The neuropathology of autism: defects of neurogenesis and neuronal migration, and dysplastic changes.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Wegiel, Jerzy; Kuchna, Izabela; Nowicki, Krzysztof; Imaki, Humi; Wegiel, Jarek; Marchi, Elaine; Ma, Shuang Yong; Chauhan, Abha; Chauhan, Ved; Bobrowicz, Teresa Wierzba; de Leon, Mony; Louis, Leslie A Saint; Cohen, Ira L; London, Eric; Brown, W Ted; Wisniewski, Thomas
- Year
- 2010
- Journal
- Acta neuropathologica
- PMID
- 20198484
- DOI
- 10.1007/s00401-010-0655-4
- PMCID
- PMC2869041
Autism is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations including qualitative impairments in social interactions and communication, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Abnormal acceleration of brain growth in early childhood, signs of slower growth of neurons, and minicolumn developmental abnormalities suggest multiregional alterations. The aim of this study was to detect the patterns of focal qualitative developmental defects and to identify brain regions that are prone to developmental alterations in autism. Formalin-fixed brain hemispheres of 13 autistic (4-60 years of age) and 14 age-matched control subjects were embedded in celloidin and cut into 200-mum-thick coronal sections, which were stained with cresyl violet and used for neuropathological evaluation. Thickening of the subependymal cell layer in two brains and subependymal nodular dysplasia in one brain is indicative of active neurogenesis in two autistic children. Subcortical, periventricular, hippocampal and cerebellar heterotopias detected in the brains of four autistic subjects (31%) reflect abnormal neuronal migration. Multifocal cerebral dysplasia resulted in local distortion of the cytoarchitecture of the neocortex in four brains (31%), of the entorhinal cortex in two brains (15%), of the cornu Ammonis in four brains and of the dentate gyrus in two brains. Cerebellar flocculonodular dysplasia detected in six subjects (46%), focal dysplasia in the vermis in one case, and hypoplasia in one subject indicate local failure of cerebellar development in 62% of autistic subjects. Detection of flocculonodular dysplasia in only one control subject and of a broad spectrum of focal qualitative neuropathological developmental changes in 12 of 13 examined brains of autistic subjects (92%) reflects multiregional dysregulation of neurogenesis, neuronal migration and maturation in autism, which may contribute to the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype.
Nodules in the wall of the lateral ventricle detected in postmortem MRI (a) in the brain of a 7-year-old male diagnosed with autism (B-6403) revealed features of subependymal nodular dysplasia (SND; b) in examination of CV-stained sections. c Numerous large and small nodules (arrow) dispersed within subependymal cell layer. They contained a few pyramidal-like neurons (d) and numerous poorly differentiated cells (e). Tuber-like expansion of the caudate nucleus (arrow) into the ventricle lumen is shown in MRI (f) and in CV-stained section (g). g A thick subependymal cell layer above and below (two arrows) the caudate nucleus (CN), and the absence of matrix in the tuber-like area. Under ependymal (E) cap of the caudate nucleus (CN) tuber-like expansion, small poorly differentiated neurons are present (h)
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of a multi-panel composite of postmortem MRI scans (a, f) and Cresyl Violet (CV)-stained histological sections (b, c, d, e, g, h) of a human brain. The images demonstrate subependymal nodular dysplasia (SND) and a tuber-like expansion of the caudate nucleus (CN) protruding into the lateral ventricle (V). High-magnification histological views (d, e, h) show the cellular composition of these nodules, including pyramidal-like and poorly differentiated neurons.
Large subcortical heterotopia within anterior cingulate gyrus in a 5-year-old autistic child (UMB-1627) (a) contained dysplastic neurons without spatial orientation (b). Periventricular heterotopia near the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle (c MRI, d, e CV-stained section) shows a structure resembling molecular, granule and pyramidal layers in a 7-year-old autistic subject (B-6403). MRI (f), low (g) and large (h) magnification of heterotopia (arrow) with dysplastic granule (G) and molecular layer (M) detected within cerebellar white matter in an 11-year-old autistic subject (B-5342)
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of a multi-panel composite of MRI scans and histological sections (CV-stained) showing cortical heterotopias in three autistic subjects. Panels (a-b) show a subcortical heterotopia with dysplastic neurons, (c-e) display periventricular heterotopia near the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle, and (f-h) illustrate a heterotopia within the cerebellar white matter. High-magnification images (h) specifically label a granule layer (G) and a molecular layer (M) within the cerebellar lesion.
