Genomewide association studies: history, rationale, and prospects for psychiatric disorders.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee; Cichon, Sven; Craddock, Nick; Daly, Mark; Faraone, Stephen V; Gejman, Pablo V; Kelsoe, John; Lehner, Thomas; Levinson, Douglas F; Moran, Audra; Sklar, Pamela; Sullivan, Patrick F
Year: 2009
Journal: The American journal of psychiatry
PMID: 19339359
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08091354
PMCID: PMC3894622

OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted a review of the history and empirical basis of genomewide association studies (GWAS), the rationale for GWAS of psychiatric disorders, results to date, limitations, and plans for GWAS meta-analyses. METHOD: A literature review was carried out, power and other issues discussed, and planned studies assessed. RESULTS: Most of the genomic DNA sequence differences between any two people are common (frequency >5%) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Because of localized patterns of correlation (linkage disequilibrium), 500,000 to 1,000,000 of these SNPs can test the hypothesis that one or more common variants explain part of the genetic risk for a disease. GWAS technologies can also detect some of the copy number variants (deletions and duplications) in the genome. Systematic study of rare variants will require large-scale resequencing analyses. GWAS methods have detected a remarkable number of robust genetic associations for dozens of common diseases and traits, leading to new pathophysiological hypotheses, although only small proportions of genetic variance have been explained thus far and therapeutic applications will require substantial further effort. Study design issues, power, and limitations are discussed. For psychiatric disorders, there are initial significant findings for common SNPs and for rare copy number variants, and many other studies are in progress. CONCLUSIONS: GWAS of large samples have detected associations of common SNPs and of rare copy number variants with psychiatric disorders. More findings are likely, since larger GWAS samples detect larger numbers of common susceptibility variants, with smaller effects. The Psychiatric GWAS Consortium is conducting GWAS meta-analyses for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Based on results for other diseases, larger samples will be required. The contribution of GWAS will depend on the true genetic architecture of each disorder.

#	Section	Preview
0	Introduction	Since 2005 (1), genomewide association studies (GWAS, “jē’ wōs”) have produced strongly…
1	Candidate genes, linkage and linkage disequilibirium — Genetic epidemiology	Before any molecular genetic study is undertaken, the methods of genetic epidemiology are used to…
2	Candidate genes, linkage and linkage disequilibirium — Candidate genes	When the pathophysiology of a disease is known (e.g., an enzyme deficiency), it may be…
3	Candidate genes, linkage and linkage disequilibirium — Positional methods	The alternative strategy is to localize disease-related sequence variation based entirely on its…
4	Candidate genes, linkage and linkage disequilibirium — Positional methods	GWLS became feasible in the 1980s with genomewide “maps” (7) of hundreds of DNA sequence…
5	Candidate genes, linkage and linkage disequilibirium — Positional methods	LD mapping relies instead on the population-wide correlation between two sequence variants. Most…
6	Candidate genes, linkage and linkage disequilibirium — Positional methods	LD mapping studies have identified plausible positional candidate genes in regions of linkage or of…
7	Common SNPs, HapMap and GWAS	Risch and Merikangas (21) noted that small genetic effects could be detected with greater power by…
8	Common SNPs, HapMap and GWAS	(e.g., evolutionary pressures can rapidly increase frequencies of adaptive SNPs in gene-regulating…
9	Common SNPs, HapMap and GWAS	How many SNPs should be tested? Studies of small regions revealed LD blocks within which common SNPs…
10	Rare SNPs	Common SNPs are unlikely to explain all of the genetic risk for common disorders. An evolutionary…
11	Rare SNPs	regulate gene expression). (26, 27) But there are other, poorly-understood functional regions. Many…
12	Rare SNPs	Rare SNP associations are more likely to be detected by resequencing of relevant regions in hundreds…
13	Copy number variants	GWAS technologies can also detect more of the copy number variants (CNVs) in the genome than was…
14	GWAS study design	Study design issues are summarized in Table 3. A GWAS sample, selected based on a well-defined,…
15	GWAS study design	Selection of control groups is critical, beyond the problem of ancestral matching. It is ideal to…
16	Statistical power of GWAS	A key factor in the recent success of GWAS has been the assembling of large samples with adequate…
17	Statistical power of GWAS	Figure 1 illustrates why. The figure legend discusses factors that predict power: sample size,…
18	Statistical power of GWAS	This led to much larger GWAS analyses in collaborative samples, which has proven remarkably…
19	GWAS findings for non-psychiatric disorders and lessons for psychiatry	Over the past three years, many highly significant GWAS findings have been reported for…

