in silico and in vivo studies. | Mielecki D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Obesity and eating behaviour in children and adolescents: contribution of common gene polymorphisms. | Cecil J et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Obesity: lessons from evolution and the environment. | Heitmann BL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Obesity-susceptibility loci and their influence on adiposity-related traits in transition from adolescence to adulthood--the HUNT study. | Cuypers KF et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Physical activity and sex modulate obesity risk linked to 3111T/C gene variant of the CLOCK gene in an elderly population: the SUN Project. | Galbete C et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Potential clinical translation of juvenile rodent inactivity models to study the onset of childhood obesity. | Roberts MD et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Statistical and biological gene-lifestyle interactions of MC4R and FTO with diet and physical activity on obesity: new effects on alcohol consumption. | Corella D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages and genetic risk of obesity. | Qi Q et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Targeting the consequences of the metabolic syndrome in the Diabetes Prevention Program. | Goldberg RB et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Television watching, leisure time physical activity, and the genetic predisposition in relation to body mass index in women and men. | Qi Q et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The genetics of obesity in transition. | Demerath EW | — | 2012 | → |
| The impact of intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms and ethnic diversity for studies on the obesity gene FTO. | Jacobsson JA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Twins and the mystery of missing heritability: the contribution of gene-environment interactions. | Kaprio J | — | 2012 | → |
| Obesity: physical activity reduces genetic contribution to obesity risk. | Osório J | — | 2011 | → |
| On the futility of screening for genes that make you fat. | Veerman JL | — | 2011 | → |