The Genomic Revolution and Beliefs about Essential Racial Differences: A Backdoor to Eugenics?
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Phelan, Jo C; Link, Bruce G; Feldman, Naumi M
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- American sociological review
- PMID
- 24855321
- DOI
- 10.1177/0003122413476034
- PMCID
- PMC4026366
Could the explosion of genetic research in recent decades affect our conceptions of race? In Duster argues that reports of specific racial differences in genetic bases of disease, in part because they are presented as objective facts whose social implications are not readily apparent, may heighten public belief in more pervasive racial differences. We tested this hypothesis with a multi-method study. A content analysis showed that news articles discussing racial differences in genetic bases of disease increased significantly between 1985 and 2008 and were significantly less likely than non-health-related articles about race and genetics to discuss social implications. A survey experiment conducted with a nationally representative sample of 559 adults found that a news-story vignette reporting a specific racial difference in genetic risk for heart attacks (the Backdoor Vignette) produced significantly greater belief in essential racial differences than did a vignette portraying race as a social construction or a no-vignette condition. The Backdoor Vignette produced beliefs in essential racial differences that were virtually identical to those produced by a vignette portraying race as a genetic reality. These results suggest that an unintended consequence of the genomic revolution may be the reinvigoration of age-old beliefs in essential racial differences.
Number of Articles on Race and Genomics in the New York Times and Associated Press, 1985 to 2008 (Generalized Estimating Equations)Note: Increase is significant at p < .001 for health-related and total articles and p < .01 for articles resembling the Backdoor Vignette. Analysis is based on quarter-years but graphed in one-year units to simplify presentation.
Mean Endorsement of Essential Racial Difference by Vignette (1 to 4 Scale)Note: Means adjusted by age, education, gender, non-Hispanic white race, and implicit racism.aOverall difference among means p < .01.bDifference between Backdoor and Race-as-Social-Construction Vignettes p < .01.cDifference between Backdoor Vignette and No-Vignette Control p < .05, two-tailed tests.
← Prev
61–76 of 76
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 2010 Census local | cohort |
| acceptance of Backdoor Vignette validity local | phenotype |
| acceptance of racial inequalities local | phenotype |
| acceptance of vignette validity local | phenotype |
| adopting a child with a different racial background local | phenotype |
| adult U.S. population local | cohort |
| African | cohort |
| African American | cohort |
| age | phenotype |
| American National Election Studies local | cohort |
| AMP local | phenotype |
| AMP score local | phenotype |
| ANES local | cohort |
| ANES panel local | cohort |
| article local | drug |
| articles about race, genetics, and health local | cohort |
| Asian | cohort |
| Associated Press local | cohort |
| attitudes about genetics local | phenotype |
| attitudes about race local | phenotype |
| backdoor messages local | drug |
| backdoor messages local | phenotype |
| Backdoor Vignette local | cohort |
| Backdoor Vignette local | drug |
| Backdoor Vignette articles local | phenotype |
| Belief in essential racial difference local | phenotype |
| belief in essential racial differences local | phenotype |
| Belief in essential racial differences local | phenotype |
| belief in genetic determination of racial differences local | phenotype |
| belief in racial difference local | phenotype |
| belief in racial differences local | phenotype |
| beliefs in essential racial differences local | phenotype |
| belief that racial groups are essentially different local | phenotype |
| belief that racial groups are essentially similar local | phenotype |
| black families local | cohort |
| black men | cohort |
| blacks | cohort |
| breast cancer | phenotype |
| cardiovascular disease | phenotype |
| Caucasian | cohort |
| Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale local | drug |
| colorectal cancer | phenotype |
| comparison vignettes local | phenotype |
| Condit et al. 2004 local | cohort |
| congestive heart failure local | phenotype |
| denial of racism local | phenotype |
| desirability bias local | phenotype |
| diabetes | phenotype |
| disease | phenotype |
| divisive racial beliefs and attitudes local | phenotype |
| DNA | drug |
| Duster local | drug |
| education | phenotype |
| educational attainment | phenotype |
| Emotion | phenotype |
| Endorsement of genetic cause local | phenotype |
| Endorsement of racial stereotypes local | phenotype |
| essential racial differences local | phenotype |
| Essential racial differences local | phenotype |
| essential racial differences belief local | phenotype |
| ethical issues local | phenotype |
| Ethical issues discussion local | phenotype |
| ethnic local | phenotype |
| European population | cohort |
| explicit racial bias local | phenotype |