Dysplastic changes within neocortex (a, b), entorhinal cortex (c, d), dentate gyrus (e, f) and the cornu Ammonis (g, h). Focal dysplasia in frontal cortex with loss of vertical and horizontal cytoarchitecture (two arrows) and abnormal (arrowhead) laminar organization (a). Dysplastic neurons within affected area (B-6212) (b). Microdysgenesis within the entorhinal cortex with deficit of stellate neurons in the islands (c) and normal morphology of islands in adjacent cortex (d) in 60-year-old autistic subject (B-7090). Microdysgenesis of the dentate gyrus with dispersion of granule cells within the molecular layer (e, arrow) and distortion of the granule cell layer shape (f, arrows) in 13-year-old autistic male (B-5535). CA1 sector microdysgenesis with local deficit of pyramidal neurons (g, arrow) without markers of gliosis but with signs of poor differentiation of dysplastic abnormally arranged neurons (h) in 13-year-old autistic subject (B-5535)
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of eight histological microscopy images (a-h) showing dysplastic changes in various brain regions of autistic subjects. Panels (a-b) show focal dysplasia in the frontal cortex, (c-d) compare microdysgenesis in the entorhinal cortex to normal morphology, (e-f) illustrate granule cell dispersion and layer distortion in the dentate gyrus (DG), and (g-h) show pyramidal neuron deficits in the CA1 sector. Arrows and arrowheads are used to highlight specific architectural abnormalities and dysplastic neurons across the different brain areas.
Flocculonodular dysplasia in cerebellum of 56-year-old autistic subject (B-6276) (a) with thin irregular granule (G) and molecular (M) layer. b Dysplastic granule layer (G), ectopic granule cells (arrow) in the molecular layer, and loosely dispersed Purkinje cells (P) (B-6276). Cortical dysplasia within vermis of 13-year-old autistic male (c) with dysplastic granule neurons mixed with heterotopic (arrow) large cells (d) (B-5535). e Severe hypoplasia of cerebellar lobe 3 and unmodified lobe 6 (f), respectively, within the cerebellum of a 60-year-old autistic male (B-7090). In the affected region, the thickness of the hypoplastic molecular and granule cell layer was reduced by about 50%. Almost half of the dentate nucleus (DN) was less convoluted than the unaffected part (g)
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of seven histological micrographs (a-g) showing cerebellar abnormalities in autistic subjects. Panels (a-d) display high-magnification views of cortical dysplasia, highlighting irregular granule (G) and molecular (M) layers, ectopic granule cells (arrows), and dispersed Purkinje cells (P). Panels (e-g) show low-magnification comparisons of cerebellar lobes and the dentate nucleus (DN), illustrating severe hypoplasia and reduced layer thickness in affected regions.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 25,505 kb deletion in NPSR1 local | variant |
| 4β7-year-old autistic children local | cohort |
| Abnormal APP processing local | phenotype |
| abnormal EEG local | phenotype |
| Abnormal EEG local | phenotype |
| abnormal migration of granule neurons into the molecular layer local | phenotype |
| Abnormal neuronal migration local | phenotype |
| Accelerated brain growth local | phenotype |
| Accelerated growth of the brain in early childhood local | phenotype |
| Acrytol local | drug |
| ADHD | phenotype |
| Age-matched control group local | cohort |
| aggression | phenotype |
| agitation | phenotype |
| allergies local | phenotype |
| Amyloid protein precursor local | drug |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| antidepressants | drug |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| archicortex local | anatomy |
| Archicortex local | anatomy |
| attention-orienting deficits local | phenotype |
| autism | phenotype |
| Autism brain study cohort local | cohort |
| autistic cohort local | cohort |
| autistic subjects local | cohort |
| Autistic subjects local | cohort |
| B-5342 local | cohort |
| B-5535 local | cohort |
| B-5666 local | cohort |
| B-6115 local | cohort |
| B-6212 local | cohort |
| B-6337 local | cohort |
| balloon cells local | phenotype |
| ballooned glial cells local | phenotype |
| basal ganglia | anatomy |
| Basket cells local | anatomy |
| Bcl2 | gene |
| behavioral disorders | phenotype |
| bipolar large neurons local | phenotype |
| Bipolar large neurons local | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| Brain bank # local | cohort |
| Brain Bank for Developmental Disabilities and Aging of the NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities local | cohort |
| Brain cytoarchitecture local | phenotype |
| brain development | phenotype |
| brain hemisphere local | anatomy |