Name	Type
1000 Genomes Project	cohort
15q13.3 deletion	variant
16p11.2 deletion	variant
1q21.1 deletion	variant
22q11.2 deletion	variant
8q24.21 local	variant
Adaptive SNPs local	variant
ADHD	phenotype
African	cohort
alcohol	phenotype
Alcohol Use Disorder	phenotype
Alzheimer’s disease	phenotype
ANK3	gene
Asian	cohort
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	phenotype
autism	phenotype
bipolar disorder	phenotype
blood donors local	cohort
BMI	phenotype
breast cancer	phenotype
cancer	phenotype
case group	cohort
case subjects	cohort
CNV	variant
CNVs	variant
colorectal cancer	phenotype
combined schizophrenia-bipolar dataset local	cohort
common-SNP local	variant
common variants	cohort
complex diseases	phenotype
complex disorders	phenotype
continuous trait local	phenotype
control group	cohort
control groups	cohort
control subjects	cohort
copy number variants	variant
developmental disabilities	phenotype
Dgkh	gene
disease	phenotype
disease genes	gene
disease-related sequence variation local	phenotype
disease risk	phenotype
disorder	phenotype
DNA methylation	drug
DNA sequence variations (markers) local	variant
European ancestry	cohort
European population	cohort
families	cohort
FTO	gene
FTO SNPs local	variant
GAIN	cohort
gene expression	phenotype
genetic risk	cohort
GWAS	cohort
HapMap	cohort
HapMap3	cohort
Heritable phenotype local	phenotype
hypertension	phenotype
ill cases local	cohort
illicit drugs	phenotype
illicit drug use	phenotype
inflammatory bowel diseases local	phenotype
initial GWAS samples local	cohort
International consortium of psychiatric GWAS investigators local	cohort
intronic_SNP local	variant
inversions	variant
large collaborative samples local	cohort
Large deletions on chromosome 22q11 local	variant
large samples local	cohort
lipid metabolism	phenotype
major depressive disorder	phenotype
major psychiatric disorders	phenotype
mental retardation	phenotype
microRNA	drug
nicotine	drug
nicotine use disorder	phenotype
Non-psychiatric disorders local	phenotype
non-synonymous SNP	variant
nsSNP	variant
obesity	phenotype
PGC	cohort
PGC meta-analysis	cohort
population	cohort
population-based birth cohort local	cohort
Population substructure local	phenotype
prostate cancer	phenotype
psychiatric disorders	phenotype
Psychiatric Genomics Consortium	cohort
psychosis	phenotype
psychotropic medication	drug
rare CNVs	variant
rare long CNV local	variant
rare pathogenic variant local	variant
rare_pathogenic_variant local	variant
rare variant	cohort
replication sample	cohort
risk allele	cohort
schizophrenia	phenotype
single nucleotide polymorphisms	variant
SNP	cohort
SNP array local	drug
SNP in ZNF804A local	variant
structural variant	cohort
substance	phenotype
substance use	phenotype
synonymous_exonic_SNP local	variant
synonymous exonic SNPs local	variant
TCF7L2	gene
translocation	variant
Twin cohort	cohort
type 2 diabetes	phenotype
type 2 diabetes (T2D) local	phenotype
UK Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium local	cohort
Velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome local	phenotype
WTCCC	cohort
WTCCC bipolar disorder cases local	cohort
WTCCC controls local	cohort
Zeggini et al. study local	cohort
ZNF804A	gene

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In this knowledge base

Title	Year	PMID
Psychiatric Genomics: An Update and an Agenda.	2018	28969442
Genetic determinants of depression: recent findings and future directions.	2015	25563565
A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder.	2013	22472876
Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2013	22889921
Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications.	2012	22777127
Hypothesis-driven candidate genes for schizophrenia compared to genome-wide association results.	2012	21854684
The Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research genome-wide association study.	2012	23363460
A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry.	2011	21890791
Genomewide association analysis of symptoms of alcohol dependence in the molecular genetics of schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample.	2011	21314694
Genome-wide association study of recurrent early-onset major depressive disorder.	2011	20125088
Genome-wide association study of theta band event-related oscillations identifies serotonin receptor gene HTR7 influencing risk of alcohol dependence.	2011	21184583
Novel loci for major depression identified by genome-wide association study of Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression and meta-analysis of three studies.	2011	20038947
Phenotype harmonization and cross-study collaboration in GWAS consortia: the GENEVA experience.	2011	21284036
The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for syndromal and subsyndromal common DSM-IV axis I and all axis II disorders.	2011	20952461
Genome-wide association studies: a primer.	2010	19895722
The psychiatric GWAS consortium: big science comes to psychiatry.	2010	20955924
Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	2009	19571811

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Genome-Wide Scan for Five Brain Oscillatory Phenotypes Identifies a New QTL Associated with Theta EEG Band.	Rebelo MÂ et al.	—	2020	→