| explicit racism local | phenotype |
| Explicit racism local | phenotype |
| general population | cohort |
| General Social Survey local | cohort |
| genes | gene |
| genetic local | drug |
| genetic attributions for racial differences local | phenotype |
| genetic discrimination local | phenotype |
| genetic disorders | phenotype |
| genetic importance messages local | drug |
| Genetic Reality local | phenotype |
| Genetic Reality Vignette local | drug |
| genetics | phenotype |
| genetic variant (Backdoor Vignette) local | variant |
| genomic local | drug |
| HapMap | cohort |
| health | phenotype |
| Health-related articles local | phenotype |
| health-related characteristics local | phenotype |
| health-related racial differences local | phenotype |
| Hispanic | phenotype |
| Household size local | phenotype |
| HPC1 local | gene |
| human genome | cohort |
| Human Genome Project | cohort |
| human traits local | phenotype |
| implicit racial bias local | phenotype |
| implicit racism local | phenotype |
| Implicit racism local | phenotype |
| indirect discussions of race in medical disorders local | phenotype |
| individual discrimination local | phenotype |
| inequality local | phenotype |
| inherited prostate cancer local | phenotype |
| lung cancer | phenotype |
| modern racism local | phenotype |
| myocardial infarction | phenotype |
| National Human Genome Research Institute local | cohort |
| National Institutes of Health | cohort |
| nationally representative survey local | cohort |
| news articles local | drug |
| news articles 1985-2008 local | cohort |
| news stories local | drug |
| New York Times local | cohort |
| Nexis local | drug |
| Non-Hispanic black | cohort |
| non-Hispanic whites | cohort |
| No vignette local | drug |
| no-vignette control local | cohort |
| no-vignette control condition local | cohort |
| no-vignette control condition local | drug |
| No-vignette control condition local | drug |
| Opposition to racial integration local | phenotype |
| participants | cohort |
| physical characteristics | phenotype |
| policy outcomes local | phenotype |
| prostate cancer | phenotype |
| public local | cohort |
| race-and-genetics experiment local | cohort |
| Race-as-Genetic-Reality vignette local | drug |
| Race-as-Genetic-Reality Vignette local | cohort |
| Race-as-Genetic-Reality Vignette local | drug |
| Race-as-Social-Construction vignette local | drug |
| Race-as-Social-Construction Vignette local | cohort |
| Race-as-Social-Construction Vignette local | drug |
| race/ethnicity | phenotype |
| racial local | phenotype |
| racial attitudes local | phenotype |
| racial bias local | phenotype |
| racial discrimination | phenotype |
| racial groups | cohort |
| racial intermarriage local | phenotype |
| racial prejudice | phenotype |
| racial residential segregation local | phenotype |
| racial stereotypes local | phenotype |
| racism | phenotype |
| Racism mentions local | phenotype |
| receiving a blood transfusion local | phenotype |
| receiving an organ transplant from someone with a different racial background local | phenotype |
| region of residence | phenotype |
| "Scientists Pinpoint Genetic Underpinnings of Race" article local | drug |
| sex | phenotype |
| Social Construction local | phenotype |
| Social Construction Vignette local | drug |
| social desirability bias | phenotype |
| social distance local | phenotype |
| social distance from black people local | phenotype |
| Social distance from black people local | phenotype |
| Social distance from blacks local | phenotype |
| stereotypes local | phenotype |
| stigma | phenotype |
| stroke | phenotype |
| structural discrimination local | phenotype |
| success in life local | phenotype |
| support for genetic discrimination local | phenotype |
| survey experiment local | cohort |
| survey experiments local | cohort |
| talent local | phenotype |
| textbooks 1952-1962 local | cohort |
| textbooks 1993-2002 local | cohort |
| three vignettes local | cohort |
| type of article read local | drug |
| validity of genetic causation local | phenotype |
| Vignette condition local | drug |
| vignette conditions local | cohort |
| vignette conditions local | drug |
| weighted analysis sample local | cohort |
| whites | cohort |
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
| Citation | PMID | DOI | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | — | — | — |
| 2013, June 2000: President Clinton, British Prime Minister Blair Mark Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome | — | — | — |
| Abu El-Haj, Nadia, Annual Review of Anthropology, 2007, The Genetic Reinscription of Race | — | — | — |
| Bastian, Brock et al., Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2006, Psychological Essentialism and Stereotype Endorsement | — | — | — |
| Bates, Benjamin R et al., Journal of Health Communication, 2004, Evaluating Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Race-Based Pharmacogenomics: A Focus Group Study of Public Understandings of Applied Genomic Medication | 15764452 | 10.1080/10810730490882720 | Cited |
| Bolnick, Deborah A et al., Science, 2007, The Science and Business of Genetic Ancestry Testing | 17947567 | 10.1126/science.1150098 | Cited |