| Brain hemisphere local | anatomy |
| brain_lesion local | phenotype |
| brainstem | anatomy |
| brain white matter | anatomy |
| CA1 | anatomy |
| CA1 sector local | anatomy |
| calcification local | phenotype |
| caudate nucleus | anatomy |
| caudate nucleus tail local | anatomy |
| Celloidin local | drug |
| Cell organelle turnover local | phenotype |
| Cerebellar coordination of locomotion local | phenotype |
| Cerebellar dysplasia local | anatomy |
| Cerebellar dysplasia local | phenotype |
| cerebellar hemisphere | anatomy |
| Cerebellar heterotaxia local | phenotype |
| cerebellar heterotopia local | phenotype |
| Cerebellar lobes 1-4 local | anatomy |
| Cerebellar microarchitecture changes local | phenotype |
| Cerebellar nuclei local | anatomy |
| Cerebellar ventricular zone local | anatomy |
| cerebellar vermis | anatomy |
| cerebellar volume | anatomy |
| cerebellum | anatomy |
| cerebellum vermis local | anatomy |
| cerebral_hemisphere local | anatomy |
| Cerebral hemisphere local | anatomy |
| children | cohort |
| chloroform | drug |
| cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| Claustrum local | anatomy |
| cognition | phenotype |
| communication difficulties local | phenotype |
| Complex autism local | phenotype |
| control | cohort |
| Control brain local | cohort |
| control group | cohort |
| control subjects | cohort |
| cornu ammonis | anatomy |
| corpus callosum | anatomy |
| cortex | anatomy |
| Cortical angioma local | anatomy |
| cortical dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Cortical dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Cortical ribbon local | anatomy |
| Cortical tubers local | anatomy |
| Cresyl violet | drug |
| DCX | gene |
| Defect of neuronal maturation local | phenotype |
| Delayed neuronal growth local | phenotype |
| Dendritic arborization local | phenotype |
| Dentate Granule Cell Layer local | anatomy |
| dentate gyrus | anatomy |
| Dentate gyrus dysplasia local | phenotype |
| dentate nucleus local | anatomy |
| Dentate nucleus local | anatomy |
| depression | phenotype |
| Desynchronized neuronal growth local | phenotype |
| Developmental abnormalities | phenotype |
| Disturbed movement coordination local | phenotype |
| Down syndrome | phenotype |
| dysplasia local | phenotype |
| dysplastic changes local | phenotype |
| Dysplastic changes local | phenotype |
| dysplastic neurons local | phenotype |
| Dysplastic neurons local | phenotype |
| Dysplastic nodule local | phenotype |
| Early onset epilepsy local | phenotype |
| entorhinal cortex | anatomy |
| Ependyma local | anatomy |
| epilepsy | phenotype |
| Essential autism local | phenotype |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| Examined cohort local | cohort |
| FLNA local | gene |
| flocculonodular dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Flocculonodular dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Flocculonodular lobe local | anatomy |
| flocculonodular region local | anatomy |
| Flocculonodular region local | anatomy |
| focal cortical dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Focal cortical dysplasia local | anatomy |
| Focal cortical dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Focal cortical microdysgenesis local | phenotype |
| Focal developmental abnormalities local | phenotype |
| focal dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Focal dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Focal dysplasia in entorhinal cortex local | phenotype |
| Focal hypoplasia local | phenotype |
| focal neuronal heterotopia local | phenotype |
| formalin | drug |
| fragile X syndrome | phenotype |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| frontal horn of lateral ventricle local | anatomy |
| Frontal inferior gyrus local | anatomy |
| fronto-striatal network | anatomy |
| functional abnormalities | phenotype |
| GABA | phenotype |
| GAD1 | gene |
| Germinal zones local | anatomy |
| Giant neuron- and balloon cell-free dysplasias local | phenotype |
| giant neurons local | phenotype |
| Glial activation local | phenotype |
| granular layer | anatomy |
| granule layer local | anatomy |
| Granule layer local | anatomy |
| granule layer of dentate gyrus local | anatomy |
| Granule layer of dentate gyrus local | anatomy |
| Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center | cohort |
| Head-banging local | phenotype |
| Heterotaxias local | phenotype |
| heterotopia local | phenotype |
| Heterotopia local | phenotype |
| Heterotopias local | phenotype |
| high-functioning autism local | cohort |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| Huntington's disease | phenotype |
| hyperactivity | phenotype |
| Hyperlexia local | phenotype |
