Overview of substance use disorders and incarceration of african american males.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Mukku, Venkata K; Benson, Timothy G; Alam, Farzana; Richie, William D; Bailey, Rahn K
- Year
- 2012
- Journal
- Frontiers in psychiatry
- PMID
- 23162480
- DOI
- 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00098
- PMCID
- PMC3495267
Incarceration affects the lives of many African American men and often leads to poverty, ill health, violence, and a decreased quality of life. There has been an unprecedented increase in incarceration among African American males since 1970. In 2009, the incarceration rate among black males was 6.7 times that of white males and 2.6 times of Hispanic males. Substance abuse in African American males leads to higher mortality rates, high rates of alcohol-related problems, more likely to be victims of crimes, and HIV/AIDS. African Americans comprised only 14% of the U.S. population but comprised 38% of the jail population. The cost of incarcerating persons involved in substance related crimes has increased considerably over the past two decades in the U.S. A reduction in the incarceration rate for non-violent offences would save an estimated $17 billion per year. Substance use disorder makes the individual more prone to polysubstance use and leads to impulse control problems, selling drugs, and other crimes. The high rate of incarceration in U.S. may adversely affect health care, the economy of the country, and will become a burden on society. Implementation of good mental health care, treatment of addiction during and after incarceration will help to decrease the chances of reoffending. Therapeutic community programs with prison-based and specialized treatment facilities, cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for 91-180 days, and 12-step orientation with staff specialized in substance abuse can be helpful. It is essential for health care professionals to increase public awareness of substance abuse and find ways to decrease the high rates of incarceration.
Comparison of incarceration rates among African Americans, Whites and Hispanics in 2006 and 2009.
LLM interpretation
This grouped bar chart compares incarceration rates for African Americans, Whites, and Hispanics in 2006 and 2009. The y-axis represents a numerical rate (0 to 5000), showing that incarceration rates increased for all three groups between 2006 and 2009. African Americans have the highest rates in both years, with the most substantial increase occurring between the two time points.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 12-step orientation local | cohort |
| abstinence rates | phenotype |
| academic performance | phenotype |
| addiction | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adult offenders local | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| Affective stability local | phenotype |
| African American | cohort |
| African American adolescent males local | cohort |
| African American males local | cohort |
| African American Males local | cohort |
| African American youths local | cohort |
| age | phenotype |
| Age 18-29 local | cohort |
| Age 45-64 | cohort |
| age 65+ | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| Alcohol Problems | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | phenotype |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| Arrest for Possession of Drugs local | phenotype |
| Arrest for Public Intoxication local | phenotype |
| Arrest for Selling Drugs local | phenotype |
| arrests | phenotype |
| awareness local | phenotype |
| behavior | phenotype |
| behavioral disorders | phenotype |
| black men | cohort |
| Black or African American adolescents local | cohort |
| blacks | cohort |
| Blunted emotional reactivity local | phenotype |
| Caucasian youths local | cohort |
| CBT treatment local | cohort |
| church involvement local | phenotype |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| Cocaine violations local | phenotype |
| cognition | phenotype |
| connectedness local | phenotype |
| co-occurring SUDs local | phenotype |
| Co-occurring SUDs and Mental Disorder local | phenotype |
| coping skills local | phenotype |
| crack | drug |
| Crack users local | phenotype |
| crime | phenotype |
| crime victimization local | phenotype |
| Criminal acts local | phenotype |
| criminal incarceration local | phenotype |
| criminal justice disparities local | phenotype |
| criminal justice system local | phenotype |
| decision making | phenotype |
| decreased quality of life local | phenotype |
| deviant peer associations local | phenotype |
| discrimination | phenotype |
| Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) local | phenotype |
| drug dealing local | phenotype |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| drug offenders local | cohort |
| drug related incarcerations local | phenotype |
| drugs | drug |
| early adulthood | cohort |
| early onset SUD local | phenotype |
| economic stress local | phenotype |
| education | phenotype |