| Brewer, Marilynn B et al., The Handbook of Social Psychology, 1998, Intergroup Relations | — | — | — |
| Chang, Alicia, Associated Press, 2006, Study: Genetics Not Smoking Habits May Be Responsible for Lung Cancer Disparities among Races | — | — | — |
| Condit, Celeste M et al., Clinical Genetics, 2004, Exploration of the Impact of Messages about Genes and Race on Lay Attitudes | 15479185 | 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00327.x | Cited |
| Condit, Celeste M et al., Clinical Genetics, 2005, How Lay People Respond to Messages about Genetics, Health and Race | 15996203 | 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00480.x | Cited |
| DeBell, Matthew et al., Methodology Report and User’s Guide for the 2008–2009 ANES Panel Study, 2010 | — | — | — |
| Dustser, Troy, Backdoor to Eugenics | — | — | — |
| Dustser, Troy, Backdoor to Eugenics, 1990 | — | — | — |
| Dustser, Troy, Genetic Nature/Culture: Anthropology and Science beyond the Two-Culture Divide, Buried Alive: The Concept of Race in Science | — | — | — |
| Epstein, Steven, Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research, 2007 | — | — | — |
| Fanon, Frantz, Black Skin, White Masks, 1967 | — | — | — |
| Farley, Reynolds et al., American Sociological Review, 1994, Changes in the Segregation of Whites from Blacks during the 1980s: Small Steps toward a More Integrated Society | — | — | — |
| Feagin, Joe, Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations, 2001 | — | — | — |
| Frank, Reanne, Social Science and Medicine, 2007, What to Make of It? The (Re) emergence of a Biological Conceptualization of Race in Health Disparities Research | 17368894 | 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.01.010 | Cited |
| Fullwiley, Duana, Science as Culture, 2007, The Molecularization of Race: Institutionalizing Human Difference in Pharmacogenetics Practice | — | — | — |
| Gaertner, Samuel L et al., Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, 1986, The Aversive Form of Racism | — | — | — |
| Gossett, Thomas F, Race: The History of an Idea in America, 1965 | — | — | — |
| Grady, Denise, New York Times, 2006, Imperfect, Imprecise but Useful: Your Race | — | — | — |
| Haney, Daniel Q, Associated Press, 1995, Genetic Mutation Linked to Stroke Risk in Blacks | — | — | — |
| Haney, Daniel Q, Associated Press, 1997, Prostate Cancer Gene Appears More Common in Black Men | — | — | — |
| Hernstein, Richard J et al., The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, 1994 | — | — | — |
| Hoffman, Curt et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990, Gender Stereotypes: Perception or Rationalization? | — | — | — |
| Hunt, Matthew O, American Sociological Review, 2007, African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977–2004 | — | — | — |
| Jayaratne, Toby Epstein et al., Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2006, White Americans’ Genetic Lay Theories of Race Differences and Sexual Orientation: Their Relationship with Prejudice towards Blacks, and Gay Men and Lesbians | 24260013 | 10.1177/1368430206059863 | Cited |
| Jayaratne, Toby Epstein et al., Review of General Psychology, 2009, The Perennial Debate: Nature, Nurture, or Choice? Black and White Americans’ Explanations for Individual Differences | 20072661 | 10.1037/a0014227 | Cited |
| Keller, Johannes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2005, In Genes We Trust: The Biological Component of Psychological Essentialism and its Relationship to Mechanisms of Motivated Social Cognition | 15796668 | 10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.686 | Cited |
| Kevles, Daniel J, In the Name of Eugenics, 1985 | — | — | — |
| Kluegel, James R, American Sociological Review, 1990, Trends in Whites’ Explanations of the Gap in Black-White Socioeconomic Status, 1977–1989 | — | — | — |
| Kolata, Gina, New York Times, 2002, 2 Altered Genes Are Linked to Congestive Heart Failure | — | — | — |
| Lindee, M Susan, Science, 2003, Watson’s World | — | — | — |
| Link, Bruce G et al., Annual Review of Sociology, 2001, Conceptualizing Stigma | — | — | — |
| Lippman, Abby, American Journal of Law and Medicine, 1991, Prenatal Genetic Testing and Screening: Constructing Needs and Reinforcing Inequities | 1877608 | — | Cited |
| Lynch, John et al., American Journal of Health Behavior, 2006, Genes and Race in the News: Competing Theories of News Coverage | 16533097 | 10.5555/ajhb.2006.30.2.125 | Cited |
| Lynch, John et al., New Genetics and Society, 2008, A Preliminary Study of How Multiple Exposures to Messages about Genetics Impact on Lay Attitudes towards Racial and Genetic Discrimination | — | — | — |
| Martin, Carol Lynn et al., Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1995, Folk Theories about Sex and Race Differences | — | — | — |
| Massey, Douglas et al., American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, 1998 | — | — | — |
| Morley, David, Defining Media Studies: Reflections on the Future of the Field, 1994, Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls | — | — | — |
| Morning, Ann, American Journal of Sociology, 2008, Reconstructing Race in Science and Society: Biology Textbooks, 1952–2002 | 19569402 | 10.1086/592206 | Cited |