| hyperplasia local | phenotype |
| hypocellular areas local | phenotype |
| hypoplasia | phenotype |
| IBR93-01 local | cohort |
| Infants with trisomy local | cohort |
| inferior frontal gyrus | anatomy |
| inferior temporal gyrus | anatomy |
| insula | anatomy |
| intellectual disability | phenotype |
| Intellectual impairment local | phenotype |
| Internal granular layer local | anatomy |
| irregular circles and loops of granule cells local | phenotype |
| large nodules local | phenotype |
| large tubers local | phenotype |
| L.A.S.L. local | cohort |
| lateral ventricle | anatomy |
| lithium | drug |
| lobes 1β4 local | anatomy |
| Lobe X local | anatomy |
| Lobule X local | anatomy |
| Local cortical dysplasia local | phenotype |
| mania | phenotype |
| medium neurons local | phenotype |
| Medium neurons local | phenotype |
| mental retardation | phenotype |
| microcephaly | phenotype |
| Microdysgenesis local | phenotype |
| middle temporal gyrus | anatomy |
| Minicolumn pathology local | phenotype |
| Moderate mental retardation local | phenotype |
| Moderate MR local | phenotype |
| Moderate to severe mental retardation local | phenotype |
| molecular layer | anatomy |
| Molecular layer of dentate gyrus local | anatomy |
| Mosaic of local developmental defects local | phenotype |
| Motor behavior | phenotype |
| movement coordination defects local | phenotype |
| mTOR | gene |
| Multifocal disorganization of gray and white matter local | phenotype |
| Multifocal neocortical dysplasia local | phenotype |
| multipolar neurons local | phenotype |
| Multipolar neurons local | phenotype |
| Neo- and archicortex local | anatomy |
| neocortex | anatomy |
| neurogenesis defect local | phenotype |
| Neuronal immaturity local | phenotype |
| neuronal migration defect local | phenotype |
| New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities local | cohort |
| NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders local | cohort |
| Nodular dysplasia local | phenotype |
| nonalcoholic | cohort |
| Normal infants local | cohort |
| normal-sized cerebellum local | phenotype |
| No seizures local | phenotype |
| NPSR1 | gene |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | phenotype |
| occipital horn of lateral ventricle local | anatomy |
| Occipital horn of lateral ventricle local | anatomy |
| Olivary complex local | anatomy |
| oval or polygonal giant cells local | phenotype |
| oxidative stress | phenotype |
| periventricular heterotopia local | phenotype |
| Periventricular heterotopias local | anatomy |
| periventricular nodular heterotopia local | phenotype |
| pervasive developmental disorder local | phenotype |
| Pervasive developmental disorder local | phenotype |
| Pharmaco-resistant seizures local | phenotype |
| Pigment accumulation local | phenotype |
| pineal gland | anatomy |
| Poorly differentiated neurons local | phenotype |
| Pre- and perinatally acquired lesions local | phenotype |
| Prenatal ischemia local | phenotype |
| Purkinje cell loss local | phenotype |
| Purkinje cells | anatomy |
| Pyramidal neuron deficit local | phenotype |
| pyramidal neurons | anatomy |
| Reduced cell size local | phenotype |
| reduced cerebellar hemisphere size local | phenotype |
| reduced exploration | phenotype |
| Reduced neuron volume local | phenotype |
| Reln | gene |
| Rett syndrome | phenotype |
| Rhombic lip local | anatomy |
| rigid and repetitive behaviors local | phenotype |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| self-injurious behavior local | phenotype |
| Self-injurious behavior local | phenotype |
| Sensory integration disorder local | phenotype |
| Shaken infant syndrome local | phenotype |
| small neurons local | phenotype |
| Small neurons local | phenotype |
| small nodules local | phenotype |
| social impairment | phenotype |
| Spine expression local | phenotype |
| stereotypic behavior local | phenotype |
| Stratum oriens local | anatomy |
| stratum oriens of hippocampus local | anatomy |
| Structural brain malformation local | phenotype |
| subcortical heterotopia local | phenotype |
| Subcortical heterotopias local | anatomy |
| subependymal cell layer local | anatomy |
| Subependymal cell layer local | anatomy |
| Subependymal germinal matrix local | anatomy |
| subependymal nodular dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Subependymal nodular dysplasia local | anatomy |
| Subependymal nodular dysplasia local | phenotype |
| subependymal nodules local | phenotype |
| Subependymal nodules local | anatomy |
| Subependymal nodules local | phenotype |
| Subventricular germinal zone local | anatomy |
| subventricular zone | anatomy |
| tantrums local | phenotype |
| TBR2 | gene |
| Three autistic subjects local | cohort |
