The relationship of 5HTT (SLC6A4) methylation and genotype on mRNA expression and liability to major depression and alcohol dependence in subjects from the Iowa Adoption Studies.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Philibert, Robert A; Sandhu, Harinder; Hollenbeck, Nancy; Gunter, Tracy; Adams, William; Madan, Anup
- Year
- 2008
- Journal
- American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics
- PMID
- 17987668
- DOI
- 10.1002/ajmg.b.30657
- PMCID
- PMC3643119
Serotonin Transporter (5HTT or SLC6A4) mRNA transcription is regulated by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Unfortunately, despite intense scrutiny, the exact identity and contribution of each of these regulatory mechanisms, and their relationship to behavioral illness remain unknown. This lack of knowledge is critical because alterations in SLC6A4 function are posited to be central to a wide variety of CNS disorders. In order to address this shortcoming, we quantified 5HTTLPR genotype, SLC6A4 mRNA production and CpG methylation using biomaterial from 192 lymphoblast cell lines derived from subjects who participated in the latest wave of the Iowa Adoption Studies. We then analyzed the resulting data with respect to clinical characteristics. We confirmed prior findings that the short (s) 5HTTLPR allele is associated with lower amounts of mRNA transcription, but there was no significant effect of the "Long G" allele on mRNA transcription. We also found that CpG methylation was higher (P < 0.0008) and mRNA production (P < 0.0001) was lower in females as compared to males. Those subjects with a lifetime history of Alcohol Dependence had higher levels of SLC6A4 mRNA. There was a trend for an association of increased overall methylation with lifetime history of major depression. Finally, we confirm our prior findings that the exact levels of 5HTT mRNA expression are dependent on how it is measured. We conclude that both genetic variation and epigenetic modifications contribute to the regulation of SLC6A4 function and that more in-depth studies of the molecular mechanisms controlling gene activity and the relationship of these mechanisms to behavioral illness are indicated.
The sequence of the 5HTT CpG island and position of the CpG residues. The base pair position according to the UCSD Genome Browser March 2006 Assembly (SLC6A4 chr17:25586414-25587412) is given on the left-hand side. All studied CpG residues are denoted in bold and blue with CpG residue 1 corresponding to bp 25586514. The sequence corresponding to SLC6A4 exon 1 is denoted by lower case letters.
The average methylation at each CpG residue for each sex. The values for females are depicted by blue squares while the values for males are depicted by red circles. The position of SLC6A4 exon1 is denoted by the box with the direction of transcription being indicated by the line with arrows.
The relationship between 5HTTLPR genotype and SLC6A4 mRNA expression. Using an ordinal regression that specifies an additive effect of the s allele, there is a significant relationship between genotype and 5HTT expression as measured by the exon 1 probe (P < 0.02, ANOVA), but not the exon 8 probe (P < 0.59) [lower Z scores mean lower CT counts or more transcript]. Similarly, when contrasting just the s,s and l,l groups, the relationship is also significant for the exon 1 probe (P < 0.007, t-test), but not the exon 8 probe (P < 0.30). The n for each group is given below the genotype.
The relationship between gender and SLC6A4 mRNA expression. Males had higher levels of mRNA expression as measured by both the exon 1 probe (P < 0.0001, t-test, left panel) and the exon 8 probe (P < 0.03, t-test, right panel). The “n” for each group is 182 and 180, respectively.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 5HTTLPR | variant |
| 5HTTLPR l allele local | variant |
| 5HTTLPR s allele local | variant |
| 5HTT mRNA expression local | phenotype |
| 5HTT mRNA production local | phenotype |
| 89 cell lines local | cohort |
| aA–G polymorphism local | variant |
| adoption studies | cohort |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| alcoholism | phenotype |
| Alzheimer's disease | phenotype |
| antidepressants | drug |
| Applied Biosystems cDNA archiving kit local | drug |
| autism | phenotype |
| cDNA | drug |
| cell lines | cohort |
| central nervous system | anatomy |
| clinical effect local | phenotype |
| common behavioral illness local | phenotype |
| CpG 30–33 local | variant |
| CpG 62 local | variant |
| CpG 7 local | variant |
| CpG island methylation local | drug |
| current depression | phenotype |
| diagnosis | phenotype |
| DNA | drug |
| DNA methylation | drug |
| EBV | drug |
| exon 1 probe local | drug |
| exon 8 probe local | drug |
| female subjects | cohort |
| GAPDH | gene |
| gene expression | phenotype |
| human subjects | cohort |
| IAS subjects local | cohort |
| Invitrogen RNA purification kit local | drug |
| l allele | variant |
| LDHA local | gene |
| Long G local | variant |
| Long G allele local | variant |
| lymphoblast cell lines local | cohort |
| Lymphoblast cell lines local | cohort |
| Lymphoblast lines local | cohort |
| major depressive disorder | phenotype |
| male subjects | cohort |
| MD | phenotype |
| MD episode local | phenotype |
| Methylation ratios local | phenotype |
| migraine headache local | phenotype |
| neuropsychiatric illness local | phenotype |
| Neuropsychiatric illness local | phenotype |
| RNA | drug |
| s allele | cohort |
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | drug |
| Serotonergic Dysfunction local | phenotype |
| serotonergic neurons | anatomy |
| sex | phenotype |
| SLC6A4 | gene |
| SLC6A4 mRNA expression local | phenotype |
| symptom count | phenotype |
| White population local | phenotype |
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| How does the social environment 'get into the mind'? Epigenetics at the intersection of social and psychiatric epidemiology. | Toyokawa S et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Hypermethylation of OPRM1 promoter region in European Americans with alcohol dependence. | Zhang H et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Monoamine oxidase A gene DNA hypomethylation - a risk factor for panic disorder? | Domschke K et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry. | Archer T et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Peripheral SLC6A4 DNA methylation is associated with in vivo measures of human brain serotonin synthesis and childhood physical aggression. | Wang D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Serotonin transporter genomic biomarker for quantitative assessment of ondansetron treatment response in alcoholics. | Seneviratne C et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Stress-sensitive neurosignalling in depression: an integrated network biology approach to candidate gene selection for genetic association analysis. | van Eekelen JA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism moderates the effect of stressful life events on