| Morning, Ann, Social Forces, 2009, Toward a Sociology of Racial Conceptualization for the 21st Century | — | — | — |
| Nassir, Rami et al., BMC Genetics, 2009, An Ancestry Informative Marker Set for Determining Continental Origin: Validation and Extension Using Human Genome Diversity Panels | 19630973 | 10.1186/1471-2156-10-39 | Cited |
| Nature, 2003, The International HapMap Project | 14685227 | 10.1038/nature02168 | Cited |
| Neergaard, Lauren, Associated Press, 1996, Researcher Hunting Ways for Blacks to Fight Off Diabetes | — | — | — |
| Nelkin, Dorothy et al., The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon, 1995 | — | — | — |
| Nelson, Alondra, Social Studies of Science, 2008, Bio Science: Genetic Genealogy Testing and the Pursuit of African Ancestry | 19227820 | 10.1177/0306312708091929 | Cited |
| Neville, Helen A et al., Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2000, Construction and Initial Validation of the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS) | — | — | — |
| Oliver, Melvin L et al., Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality, Tenth Anniversary Edition, 2006 | — | — | — |
| Omi, Michael et al., Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, 1994 | — | — | — |
| Omi, Michael, America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, 2001, The Changing Meaning of Race | — | — | — |
| O’Neil, John, New York Times, 2004, Colorectal Cancer and Race | — | — | — |
| Parrott, Roxanne et al., Journal of the National Medical Association, 2005, Development and Validation of Tools to Assess Genetic Discrimination and Genetically Based Racism | 16080668 | — | Cited |
| Payne, B Keith et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2005, An Inkblot for Attitudes: Affect Misattribution as Implicit Measurement | 16248714 | 10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277 | Cited |
| Ridgeway, Cecilia L et al., American Journal of Sociology, 2000, Creating and Spreading Status Beliefs | — | — | — |
| Risch, Neil et al., Genome Biology, 2002, Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Research: Genes, Race and Disease | 12184798 | 10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007 | Cited |
| Rothbart, M et al., Language, Interaction and Social Cognition, 1992, Category Labels and Social Reality: Do We View Social Categories as Natural Kinds? | — | — | — |
| Rothman, Barbara Katz, Genetic Maps and Human Imaginations, 1998 | — | — | — |
| Schuman, Howard et al., Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations, 1997 | — | — | — |
| Schwartz, Robert S, New England Journal of Medicine, 2001, Racial Profiling in Medical Research | 11333999 | 10.1056/NEJM200105033441810 | Cited |
| Shostak, Sara et al., Social Psychology Quarterly, 2009, The Politics of the Gene: Social Status and Beliefs about Genetics for Individual Outcomes | 25400308 | 10.1177/019027250907200107 | Cited |
| Singer, Eleanor et al., Public Opinion Quarterly, 1998, Trends: Genetic Testing, Engineering, and Therapy: Awareness and Attitudes | — | — | — |
| Sorlie, Paul D et al., American Journal of Public Health, 1995, U.S. Mortality by Economic, Demographic, and Social Characteristics: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study | 7604919 | 10.2105/ajph.85.7.949 | Cited |
| Steele, Claude M et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans | 7473032 | 10.1037//0022-3514.69.5.797 | Cited |
| The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project, 1992 | 11643003 | 10.1038/358027a0 | Cited |
| Thomas, Melvin E et al., American Sociological Review, 1998, The Continuing Significance of Race Revisited: A Study of Race, Class, and Quality of Life in America, 1972 to 1996 | 11613887 | — | Cited |
| Wade, Nicholas, New York Times, 2005, Genetic Find Stirs Debate on Race Based Medicine | — | — | — |
| Wade, Nicholas, New York Times, 2006, Scientists Discover Gene Linked to Higher Rates of Prostate Cancer | — | — | — |
| Wailoo, Keith et al., The Troubled Dream of Genetic Medicine: Ethnicity and Innovation in Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fybrosis and Sickle Cell Disease, 2006 | — | — | — |
| Williams, David R et al., Annual Review of Sociology, 1995, U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations | — | — | — |
| Williams, Melissa J et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2008, Biological Conceptions of Race and the Motivation to Cross Racial Boundaries | 18505316 | 10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1033 | Cited |
| Wilson, James F et al., Nature Genetics, 2001, Population Genetic Structure of Variable Drug Response | 11685208 | 10.1038/ng761 | Cited |
In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Review: Genetic research on alcohol use outcomes in African American populations: A review of the literature, associated challenges, and implications. | 2017 | 28240821 |
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developing and Teaching Curriculum to Reduce Genetic Essentialism in University Classrooms. | Malerbi KF et al. | — | 2026 | → |
| No Argument with Biology? The Effects of Genetic Explanations for Socioeconomic Outcomes on American and Swedish Citizens' Attitudes Towards Government Intervention. | Pettersson O | — | 2026 | → |