Motor Transitions' Peculiarity of Heterozygous DAT Rats When Offspring of an Unconventional KOxWT Mating.	Carbone C et al.	—	2020	→
Opportunities, challenges and expectations management for translating biobank research to precision medicine.	O'Donnell CJ	—	2020	→
The genetic and environmental origins of emotional and cognitive empathy: Review and meta-analyses of twin studies.	Abramson L et al.	—	2020	→
A genome-wide association meta-analysis of prognostic outcomes following cognitive behavioural therapy in individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders.	Rayner C et al.	—	2019	→
A review of epigenetic contributions  to post-traumatic stress disorder .	Howie H et al.	—	2019	→
Defining the Genetic, Genomic, Cellular, and Diagnostic Architectures of Psychiatric Disorders.	Sullivan PF et al.	—	2019	→
Functional analyses and effect of DNA methylation on the EGR1 gene in patients with schizophrenia.	Hu TM et al.	—	2019	→
Genetic influences on eight psychiatric disorders based on family data of 4 408 646 full and half-siblings, and genetic data of 333 748 cases and controls.	Pettersson E et al.	—	2019	→
Opioid Addiction, Genetic Susceptibility, and Medical Treatments: A Review.	Wang SC et al.	—	2019	→
Potential use of clinical polygenic risk scores in psychiatry - ethical implications and communicating high polygenic risk.	Palk AC et al.	—	2019	→
Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology.	Smoller JW et al.	—	2019	→
Rare and common variant discovery in complex disease: the IBD case study.	Venkataraman GR et al.	—	2019	→
Zebrafish models for personalized psychiatry: Insights from individual, strain and sex differences, and modeling gene x environment interactions.	Volgin AD et al.	—	2019	→
Comprehensive functional genomic resource and integrative model for the human brain.	Wang D et al.	—	2018	→
EEG Source Imaging Indices of Cognitive Control Show Associations with Dopamine System Genes.	McLoughlin G et al.	—	2018	→
Panic disorders: The role of genetics and epigenetics.	Kim EJ et al.	—	2018	→
Prenatal Neuropathologies in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: The Gestation of a Comprehensive Zebrafish Model.	Kozol RA	—	2018	→
Psychiatric Genomics: An Update and an Agenda.	Sullivan PF et al.	—	2018	→
The developing significance of context and function: Neuroscience and law.	Freedman D et al.	—	2018	→
Comorbidity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Chronic Pain: Genetic Influences on Brain Reward and Stress Systems.	Yeung EW et al.	—	2017	→
DeepBipolar: Identifying genomic mutations for bipolar disorder via deep learning.	Sundaram L et al.	—	2017	→
Genome-wide association analysis identifies a GLUL haplotype for familial hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.	Lin YY et al.	—	2017	→
MicroRNAs as biomarkers for psychiatric disorders with a focus on autism spectrum disorder: Current progress in genetic association studies, expression profiling, and translational research.	Hu Y et al.	—	2017	→
More than 25 years of genetic studies of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.	de With SAJ et al.	—	2017	→
No Evidence That Schizophrenia Candidate Genes Are More Associated With Schizophrenia Than Noncandidate Genes.	Johnson EC et al.	—	2017	→
Personalized medicine in psychiatry.	Wium-Andersen IK et al.	—	2017	→
Receptiveness to participation in genetic research: A pilot study comparing views of people with depression, diabetes, or no illness.	Roberts LW et al.	—	2017	→
Schizophrenia: Basic and Clinical.	Coyle JT	—	2017	→
Additive genetic contribution to symptom dimensions in major depressive disorder.	Pearson R et al.	—	2016	→
A Review of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia.	Kendhari J et al.	—	2016	→
Association study of GABA system genes polymorphisms with amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder in a Han Chinese population.	Zhang K et al.	—	2016	→
Biological determination of mental disorders: a discussion based on recent hypotheses from neuroscience.	Freitas-Silva LR et al.	—	2016	→
Biological underpinnings of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: focusing on genetics and epigenetics.	Ryan J et al.	—	2016	→
Ethnicity and Psychiatric Disorders.	Hawes AM et al.	—	2016	→
Gene × Environment Determinants of Stress- and Anxiety-Related Disorders.	Sharma S et al.	—	2016	→
Genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update.	Akutagava-Martins GC et al.	—	2016	→
Genome-Wide Association Study Suggested the PTPRD Polymorphisms Were Associated With Weight Gain Effects of Atypical Antipsychotic Medications.	Yu H et al.	—	2016	→
High-resolution chromosome ideogram representation of recognized genes for bipolar disorder.	Douglas LN et al.	—	2016	→
Imaging genetics studies on monoaminergic genes in major depressive disorder.	Won E et al.	—	2016	→
RDoC: Translating promise into progress.	Patrick CJ et al.	—	2016	→
Screening for Mutations in the TBX1 Gene on Chromosome 22q11.2 in Schizophrenia.	Ping LY et al.	—	2016	→
Somatic, positive and negative domains of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies.	Demirkan A et al.	—	2016	→