| executive functioning | phenotype |
| extracurricular activities local | phenotype |
| family history of drug or alcohol abuse local | phenotype |
| Forethought local | phenotype |
| Frontal limbic system local | anatomy |
| Grella et al., 2007 local | cohort |
| health care local | drug |
| health care programs local | drug |
| health consequences | phenotype |
| Health disparities | phenotype |
| Hispanic | phenotype |
| Hispanic youths local | cohort |
| HIV infection | phenotype |
| homelessness | phenotype |
| ill health local | phenotype |
| illicit drugs | phenotype |
| Impulse control problems | phenotype |
| Incarcerated People local | phenotype |
| incarceration | phenotype |
| incarceration costs local | phenotype |
| Inmates held in prisons and jails local | phenotype |
| Jail population local | cohort |
| Juvenile detention local | phenotype |
| juvenile offenders local | cohort |
| lack of Medicaid insurance local | phenotype |
| language barriers local | phenotype |
| Latinos local | phenotype |
| loitering local | phenotype |
| lower income urban African American households local | cohort |
| low family pride local | phenotype |
| low self-esteem | phenotype |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| marital conflicts local | phenotype |
| medication | drug |
| mental health care local | phenotype |
| mentorship local | phenotype |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| mortality | phenotype |
| Motor vehicle accidents | phenotype |
| National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) | cohort |
| Native Americans | cohort |
| neighborhood disadvantage | phenotype |
| neighborhood physical disorder local | phenotype |
| neighborhood social disorder local | phenotype |
| neuroplasticity | phenotype |
| Non-medical use of prescription type drugs local | phenotype |
| Non-verbal retrieval local | phenotype |
| North America | cohort |
| physical health problems local | phenotype |
| polysubstance abuse | phenotype |
| Population on death row local | phenotype |
| poverty | phenotype |
| Prescription type drugs local | drug |
| prior incarceration local | phenotype |
| Prior Incarceration History local | phenotype |
| Problem solving | phenotype |
| racism | phenotype |
| recidivism local | phenotype |
| Recidivism local | phenotype |
| Reincarceration local | phenotype |
| Released offenders local | cohort |
| reoffending local | phenotype |
| Selling drugs local | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| social service agencies local | phenotype |
| Socioeconomic Problems local | phenotype |
| stimulants | drug |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| substance-related crimes local | phenotype |
| substance-related offenses local | phenotype |
| substance-related outcomes local | drug |
| substance use | phenotype |
| SUD | phenotype |
| support network local | phenotype |
| Therapeutic community programs local | cohort |
| unemployment | phenotype |
| United States | cohort |
| untreated schizophrenia local | phenotype |
| U.S. incarceration local | cohort |
| U.S. population under 17 years of age local | cohort |
| U.S. state prison population local | cohort |
| Verbal retrieval local | phenotype |
| victimization | phenotype |
| violence | phenotype |
| Violent acts local | phenotype |
| Visuospatial skills local | phenotype |
| White adolescents | cohort |
| whites | cohort |
| young men (ages 18–24) local | cohort |
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In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| An endophenotype approach to the genetics of alcohol dependence: a genome wide association study of fast beta EEG in families of African ancestry. | 2017 | 28070124 |
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| A systematic scoping review of research on Black participants in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. | Montgomery L et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Editorial: Health equity in substance use disorder treatment. | Montgomery L et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Pathways linking family stress to youth delinquency and substance use: Exploring the mediating roles of self-efficacy and future orientation. | Voisin DR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| Does a Crossover Age Effect Exist for African American and Hispanic Binge Drinkers? Findings from the 2010 to 2013 National Study on Drug Use and Health. | Zapolski TCB et al. | — | 2017 | → |
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| The relationship between life stressors and drug and sexual behaviors among a population-based sample of young Black men who have sex with men in Chicago. | Voisin DR et al. | — | 2017 | → |
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| Case studies from three states: breaking down silos between health care and criminal justice. | Bechelli MJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The Canadian war on drugs: structural violence and unequal treatment of Black Canadians. | Khenti A | — | 2014 | → |