Putting the 'epi' into epigenetics research in psychiatry.

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Authors: El-Sayed, Abdulrahman M; Koenen, Karestan C; Galea, Sandro
Year: 2013
Journal: Journal of epidemiology and community health
PMID: 23572534
DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202430
PMCID: PMC4348573

#	Section	Preview
0	Understanding the etiology of mental disorders	Much of the literature considering the etiology of mental disorders remains divided between the work…
1	Understanding the etiology of mental disorders	Little work has attempted to meaningfully unite these two lines of thought, with a few notable…
2	Epigenetics and psychopathology	Epigenetic modifications involve those mitotically heritable, reversible alterations in gene…
3	Epigenetics and psychopathology	DNA methylation is the process by which methyl groups are placed on the fifth position of pyramidine…
4	Epigenetics and psychopathology	RNAs (ncRNA) and/or protein gene products. In this circumstance, these macromolecules act to alter…
5	Epigenetics and psychopathology	Epigenetic modification of gene expression remains active beyond the initial phases of development…
6	Epigenetics and psychopathology	Early research on epigenetic mechanisms in psychopathology in humans has been promising.[17] Studies…
7	Epigenetics and psychopathology	However, while there is a growing literature interested in the roles of epigenetic modification in…
8	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Causal Models in Epigenetic Studies	The first challenge in epigenetic studies of psychopathology is the specification of causal models…
9	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Causal Models in Epigenetic Studies	we propose a directed acyclic graph for a generalized epigenetic pathway by which an environmental…
10	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Causal Models in Epigenetic Studies	The paucity of well-developed and articulated causal models in epigenetic studies is endemic in this…
11	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Causal Models in Epigenetic Studies	First, extant studies in the field have not incorporated data about the environmental exposures that…
12	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Causal Models in Epigenetic Studies	Second, unmeasured confounders are pervasive in this literature and challenge the validity of…
13	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Causal Models in Epigenetic Studies	Along with environmental confounders, specific alleles may also confound the relationship between…
14	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Causal Models in Epigenetic Studies	Third, an irrevocable condition for causal inference is that exposures must precede outcomes in…
15	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Causal Models in Epigenetic Studies	cases and controls.[37] However, given the cross-sectional design of the study, it is impossible to…
16	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Sample characteristics in epigenetic studies	A second important challenge to overcome in studies of epigenetic modification in the etiology of…
17	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Sample characteristics in epigenetic studies	As equation 1 demonstrates, FDR is inversely proportional to the study power, suggesting that as…
18	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Sample characteristics in epigenetic studies	Small sample sizes are a common problem in molecular epidemiologic studies.[41] However, the…
19	Challenges in analyzing the role of epigenetic change in psychopathology — Sample characteristics in epigenetic studies	A second consideration with respect to samples in epigenetic studies is the degree to which they are…

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