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in Schizophrenia: A Review.	Mokhtari R et al.	—	2016	→
The Standard for Clinicians' Interview in Psychiatry (SCIP): A Clinician-administered Tool with Categorical, Dimensional, and Numeric Output-Conceptual Development, Design, and Description of the SCIP.	Aboraya A et al.	—	2016	→
What Next in Schizophrenia Genetics for the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium?	Corvin A et al.	—	2016	→
All the world's a (clinical) stage: rethinking bipolar disorder from a longitudinal perspective.	Frank E et al.	—	2015	→
Behavioral Microbiomics: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Microbial Influence on Behavior.	Wong AC et al.	—	2015	→
Can genomics help usher schizophrenia into the age of RDoC and DSM-6?	Fanous AH	—	2015	→
Convergence of advances in genomics, team science, and repositories as drivers of progress in psychiatric genomics.	Lehner T et al.	—	2015	→
Genetic determinants of depression: recent findings and future directions.	Dunn EC et al.	—	2015	→
Genetics in child and adolescent psychiatry: methodological advances and conceptual issues.	Hohmann S et al.	—	2015	→
P < 5 × 10(-8) has emerged as a standard of statistical significance for genome-wide association studies.	Jannot AS et al.	—	2015	→
Quality control metrics improve repeatability and reproducibility of single-nucleotide variants derived from whole-genome sequencing.	Zhang W et al.	—	2015	→
Resequencing of early growth response 2 (EGR2) gene revealed a recurrent patient-specific mutation in schizophrenia.	Hu TM et al.	—	2015	→
Support of positive association in family-based genetic analysis between COL27A1 and Tourette syndrome.	Liu S et al.	—	2015	→
The genetics of loneliness: linking evolutionary theory to genome-wide genetics, epigenetics, and social science.	Goossens L et al.	—	2015	→
The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Workgroup: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Enters the Age of Large-Scale Genomic Collaboration.	Logue MW et al.	—	2015	→
The Use of Cannabis as a Predictor of Early Onset of Bipolar Disorder and Suicide Attempts.	Leite RT et al.	—	2015	→
A dense linkage map for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reveals variable chromosomal divergence after an ancestral whole genome duplication event.	Brieuc MS et al.	—	2014	→
A FAST ALGORITHM FOR DETECTING GENE-GENE INTERACTIONS IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES.	Li J et al.	—	2014	→
A genome-wide association analysis of a broad psychosis phenotype identifies three loci for further investigation.	Psychosis Endophenotypes International Consortium et al.	—	2014	→
A genome-wide CNV analysis of schizophrenia reveals a potential role for a multiple-hit model.	Rudd DS et al.	—	2014	→
A meta-analysis of gene expression quantitative trait loci in brain.	Kim Y et al.	—	2014	→
A meta-analysis of the risk of major affective disorder in relatives of individuals affected by major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.	Wilde A et al.	—	2014	→
Automatic clustering and population analysis of white matter tracts using maximum density paths.	Prasad G et al.	—	2014	→
Candidate gene associations with mood disorder, cognitive vulnerability, and fronto-limbic volumes.	Frazier TW et al.	—	2014	→
Clinical applications of age-related macular degeneration genetics.	SanGiovanni JP et al.	—	2014	→
Correcting systematic inflation in genetic association tests that consider interaction effects: application to a genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder.	Almli LM et al.	—	2014	→
Genetic approaches to understanding post-traumatic stress disorder.	Almli LM et al.	—	2014	→
Genetics of alcohol dependence: a review of clinical studies.	Samochowiec J et al.	—	2014	→
Genetic variation associated with euphorigenic effects of d-amphetamine is associated with diminished risk for schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Hart AB et al.	—	2014	→
Interaction of neurodevelopmental pathways and synaptic plasticity in mental retardation, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: implications for psychiatry.	Waltereit R et al.	—	2014	→
Interaction of the ADRB2 gene polymorphism with childhood trauma in predicting adult symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.	Liberzon I et al.	—	2014	→
Neurotrophins and psychiatric disorders.	Castrén E	—	2014	→
Pharmacometabolomics: implications for clinical pharmacology and systems pharmacology.	Kaddurah-Daouk R et al.	—	2014	→
Practitioner review: A critical perspective on gene-environment interaction models--what impact should they have on clinical perceptions and practice?	Munafò MR et al.	—	2014	→
Predicting the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder using gene pathway analysis.	Skafidas E et al.	—	2014	→
SITDEM: a simulation tool for disease/endpoint models of association studies based on single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes.	Oh JH et al.	—	2014	→
Synaptic plasticity, neural circuits, and the emerging role of altered short-term information processing in schizophrenia.	Crabtree GW et al.	—	2014	→
