The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for syndromal and subsyndromal common DSM-IV axis I and all axis II disorders.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Kendler, Kenneth S; Aggen, Steven H; Knudsen, Gun Peggy; Røysamb, Espen; Neale, Michael C; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- The American journal of psychiatry
- PMID
- 20952461
- DOI
- 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10030340
- PMCID
- PMC3126864
OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to clarify the structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for 22 DSM-IV disorders: 12 common axis I disorders and all 10 axis II disorders. METHOD: The authors examined syndromal and subsyndromal axis I diagnoses and five categories reflecting number of endorsed criteria for axis II disorders in 2,111 personally interviewed young adult members of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel. RESULTS: Four correlated genetic factors were identified: axis I internalizing, axis II internalizing, axis I externalizing, and axis II externalizing. Factors 1 and 2 and factors 3 and 4 were moderately correlated, supporting the importance of the internalizing-externalizing distinction. Five disorders had substantial loadings on two factors: borderline personality disorder (factors 3 and 4), somatoform disorder (factors 1 and 2), paranoid and dependent personality disorders (factors 2 and 4), and eating disorders (factors 1 and 4). Three correlated environmental factors were identified: axis II disorders, axis I internalizing disorders, and externalizing disorders versus anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Common axis I and II psychiatric disorders have a coherent underlying genetic structure that reflects two major dimensions: internalizing versus externalizing, and axis I versus axis II. The underlying structure of environmental influences is quite different. The organization of common psychiatric disorders into coherent groups results largely from genetic, not environmental, factors. These results should be interpreted in the context of unavoidable limitations of current statistical methods applied to this number of diagnostic categories.
Parameter Estimates From the Best Overall Model for Genetic Factors for Syndromal and Subsyndromal Common DSM-IV Axis I and All Axis II DisordersaaFour factors were identified using an oblique geomin rotation. Only those paths are depicted that account for more than 10% of the genetic variance in disease liability—that is, have a path estimate of ≥0.316. For all path estimates in the model, see Table 3. PD=personality disorder.
Parameter Estimates From the Best Overall Model for Individual-Specific Environmental Factors for Syndromal and Subsyndromal Common DSM-IV Axis I and All Axis II DisordersaaThree factors were identified using an oblique geomin rotation. Only those paths are depicted that account for more than 10% of the individual-specific environmental variance in disease liability—that is, have a path estimate of ≥0.316. For all path estimates in the model, see Table 4. Two disorders—eating disorders and specific phobia—are not represented in this figure because they failed to load substantially on any of the three identified factors. PD=personality disorder.
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| The structure of psychopathology: toward an expanded quantitative empirical model. | Wright AG et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Annual research review: phenotypic and causal structure of conduct disorder in the broader context of prevalent forms of psychopathology. | Lahey BB et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| A population-based study of familial and individual-specific environmental contributions to traumatic event exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a Norwegian twin sample. | Amstadter AB et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Associations between temperament at age 1.5 years and obesogenic diet at ages 3 and 7 years. | Vollrath ME et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| A twin study of depression and nicotine dependence: shared liability or causal relationship? | Edwards AC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| A twin study of schizoaffective-mania, schizoaffective-depression, and other psychotic syndromes. | Cardno AG et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Case-control study in China of risk factors for suicide in men with alcohol use disorders. | Zhang Y et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Characteristics of subjects with comorbidity of symptoms of generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders and the corresponding threshold and subthreshold conditions in an Arab general population sample. | Ohaeri JU et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Childhood precursors of personality disorders: evaluation and treatment. | Kestenbaum CJ | — | 2012 | → |
| Co-morbid anxiety disorders in bipolar disorder and major depression: familial aggregation and clinical characteristics of co-morbid panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. | Goes FS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Conduct disorder and adult psychiatric diagnoses: associations and gender differences in the U.S. adult population. | Morcillo C et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Editorial commentary: challenges and potential of DSM-5 and ICD-11 revisions. | Leckman JF et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Emerging themes in the revision of the classification of somatoform disorders. | Creed F et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Evidence for multiple genetic factors underlying the DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence. | Kendler KS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic and familial environmental influences on the risk for drug abuse: a national Swedish adoption study. | Kendler KS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. | Krueger RF et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? | Lahey BB et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Levels of explanation in psychiatric and substance use disorders: implications for the development of an etiologically based nosology. | Kendler KS | — | 2012 | → |
| Neuropsychopharmacology and neurogenetic aspects of executive functioning: should reward gene polymorphisms constitute a diagnostic tool to identify individuals at risk for impaired judgment? | Bowirrat A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Personality and the latent structure of PTSD comorbidity. | Miller MW et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Personality-based latent classes of posttraumatic psychopathology: personality disorders and the internalizing/externalizing model. | Wolf EJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Psychopathology and the human connectome: toward a transdiagnostic model of risk for mental illness. | Buckholtz JW et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Recent advances in the genetic epidemiology and molecular genetics of substance use disorders. | Kendler KS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The epidemiology of multiple somatic symptoms. | Creed FH et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The heritability of avoidant and dependent personality disorder assessed by personal interview and questionnaire. | Gjerde LC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Aging and the structure and long-term stability of the internalizing spectrum of personality and psychopathology. | Eaton NR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Association of polymorphisms in HCN4 with mood disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder. | Kelmendi B et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Characterization of South African adolescents with alcohol use disorders but without psychiatric or polysubstance comorbidity. | Ferrett HL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Diagnosing the DSM: Diagnostic Classification Needs Fundamental Reform. | Hyman SE | — | 2011 | → |
| Heritability of problem drinking and the genetic overlap with personality in a general population sample. | de Moor MH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Personality and psychopathology. | Andersen AM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Personality in DSM-5: helping delineate personality disorder content and framing the metastructure. | Krueger RF et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Striking the (Im)Proper Balance between Scientific Advances and Clinical Utility: Commentary on the DSM-5 Proposal for Personality Disorders. | Pilkonis PA et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The joint structure of DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II disorders. | Røysamb E et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The relationship between the genetic and environmental influences on common externalizing psychopathology and mental wellbeing. | Kendler KS et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The relationship between the genetic and environmental influences on common internalizing psychiatric disorders and mental well-being. | Kendler KS et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The role of latent internalizing and externalizing predispositions in accounting for the development of comorbidity among common mental disorders. | Kessler RC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Revising the borderline diagnosis for DSM-V: an alternative proposal. | Gunderson JG | — | 2010 | → |