| total brain volume | anatomy |
| Tourette syndrome | phenotype |
| tuber-like expansion of caudate nucleus tail local | phenotype |
| Tuberous expansion local | phenotype |
| tuberous sclerosis | phenotype |
| tuberous sclerosis patients local | cohort |
| UMB-1638 local | cohort |
| Ventricle lumen local | anatomy |
| Ventricular wall local | anatomy |
| Vermal dysplasia local | phenotype |
| Vestibular complex local | anatomy |
| white matter | anatomy |
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| Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders. | 2010 | 20531469 |
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| Association Between Midpregnancy Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Offspring Autism Spectrum Disorder in a California Population-Based Case-Control Study. | Lyall K et al. | β | 2021 | β |
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| Bipolar disorder with Melnick-Needles syndrome and periventricular nodular heterotopia: two case reportsΒ andΒ a review of theΒ literature. | Riccio MP et al. | β | 2021 | β |
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| Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) Roles in Cell Biology, Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disorders. | Aliperti V et al. | β | 2021 | β |
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| The role of Imp and Syp RBPs in precise neuronal elimination by apoptosis through the regulation of TFs | Guan W et al. | β | 2021 | β |
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| Stereological Investigation of the Rat Ventral Thalamic Nuclei Following Developmental Hyperserotonemia. | Hough LH et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Structural and Functional Aberrations of the Auditory Brainstem in Autism Spectrum Disorder. | Smith A et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| Term or Preterm Cesarean Section Delivery Does Not Lead to Long-term Detrimental Consequences in Mice. | Chiesa M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype. | Courchesne E et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Autophagy-Cilia Axis: An Intricate Relationship. | Morleo M et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The <i>Reeler</i> Mouse: A Translational Model of Human Neurological Conditions, or Simply a Good Tool for Better Understanding Neurodevelopment? | Lossi L et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Liver X Receptor Agonist TO901317 Ameliorates Behavioral Deficits in Two Mouse Models of Autism. | Cai Y et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The role of Pax6 in brain development and its impact on pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. | Kikkawa T et al. | β | 2019 | β |
| The Structural Model: a theory linking connections, plasticity, pathology, development and evolution of the cerebral cortex. | GarcΓa-Cabezas MΓ et al. | β | 2019 | β |
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| Using a Multi-Stage hESC Model to Characterize BDE-47 Toxicity During Neurogenesis. | Chen H et al. | β | 2019 | β |
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| ZEB1 Represses Neural Differentiation and Cooperates with CTBP2 to Dynamically Regulate Cell Migration during Neocortex Development. | Wang H et al. | β | 2019 | β |
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| Brain Somatic Mutations in MTOR Disrupt Neuronal Ciliogenesis, Leading to Focal Cortical Dyslamination. | Park SM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Characterizing the Interplay Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Medical Conditions: An Integrative Review. | Tye C et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Liver X receptor Ξ² regulates the development of the dentate gyrus and autistic-like behavior in the mouse. | Cai Y et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Multidimensional Neuroanatomical Subtyping of Autism Spectrum Disorder. | Hong SJ et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| NEGR1 and FGFR2 cooperatively regulate cortical development and core behaviours related to autism disorders in mice. | Szczurkowska J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Neural progenitor fate decision defects, cortical hypoplasia and behavioral impairment in Celsr1-deficient mice. | Boucherie C et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Neural stem cells in neuropsychiatric disorders. | Sacco R et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Neurobehavioral effects of long-term maternal fructose intake in rat offspring. | Erbas O et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Opposite development of short- and long-range anterior cingulate pathways in autism. | Zikopoulos