The Autism Simplex Collection: an international, expertly phenotyped autism sample for genetic and phenotypic analyses.	Buxbaum JD et al.	—	2014	→
Toward a road map for global -omics: a primer on -omic technologies.	Coughlin SS	—	2014	→
A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder.	Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium et al.	—	2013	→
A neurogenetics approach to understanding individual differences in brain, behavior, and risk for psychopathology.	Bogdan R et al.	—	2013	→
A review of potassium channels in bipolar disorder.	Judy JT et al.	—	2013	→
Association at SYNE1 in both bipolar disorder and recurrent major depression.	Green EK et al.	—	2013	→
Association of intronic sequence variant in the gene encoding spleen tyrosine kinase with susceptibility to vascular dementia.	Kim Y et al.	—	2013	→
Background, clinical features and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children.	Warikoo N et al.	—	2013	→
Effect of mood stabilizers on DNA methylation in human neuroblastoma cells.	Asai T et al.	—	2013	→
Evidence of a dimensional relationship between schizotypy and schizophrenia: a systematic review.	Nelson MT et al.	—	2013	→
From single-SNP to wide-locus: genome-wide association studies identifying functionally related genes and intragenic regions in small sample studies.	Wittkowski KM et al.	—	2013	→
Generalized joint hypermobility in professional dancers: a sign of talent or vulnerability?	Scheper MC et al.	—	2013	→
Genetics and psychiatry: a proposal for the application of the precautionary principle.	Porteri C	—	2013	→
Genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current findings and future directions.	Akutagava-Martins GC et al.	—	2013	→
Genetics of bipolar disorder.	Craddock N et al.	—	2013	→
Genetics of eating disorders.	Hinney A et al.	—	2013	→
Genetics of schizophrenia: What do we know?	Zhang JP et al.	—	2013	→
Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	Stewart SE et al.	—	2013	→
Human genome-guided identification of memory-modulating drugs.	Papassotiropoulos A et al.	—	2013	→
Implications of the use of genetic tests in psychiatry, with a focus on major depressive disorder: a review.	Wilde A et al.	—	2013	→
Interest, rationale, and potential clinical applications of genetic testing for mood disorders: a survey of stakeholders.	Erickson JA et al.	—	2013	→
Meta-analysis of association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and the 3' region of neuronal glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1.	Stewart SE et al.	—	2013	→
Molecular biology of epilepsy genes.	Williams CA et al.	—	2013	→
Neurogenetics of depression: a focus on reward processing and stress sensitivity.	Bogdan R et al.	—	2013	→
New findings in the genetics of schizophrenia.	Hosak L	—	2013	→
No evidence that common genetic risk variation is shared between schizophrenia and autism.	Vorstman JA et al.	—	2013	→
Performance of polygenic scores for predicting phobic anxiety.	Walter S et al.	—	2013	→
Pharmacometabolomic mapping of early biochemical changes induced by sertraline and placebo.	Kaddurah-Daouk R et al.	—	2013	→
Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia.	McClellan J et al.	—	2013	→
Prenatal stress and affective disorders in a population birth cohort.	Kleinhaus K et al.	—	2013	→
Real progress in molecular psychiatric genetics.	Faraone SV	—	2013	→
The genetics of alcohol dependence.	Rietschel M et al.	—	2013	→
The implications of genomics on the nursing care of adults with neuropsychiatric conditions.	Schutte DL et al.	—	2013	→
Toxoplasma gondii infection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?	Webster JP et al.	—	2013	→
What psychiatric genetics has taught us about the nature of psychiatric illness and what is left to learn.	Kendler KS	—	2013	→
White matter integrity as an intermediate phenotype: exploratory genome-wide association analysis in individuals at high risk of bipolar disorder.	Sprooten E et al.	—	2013	→
Analyzing genomic data: understanding the genome	Fernández-Suárez XM	—	2012	—
Animal models of stress vulnerability and resilience in translational research.	Scharf SH et al.	—	2012	→
A re-review of the association between the NOTCH4 locus and schizophrenia.	Shayevitz C et al.	—	2012	→
Association study of serotonin pathway genes in attempted suicide.	Judy JT et al.	—	2012	→
Candidate gene-based association study of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders in long-stay psychiatric patients: a prospective study.	Bakker PR et al.	—	2012	→
CNS effects of CB2 cannabinoid receptors: beyond neuro-immuno-cannabinoid activity.	Onaivi ES et al.	—	2012	→
Common and specific liability to addiction: approaches to association studies of opioid addiction.	Nielsen DA et al.	—	2012	→
DCLK1 variants are associated across schizophrenia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Håvik B et al.	—	2012	→
Effectiveness of a web-based protocol for the screening and phenotyping of individuals with Tourette syndrome for genetic studies.	Egan CA et al.	—	2012	→
EnigmaVis: online interactive visualization of genome-wide association studies of the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium.	Novak NM et al.	—	2012	→
