Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Casey, B J; Jones, Rebecca M
- Year
- 2010
- Journal
- Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- PMID
- 21093769
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.017
- PMCID
- PMC3099425
OBJECTIVE: Adolescence is a developmental period that entails substantial changes in risk-taking behavior and experimentation with alcohol and drugs. Understanding how the brain is changing during this period relative to childhood and adulthood and how these changes vary across individuals are key in predicting risk for later substance abuse and dependence. METHOD: This review discusses recent human imaging and animal work in the context of an emerging view of adolescence as characterized by a tension between early emerging "bottom-up" systems that express exaggerated reactivity to motivational stimuli and later maturing "top-down" cognitive control regions. Behavioral, clinical, and neurobiological evidences are reported for dissociating these two systems developmentally. The literature on the effects of alcohol and its rewarding properties in the brain is discussed in the context of these two systems. RESULTS: Collectively, these studies show curvilinear development of motivational behavior and the underlying subcortical brain regions, with a peak inflection from 13 to 17 years. In contrast, prefrontal regions, important in top-down regulation of behavior, show a linear pattern of development well into young adulthood that parallels that seen in behavioral studies of impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: The tension or imbalance between these developing systems during adolescence may lead to cognitive control processes being more vulnerable to incentive-based modulation and increased susceptibility to the motivational properties of alcohol and drugs. As such, behavior challenges that require cognitive control in the face of appetitive cues may serve as useful biobehavioral markers for predicting which teens may be at greater risk for alcohol and substance dependence.
Cartoon model of ventral striatal and prefrontal cortex (PFC) interactions across development. Deeper color indicates greater regional signaling. Line represents functional connectivity, with solid line indicating mature connection and dotted line indicating immaturity (from 128).
Illustration of different developmental courses for sensation- seeking and impulsivity. Panel A. Plot of sensation-seeking and impulsivity as a function of age (adapted from 42). Panel B. Plot of patterns of activity in brain regions sensitive to reward outcomes during a cognitive control task across development (adapted from 6, 16).
Ventral Striatal activity to reward and association with risk- taking. Localization of ventral striatum in axial plane (left panel), which is activated with reward (middle panel) and correlated with risk-taking (right panel) (adapted from 6, 16)
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 6 to 29 year olds local | cohort |
| 8 to 15 year old boys of low and high familial risk local | cohort |
| addiction | phenotype |
| ADHD | phenotype |
| adolescent alcohol use | phenotype |
| Adolescent behavior and mortality local | phenotype |
| Adolescent cognitive control behavior local | phenotype |
| adolescent rats | cohort |
| adolescent risky behavior local | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| Adult cognitive control behavior local | phenotype |
| adulthood | cohort |
| adult rats | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| age at initiation | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Alcohol experimentation local | phenotype |
| amygdala | anatomy |
| Antisaccade task local | phenotype |
| Appetitive cues local | phenotype |
| approach system | phenotype |
| avoidance system | phenotype |
| avoidant behavior local | phenotype |
| behavior | phenotype |
| Behavioral outputs local | phenotype |
| Bottom-up drives local | anatomy |
| bottom-up system local | anatomy |
| brain | anatomy |
| cannabinoids | drug |
| childhood | cohort |
| children | cohort |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cognitive control | phenotype |
| Cognitive control capacities local | phenotype |
| cognitive processes | phenotype |
| cold condition local | phenotype |
| Cold condition local | phenotype |
| delay of gratification | phenotype |
| Dendritic spine size local | phenotype |
| developmental imbalance local | phenotype |
| dopamine | drug |
| dopamine receptors | drug |
| DRD1 | gene |
| DRD2 | gene |
| drug | drug |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| drugs | drug |
| Duration | phenotype |
| early alcohol use | phenotype |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| excitement | phenotype |
| Financial reward local | drug |
| frontal cortex | anatomy |
| Frontal functioning impairment local | phenotype |
| Frontolimbic circuitry local | anatomy |
| frontostriatal circuitry | anatomy |
| goal-directed behavior | phenotype |
| goal-oriented behavior local | phenotype |
| Goal-oriented behavior local | phenotype |
| hangover effects local | phenotype |
| Happy faces local | drug |
| healthy controls | cohort |
| high risk condition local | phenotype |
| High-Risk gamble local | phenotype |
| High-risk populations | cohort |
| Hippocampal dependent memory deficits local | phenotype |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| hormonal changes local | drug |
| hot condition | phenotype |
| human adolescents | cohort |
| illicit drug use | phenotype |
| Impairments in frontal functioning local | phenotype |
| impulse control | phenotype |
| Impulse control problems | phenotype |
| impulse control task local | phenotype |
| Impulsive and risky behaviors local | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| Incentive-related cues local | drug |
| Increased sensitivity to motivational effects of alcohol local | phenotype |
| inferior frontal gyrus | anatomy |
| insensitivity to ethanol effects local | phenotype |
| Iowa Gambling Task | phenotype |
| large monetary reward local | drug |
| limbic system | anatomy |
| long-term potentiation | phenotype |
| low risk condition local | phenotype |
| Low-Risk gamble local | phenotype |
| memory | phenotype |
| motivated behavior | phenotype |
| motivation | phenotype |
| Motivational control local | phenotype |
| Motivational cue local | phenotype |
| Motor effects local | phenotype |
| National Center for Health Statistics | cohort |
| Neural processes local | phenotype |
| neurotoxic effects | phenotype |
| NMDA-mediated synaptic potentials local | phenotype |
| novel and rewarding cue detection local | phenotype |
| novelty seeking | phenotype |
| orbital prefrontal region local | anatomy |
| peers | phenotype |
| positive affect | phenotype |
| precentral sulcus | anatomy |
| Prefrontal control impairment local | phenotype |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| prefrontal regions | anatomy |
| protracted development local | phenotype |
| Reduced prefrontal activity local | phenotype |
| regulatory system local | phenotype |
| Reinforcing properties | phenotype |
| reward | phenotype |
| Reward-based associations local | phenotype |
| reward sensitivity | phenotype |
| riskier decisions | phenotype |
| risk taking | phenotype |
| risk-taking behavior | phenotype |
| Risky gambling | phenotype |
| sedative effects | phenotype |
| Sensitivity to reward local | phenotype |
| sexual maturity local | phenotype |
| social cues limiting intake local | phenotype |
| social facilitation | phenotype |
| Social reward local | drug |
| Steinberg et al. 42 study local | cohort |
| striatum | anatomy |
| subcortical regions | anatomy |
| Suboptimal choice behavior local | phenotype |
| Suboptimal choices in sexual and drug related behaviors local | phenotype |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| substances | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| Toddler local | cohort |
| toddlers | cohort |
| top-down cognitive control regions local | anatomy |
| ventral medial prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| white matter | anatomy |
| young adults | cohort |
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