B et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Optically derived metabolic and hemodynamic parameters predict hippocampal neurogenesis in the BTBR mouse model of autism. | Abookasis D et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Oxytocin and excitation/inhibition balance in social recognition. | Lopatina OL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Pathophysiological and neurobehavioral characteristics of a propionic acid-mediated autism-like rat model. | Choi J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Possible involvement of a cell adhesion molecule, Migfilin, in brain development and pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. | Ishizuka K et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Preliminary Studies on Immune Response and Viral Pathogenesis of Zika Virus in Rhesus Macaques. | Woollard SM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Prenatal Neuropathologies in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: The Gestation of a Comprehensive Zebrafish Model. | Kozol RA | β | 2018 | β |
| Prenatal stress and the developing brain: Risks for neurodevelopmental disorders. | van den Bergh BRH et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Psychiatry in a Dish: Stem Cells and Brain Organoids Modeling Autism Spectrum Disorders. | Ilieva M et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Role of <i>miR-146a</i> in neural stem cell differentiation and neural lineage determination: relevance for neurodevelopmental disorders. | Nguyen LS et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Rises to the Surface: Emerging Roles in Neocortical Development. | Yabut OR et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Structural brain alterations in autism and environmental exposure to nitrous oxide. | Fluegge K | β | 2018 | β |
| Widespread Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Intellectual Disability. | Casanova EL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Zika Virus as a Possible Risk Factor for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neuroimmunological Aspects. | Vianna P et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Alterations of Growth Factors in Autism and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. | Galvez-Contreras AY et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Altered neurite morphology and cholinergic function of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from a patient with Kleefstra syndrome and autism. | Nagy J et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| A Requirement for Mena, an Actin Regulator, in Local mRNA Translation in Developing Neurons. | Vidaki M et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| CAPS2 deficiency affects environmental enrichment-induced adult neurogenesis and differentiation/survival of newborn neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. | Yagishita K et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Developmental Neurotoxicity of Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Focus on Autism. | Costa LG et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Dysfunctional mTORC1 Signaling: A Convergent Mechanism between Syndromic and Nonsyndromic Forms of Autism Spectrum Disorder? | Magdalon J et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Fundamental Elements in Autism: From Neurogenesis and Neurite Growth to Synaptic Plasticity. | Gilbert J et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| GΞ²2 Regulates the Multipolar-Bipolar Transition of Newborn Neurons in the Developing Neocortex. | Guo Y et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Hippo kinases maintain polarity during directional cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. | Feng G et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy: knowns and unknowns. | Dosiou C et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Mov10 suppresses retroelements and regulates neuronal development and function in the developing brain. | Skariah G et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Moving messages in the developing brain-emerging roles for mRNA transport and local translation in neural stem cells. | Pilaz LJ et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Network over-connectivity differentiates autism spectrum disorder from other developmental disorders in toddlers: A diffusion MRI study. | Conti E et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Humans. | Ecker C et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Partial Agenesis and Hypoplasia of the Corpus Callosum in Idiopathic Autism. | Wegiel J et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Perturbed Wnt signaling leads to neuronal migration delay, altered