Epistasis network centrality analysis yields pathway replication across two GWAS cohorts for bipolar disorder.	Pandey A et al.	—	2012	→
Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications.	Sullivan PF et al.	—	2012	→
Genetic polymorphism studies in periodontitis and Fcγ receptors.	Chai L et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia: does bigger lead to better results?	Bergen SE et al.	—	2012	→
Genome-wide association study of major depressive disorder: new results, meta-analysis, and lessons learned.	Wray NR et al.	—	2012	→
Genomic structural variation in psychiatric disorders.	Rucker JJ et al.	—	2012	→
Hypothesis-driven candidate genes for schizophrenia compared to genome-wide association results.	Collins AL et al.	—	2012	→
Investigating the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk and pathogenesis of ADHD.	Stergiakouli E et al.	—	2012	→
Molecular genetics research in ADHD: ethical considerations concerning patients' benefit and resource allocation.	Rothenberger LG	—	2012	→
Non-Mendelian etiologic factors in neuropsychiatric illness: pleiotropy, epigenetics, and convergence.	Deutsch CK et al.	—	2012	→
Pharmacogenetics in psychiatry: translating research into clinical practice.	Malhotra AK et al.	—	2012	→
Quantitative and molecular genetics of ADHD.	Asherson P et al.	—	2012	→
Serotonin 6 receptor gene and schizophrenia: case-control study and meta-analysis.	Kishi T et al.	—	2012	→
TCF4 sequence variants and mRNA levels are associated with neurodevelopmental characteristics in psychotic disorders.	Wirgenes KV et al.	—	2012	→
The cognitive genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders.	Corvin A et al.	—	2012	→
The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review.	Franke B et al.	—	2012	→
The Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research genome-wide association study.	Miller MB et al.	—	2012	→
The NKI-Rockland Sample: A Model for Accelerating the Pace of Discovery Science in Psychiatry.	Nooner KB et al.	—	2012	→
The p250GAP gene is associated with risk for schizophrenia and schizotypal personality traits.	Ohi K et al.	—	2012	→
The relationship between acoustic startle response measures and cognitive functions in Japanese patients with schizophrenia.	Kishi T et al.	—	2012	→
Up-regulation of NOTCH4 gene expression in bipolar disorder.	Dieset I et al.	—	2012	→
Validating two survey methods for identifying cases of autism spectrum disorder among adults in the community.	Brugha TS et al.	—	2012	→
White matter pathology--an endophenotype for bipolar disorder?	Borgwardt S et al.	—	2012	→
A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry.	Duncan LE et al.	—	2011	→
Advancing the biobehavioral research of fatigue with genetics and genomics.	Lyon DE et al.	—	2011	→
A dynamic model for genome-wide association studies.	Das K et al.	—	2011	→
Agency versus structure: genetics, group membership, and a new twist on an old debate.	Angel RJ	—	2011	→
A new lead from genetic studies in depressed siblings: assessing studies of chromosome 3.	Hamilton SP	—	2011	→
Animal models for depression and the mismatch hypothesis of disease.	Schmidt MV	—	2011	→
An overview of the genetic susceptibility to alcoholism.	Buscemi L et al.	—	2011	→
Assessing genetic polymorphisms using DNA extracted from cells present in saliva samples.	Nemoda Z et al.	—	2011	→
Assessment of 2q23.1 microdeletion syndrome implicates MBD5 as a single causal locus of intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder.	Talkowski ME et al.	—	2011	→
Association of candidate genes with phenotypic traits relevant to anorexia nervosa.	Root TL et al.	—	2011	→
Beyond the facts in schizophrenia: closing the gaps in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment.	Nasrallah H et al.	—	2011	→
Database of genetic studies of bipolar disorder.	Piletz JE et al.	—	2011	→
Evidence of associations between bipolar disorder and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene.	Sears C et al.	—	2011	→
Executive functioning in familial bipolar I disorder patients and their unaffected relatives.	Schulze KK et al.	—	2011	→
Fine mapping of candidate regions for bipolar disorder provides strong evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosomes 7q.	Xu H et al.	—	2011	→
Functional themes from psychiatric genome-wide screens.	Davies W	—	2011	→
Genetic association studies of antioxidant pathway genes and schizophrenia.	Chowdari KV et al.	—	2011	→
Genetic risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly cohorts.	Demirkan A et al.	—	2011	→
Genetics in psychiatry: are the promises met?	Bondy B	—	2011	→
Genetics of age-related macular degeneration: current concepts, future directions.	Deangelis MM et al.	—	2011	→
Genetics of schizophrenia: new findings and challenges.	Gejman PV et al.	—	2011	→
Genetic susceptibility and the setting of occupational health standards.	Schulte P et al.	—	2011	→
Genomewide association analysis of symptoms of alcohol dependence in the molecular genetics of schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample.	Kendler KS et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide association study of recurrent early-onset major depressive disorder.	Shi J et al.	—	2011	→