| Scientific supremacy: How do genetic narratives relate to racism? | Nam HH et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Racial, Gender, and Size Bias in a Medical Graphical Abstract Gallery: A Content Analysis. | Cerdeña JP et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Residential Structural Racism and Prevalence of Chronic Health Conditions. | Mohottige D et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Science, Society, and Dismantling Racism. | Royal CDM | — | 2023 | → |
| Ending genetic essentialism through genetics education. | Donovan BM | — | 2022 | → |
| The Core Concepts, Competencies, and Grand Challenges of Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Morphology. | Danos N et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Use of Race in Kidney Research and Medicine: Concepts, Principles, and Practice. | Mohottige D et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Confronting Racism in Environmental Health Sciences: Moving the Science Forward for Eliminating Racial Inequities. | Payne-Sturges DC et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Evaluating the Impact and Rationale of Race-Specific Estimations of Kidney Function: Estimations from U.S. NHANES, 2015-2018. | Tsai JW et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Exploring people's thoughts about the causes of ethnic stereotypes. | Schmalor A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Framework for understanding health inequalities over the life course: the embodiment dynamic and biological mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous origin. | Kelly-Irving M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| "Quiet is the New Loud": The Biosociology Debate's Absent Voices. | Ariansen AMS | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Mortality During Hospitalization for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Call to Action | Richie EA et al. | — | 2021 | — |
| Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Mortality During Hospitalization for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Call to Action. | Richie EA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Reconstructing Sociogenomics Research: Dismantling Biological Race and Genetic Essentialism Narratives. | Herd P et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Do genetic ancestry tests increase racial essentialism? Findings from a randomized controlled trial. | Roth WD et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Ethical issues in global neuroimaging genetics collaborations. | Palk A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Importance of Genetic Studies of Cardiometabolic Disease in Diverse Populations. | Fernández-Rhodes L et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Women's beliefs about what causes obesity: variation by race/ethnicity and acculturation in a Washington State sample. | Knerr S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The ethics of global psychiatric genomics: Multilayered challenges to integrating genomics in global mental health and disability-A position paper of the Oxford Global Initiative in Neuropsychiatric GenEthics (NeuroGenE). | Kong C et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Understanding the potential of state-based public health genomics programs to mitigate disparities in access to clinical genetic services. | Senier L et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Sociogenomics in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century: An Introduction to the History and Potential of Genetically-informed Social Science. | Braudt DB | — | 2018 | → |
| The social life of DNA: racial reconciliation and institutional morality after the genome. | Nelson A | — | 2018 | → |
| Changing attitudes towards obesity - results from a survey experiment. | Luck-Sikorski C et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Geneticizing Ethnicity and Diet: Anti-doping Science and Its Social Impact in the Age of Post-genomics. | Hyun J | — | 2017 | → |
| Incarcerated Black Women in the Southern USA: A Narrative Review of STI and HIV Risk and Implications for Future Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy. | Pelligrino N et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Review: Genetic research on alcohol use outcomes in African American populations: A review of the literature, associated challenges, and implications. | Dick DM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The influence of science popularizers on the public's view of religion and science: An experimental assessment. | Scheitle CP et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Between (Racial) Groups and a Hard Place: An Exploration of Social Science Approaches to Race and Genetics, 2000-2014. | Byrd WC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Putting humanity back into the teaching of human biology. | Donovan BM | — | 2015 | → |
| Direct-to-Consumer Racial Admixture Tests and Beliefs About Essential Racial Differences. | Phelan JC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Public health genomics: a new space for a dialogue on racism through Community Based Participatory Research. | Zusevics KL | — | 2013 | → |