drinking behavior in college students of African descent. | Kranzler HR et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The genetics of alcohol dependence: advancing towards systems-based approaches. | Palmer RH et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The relationship of the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) extra long variant to gene expression in an African American sample. | Vijayendran M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| [Association of polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene promote with the susceptibility to alcohol dependence in Yunnan Han Population]. | Wang XJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Behavioral epigenetics. | Lester BM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Epigenetic and inflammatory marker profiles associated with depression in a community-based epidemiologic sample. | Uddin M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Epigenetic changes of serotonin transporter in the patients with alcohol dependence: methylation of an serotonin transporter promoter CpG island. | Park BY et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Functional genomics of serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A): interaction of polymorphism, methylation, expression and disease association. | Falkenberg VR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Gene-environment interactions in geriatric depression. | Lotrich FE | — | 2011 | → |
| Gene environment interactions with a novel variable Monoamine Oxidase A transcriptional enhancer are associated with antisocial personality disorder. | Philibert RA et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Parental ages and levels of DNA methylation in the newborn are correlated. | Adkins RM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Role of the serotonergic system in alcohol dependence: from animal models to clinics. | Sari Y et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Serotonin transporter polymorphism as a predictor for escitalopram treatment of major depressive disorder comorbid with alcohol dependence. | Muhonen LH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| SLC6A4 methylation modifies the effect of the number of traumatic events on risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. | Koenen KC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and Alcohol Problems in Heavy Drinkers: Moderation by Depressive Symptoms. | Tartter MA et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The urban environment and mental disorders: Epigenetic links. | Galea S et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| 5-HTTLPR status moderates the effect of early adolescent substance use on risky sexual behavior. | Kogan SM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Association of the 5- HTTLPR genotype and unipolar depression: a meta-analysis. | Clarke H et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Behavioral genetics in antisocial spectrum disorders and psychopathy: a review of the recent literature. | Gunter TD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Conceptualizing the role of estrogens and serotonin in the development and maintenance of bulimia nervosa. | Hildebrandt T et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Description and validation of a dynamical systems model of presynaptic serotonin function: genetic variation, brain activation and impulsivity. | Stoltenberg SF et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Determination of Methylated CpG Sites in the Promoter Region of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) and their Involvement in the Etiology of Tobacco Smoking. | Xu Q et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Epigenetic regulation of serotonin transporter expression and behavior in infant rhesus macaques. | Kinnally EL et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Gender differences in the genetic and environmental determinants of adolescent depression. | Uddin M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Genetic liability, environment, and the development of fussiness in toddlers: the roles of maternal depression and parental responsiveness. | Natsuaki MN et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Genetic polymorphisms in folate and alcohol metabolism and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Thai women. | Sangrajrang S et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Imaging the effects of genetic polymorphisms on radioligand binding in the living human brain: A review on genetic neuroreceptor imaging of monoaminergic systems in psychiatry. | Willeit M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Microtrial methods for translating gene-environment dynamics into preventive interventions. | Howe GW et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Prenatal exposure to maternal depressed mood and the MTHFR C677T variant affect SLC6A4 methylation in infants at birth. | Devlin AM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Scars in depression: is a conceptual shift necessary to solve the puzzle? | Wichers M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Tailoring therapeutic strategies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters. | Norrholm SD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The serotonin transporter gene and risk for alcohol dependence: a meta-analytic review. | McHugh RK et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Clinical implications of genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region: a review. | Luddington NS et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Examination of the nicotine dependence (NICSNP) consortium findings in the Iowa adoption studies population. | Philibert RA et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Imaging phenotypes of major depressive disorder: genetic correlates. | Savitz JB et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Prediction of deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes related to ethanol-induced toxicity. | Wang LL et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Reported childhood abuse is associated with low serotonin transporter binding in vivo in major depressive disorder. | Miller JM et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Role of GABRA2 on risk for alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis dependence in the Iowa Adoption Studies. | Philibert RA et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| The association of serotonin transporter genotypes and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-associated sexual side effects: possible relationship to oral contraceptives. | Bishop JR et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| MAOA methylation is associated with nicotine and alcohol dependence in women. | Philibert RA et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| The loss of methyl-CpG binding protein 1 leads to autism-like behavioral deficits. | Allan AM et al. | — | 2008 | → |