Genome-wide association study of theta band event-related oscillations identifies serotonin receptor gene HTR7 influencing risk of alcohol dependence.	Zlojutro M et al.	—	2011	→
Genomics in the post-GWAS era.	Juran BD et al.	—	2011	→
Identifying influential regions in extremely rare variants using a fixed-bin approach.	Agne M et al.	—	2011	→
Intron 12 in NTRK3 is associated with bipolar disorder.	Athanasiu L et al.	—	2011	→
Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4.	Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group	—	2011	→
Moderate exercise improves depression parameters in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive disorder.	Mota-Pereira J et al.	—	2011	→
Molecular genomic research designs.	Baumgartel K et al.	—	2011	→
Molecular pathways involved in neuronal cell adhesion and membrane scaffolding contribute to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder susceptibility.	O'Dushlaine C et al.	—	2011	→
Multilocus genetic analysis of brain images.	Hibar DP et al.	—	2011	→
No association between a common single nucleotide polymorphism, rs4141463, in the MACROD2 gene and autism spectrum disorder.	Curran S et al.	—	2011	→
Novel loci for major depression identified by genome-wide association study of Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression and meta-analysis of three studies.	Shyn SI et al.	—	2011	→
Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Polymorphisms and Attachment in Human Infants.	Chen FS et al.	—	2011	→
Pharmacogenetics and antipsychotics: therapeutic efficacy and side effects prediction.	Zhang JP et al.	—	2011	→
Phenotype harmonization and cross-study collaboration in GWAS consortia: the GENEVA experience.	Bennett SN et al.	—	2011	→
Polygenic dissection of the bipolar phenotype.	Hamshere ML et al.	—	2011	→
Possible association between ubiquitin-specific peptidase 46 gene and major depressive disorders in the Japanese population.	Fukuo Y et al.	—	2011	→
Psychopathological aspects of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in adolescence and young adulthood.	Nemoda Z et al.	—	2011	→
Quantitative Models for Causal Analysis in the Era of Genome Wide Association Studies.	Coughlin SS	—	2011	→
Ranking causal variants and associated regions in genome-wide association studies by the support vector machine and random forest.	Roshan U et al.	—	2011	→
Regulation of cell cycle and DNA repair in post-mitotic GABA neurons in psychotic disorders.	Benes FM	—	2011	→
Risk factors for autism: translating genomic discoveries into diagnostics.	Scherer SW et al.	—	2011	→
Schizophrenia genetics: where next?	Kim Y et al.	—	2011	→
Southeast Asian origins of five Hill Tribe populations and correlation of genetic to linguistic relationships inferred with genome-wide SNP data.	Listman JB et al.	—	2011	→
[Systematic review of the Genomewide Association Studies (GWAS) in schizophrenia].	Valiente A et al.	—	2011	→
The emergence of human-evolutionary medical genomics.	Crespi BJ	—	2011	→
The Fox and the Rabbits-Environmental Variables and Population Genetics (1) Replication Problems in Association Studies and the Untapped Power of GWAS (2) Vitamin A Deficiency, Herpes Simplex Reactivation and Other Causes of Alzheimer's Disease.	Carter CJ	—	2011	→
The genetic blueprint of major depressive disorder: contributions of imaging genetics studies.	Scharinger C et al.	—	2011	→
'The missing genes: what happened to the heritability of psychiatric disorders?'.	Crow TJ	—	2011	→
The role of imprinted genes in mediating susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders.	Kopsida E et al.	—	2011	→
The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for syndromal and subsyndromal common DSM-IV axis I and all axis II disorders.	Kendler KS et al.	—	2011	→
Variants of the RELA gene are associated with schizophrenia and their startle responses.	Hashimoto R et al.	—	2011	→
What have official classifications ever done for psychiatric genomics? Implications for DSM-V schizophrenia.	Atbasoglu EC	—	2011	→
Alzheimer's disease: diagnostics, prognostics and the road to prevention.	Grossman I et al.	—	2010	→
Ancestry informative markers for fine-scale individual assignment to worldwide populations.	Paschou P et al.	—	2010	→
Association analysis of Neuregulin 1 candidate regions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	Walker RM et al.	—	2010	→
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a focused overview for children's environmental health researchers.	Aguiar A et al.	—	2010	→
Beating the boojum: comparative approaches to the neurobiology of social behavior.	Phelps SM et al.	—	2010	→
Case-control association study of TGOLN2 in attempted suicide.	Mahon PB et al.	—	2010	→
Comparing apples and oranges: equating the power of case-control and quantitative trait association studies.	Yang J et al.	—	2010	→
Domain altering SNPs in the human proteome and their impact on signaling pathways.	Liu Y et al.	—	2010	→
Eating disorders: the current status of molecular genetic research.	Scherag S et al.	—	2010	→
Effect of CACNA1C rs1006737 on neural correlates of verbal fluency in healthy individuals.	Krug A et al.	—	2010	→