interhemispheric connections and impaired social behavior. | Bocchi R et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Potential Role of Microtubule Stabilizing Agents in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. | Bonini SA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Primary Cilia as a Possible Link between Left-Right Asymmetry and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. | Trulioff A et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Repeated prenatal exposure to valproic acid results in cerebellar hypoplasia and ataxia. | Main SL et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Tetraspanin 6: A novel regulator of hippocampal synaptic transmission and long term plasticity. | Salas IH et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| The role of MACF1 in nervous system development and maintenance. | Moffat JJ et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| What is the Relationship Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Epilepsy? | Tuchman R | β | 2017 | β |
| When one is Enough: Impaired Multisensory Integration in Cerebellar Agenesis. | Ronconi L et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Ξ±2-glycine receptors modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial memory. | Lin MS et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Ablation of the 14-3-3gamma Protein Results in Neuronal Migration Delay and Morphological Defects in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. | Wachi T et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Abnormal white matter tracts resembling pencil fibers involving prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 47) in autism: a case report. | Hashemi E et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| ARL3 regulates trafficking of prenylated phototransduction proteins to the rod outer segment. | Wright ZC et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Asymmetry of Radial and Symmetry of Tangential Neuronal Migration Pathways in Developing Human Fetal Brains. | Miyazaki Y et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Autism Linked to Increased Oncogene Mutations but Decreased Cancer Rate. | Darbro BW et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| De Novo Mutations in DENR Disrupt Neuronal Development and Link Congenital Neurological Disorders to Faulty mRNA Translation Re-initiation. | Haas MA et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Dietary glycemic index modulates the behavioral and biochemical abnormalities associated with autism spectrum disorder. | Currais A et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging Provides Evidence of Possible Axonal Overconnectivity in Frontal Lobes in Autism Spectrum Disorder Toddlers. | Solso S et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Distinction of Neurons, Glia and Endothelial Cells in the Cerebral Cortex: An Algorithm Based on Cytological Features. | GarcΓa-Cabezas MΓ et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Does environmental exposure to the greenhouse gas, N<sub>2</sub>O, contribute to etiological factors in neurodevelopmental disorders? A mini-review of the evidence. | Fluegge K | β | 2016 | β |
| Does Rubella Cause Autism: A 2015 Reappraisal? | Hutton J | β | 2016 | β |
| Early Postnatal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Leads to Enhanced Neurogenesis and Impaired Communicative Functions in Rats. | Pang Y et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Effects of developmental hyperserotonemia on the morphology of rat dentate nuclear neurons. | Hough LH et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Genes with high penetrance for syndromic and non-syndromic autism typically function within the nucleus and regulate gene expression. | Casanova EL et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Promotes Neurogenesis and Ameliorates Autism Related Behaviors in BTBR Mice. | Segal-Gavish H et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| MiR-130a regulates neurite outgrowth and dendritic spine density by targeting MeCP2. | Zhang Y et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Modeling the autistic cell: iPSCs recapitulate developmental principles of syndromic and nonsyndromic ASD. | Ben-Reuven L et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Neonatal inflammatory pain and systemic inflammatory responses as possible environmental factors in the development of autism spectrum disorder of juvenile rats. | Lee JH et al. | β | 2016 | β |
| Neural signature of developmental coordination disorder in the structural connectome independent of comorbid autism. | Caeyenberghs K et al. | β | 2016 | β |
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