Epigenetics in mental illness: hope or hype?	Albert PR	—	2010	→
Evidence for association of the GLI2 gene with tardive dyskinesia in patients with chronic schizophrenia.	Greenbaum L et al.	—	2010	→
From genotype to EEG endophenotype: a route for post-genomic understanding of complex psychiatric disease?	de Geus EJ	—	2010	→
Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder: review and recommendations for genome-wide association studies.	Cornelis MC et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide approaches to schizophrenia.	Duan J et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide association studies and cancer.	Jorgenson E et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide association studies: a primer.	Corvin A et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide association study of major recurrent depression in the U.K. population.	Lewis CM et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide association study of suicide attempts in mood disorder patients.	Perlis RH et al.	—	2010	→
Genome-wide conditional search for epistatic disease-predisposing variants in human association studies.	Wang G et al.	—	2010	→
Human behavioral informatics in genetic studies of neuropsychiatric disease: multivariate profile-based analysis.	Bloss CS et al.	—	2010	→
Imaging genomics.	Thompson PM et al.	—	2010	→
Lost in the space of bioinformatic tools: a constantly updated survival guide for genetic epidemiology. The GenEpi Toolbox.	Coassin S et al.	—	2010	→
Methods: genetic epidemiology.	Benke KS et al.	—	2010	→
Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview.	Banaschewski T et al.	—	2010	→
Mood disorder susceptibility gene CACNA1C modifies mood-related behaviors in mice and interacts with sex to influence behavior in mice and diagnosis in humans.	Dao DT et al.	—	2010	→
Narrowing the boundaries of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia.	Wray NR et al.	—	2010	→
Neurocognitive phenotypes and genetic dissection of disorders of brain and behavior.	Congdon E et al.	—	2010	→
Nonparametric methods for molecular biology.	Wittkowski KM et al.	—	2010	→
Overview of the genetics of major depressive disorder.	Lohoff FW	—	2010	→
Pilot study on schizophrenia in Sardinia.	Ott J et al.	—	2010	→
Predictive and diagnostic genetic testing in psychiatry.	Mitchell PB et al.	—	2010	→
REVIEW: Genome-wide findings in schizophrenia and the role of gene-environment interplay.	Van Winkel R et al.	—	2010	→
Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.	Rommelse NN et al.	—	2010	→
SRD5A2 is associated with increased cortisol metabolism in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.	Steen NE et al.	—	2010	→
The failure of the schizophrenia concept and the argument for its replacement by hebephrenia: applying the medical model for disease recognition.	Taylor MA et al.	—	2010	→
The genetic epidemiology of personality disorders.	Reichborn-Kjennerud T	—	2010	→
The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood.	Lichtenstein P et al.	—	2010	→
The genetics of major depression: moving beyond the monoamine hypothesis.	Shyn SI et al.	—	2010	→
The genetics of mood disorders.	Lau JY et al.	—	2010	→
The psychiatric GWAS consortium: big science comes to psychiatry.	Sullivan PF	—	2010	→
The role of genetics in the etiology of schizophrenia.	Gejman PV et al.	—	2010	→
Toxoplasma gondii-altered host behaviour: clues as to mechanism of action.	Webster JP et al.	—	2010	→
Understanding the complex etiologies of developmental disorders: behavioral and molecular genetic approaches.	Willcutt EG et al.	—	2010	→
Understanding the relation between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in a Swedish national twin sample.	Bulik CM et al.	—	2010	→
What is a meaningful result? Disclosing the results of genomic research in autism to research participants.	Miller FA et al.	—	2010	→
β-catenin promoter ChIP-chip reveals potential schizophrenia and bipolar disorder gene network.	Pedrosa E et al.	—	2010	→
Application of pharmacogenomics to clinical problems in depression.	Oestergaard S et al.	—	2009	→
Autism genetics: emerging data from genome-wide copy-number and single nucleotide polymorphism scans.	Weiss LA	—	2009	→
Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	International Schizophrenia Consortium et al.	—	2009	→
Copy-number variants in neurodevelopmental disorders: promises and challenges.	Merikangas AK et al.	—	2009	→
Finding common susceptibility variants for complex disease: past, present and future.	Panoutsopoulou K et al.	—	2009	→
From age correction to genome-wide association.	Cohen-Woods S et al.	—	2009	→
Genetic polymorphisms associated with acute lung injury.	Reddy AJ et al.	—	2009	→
Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).	Sharp SI et al.	—	2009	→
Genome-wide association study of antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism severity among schizophrenia patients.	Alkelai A et al.	—	2009	→
Linkage and association studies of anxiety disorders.	Hamilton SP	—	2009	→
Molecules of madness.	Snyder SH	—	2009	→
New hope for pharmacogenetic testing.	Nurnberger JI	—	2009	→
Policy perspectives on the emerging pathways of personalized medicine.	Downing GJ	—	2009	→