Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Wootton, Robyn E; Richmond, Rebecca C; Stuijfzand, Bobby G; Lawn, Rebecca B; Sallis, Hannah M; Taylor, Gemma M J; Hemani, Gibran; Jones, Hannah J; Zammit, Stanley; Davey Smith, George; Munafò, Marcus R
- Year
- 2020
- Journal
- Psychological medicine
- PMID
- 31689377
- DOI
- 10.1017/S0033291719002678
- PMCID
- PMC7610182
BACKGROUND: Smoking prevalence is higher amongst individuals with schizophrenia and depression compared with the general population. Mendelian randomisation (MR) can examine whether this association is causal using genetic variants identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). METHODS: We conducted two-sample MR to explore the bi-directional effects of smoking on schizophrenia and depression. For smoking behaviour, we used (1) smoking initiation GWAS from the GSCAN consortium and (2) we conducted our own GWAS of lifetime smoking behaviour (which captures smoking duration, heaviness and cessation) in a sample of 462690 individuals from the UK Biobank. We validated this instrument using positive control outcomes (e.g. lung cancer). For schizophrenia and depression we used GWAS from the PGC consortium. RESULTS: There was strong evidence to suggest smoking is a risk factor for both schizophrenia (odds ratio (OR) 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.67-3.08, p < 0.001) and depression (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.71-2.32, p < 0.001). Results were consistent across both lifetime smoking and smoking initiation. We found some evidence that genetic liability to depression increases smoking (β = 0.091, 95% CI 0.027-0.155, p = 0.005) but evidence was mixed for schizophrenia (β = 0.022, 95% CI 0.005-0.038, p = 0.009) with very weak evidence for an effect on smoking initiation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the association between smoking, schizophrenia and depression is due, at least in part, to a causal effect of smoking, providing further evidence for the detrimental consequences of smoking on mental health.
Manhattan plot of genome-wide association study of lifetime smoking index (N = 462 690). The x-axis represents chromosomal position and the y-axis represents −log10 p value for the association of each SNP with the lifetime smoking index using an additive model and linear regression. The dashed line indicates the genome-wide level of significance (p < 5 × 10−8) and genome-wide significant SNPs are indicated in red.
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| Cholinergic system in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Saint-Georges Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Circulating Protein Mediators Linking Genetically Predicted Smoking to Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Genomic-Proteomic Analysis. | Yuan S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Coffee intake, plasma caffeine levels, and diabetic microvascular complications: A Mendelian randomization study. | Zhou Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Comorbid health outcomes in patients with schizophrenia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. | Lee H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Comprehensive Mendelian Randomization Analysis of Smoking and Its Effects on Venous Thromboembolism. | Li Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Deciphering Alzheimer's disease transcriptomics: exploration and validation of core genes in tau and Aβ pathological models toward novel therapeutic targets. | Zhang HE et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Demographic, biochemical, clinical, and cognitive symptom differences between smokers and non-smokers in Chinese older male patients with chronic schizophrenia. | Li W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Disentangling the effects of nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke on major depressive disorder: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation study. | Burke C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Efficacy and safety of esketamine for smoking cessation among patients diagnosed with lung cancer and major depression disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | Hong X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| "Everybody's problem but nobody's problem": Qualitative study on integrating smoking cessation and mental health services in Singapore. | Lok YL et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and marginal zone lymphoma: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. | Hu X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring genetic associations in systemic lupus erythematosus through Mendelian randomization: implications for novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. | Liu Q et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation analyses: What are genetic variants associated with 'cigarette smoking initiation' really capturing? | Reed ZE et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Exploring the Impact of Systemic Inflammatory Regulators on Rosacea Risk: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis. | Xue Q et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Factors associated with shisha smoking: Results from a cross-sectional telephone-based survey among the general population adults in Nigeria. | Mdege ND et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genetic and molecular assessment of the relationship between smoking and EBV reactivation: A two-sample Mendelian randomization and in-vitro experimental study. | Xiang W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genetic influence of the brain imaging phenotypes, brain and cerebrospinal fluid metabolites and brain genes on migraine subtypes: a Mendelian randomization and multi-omics study. | Zhang PA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genetic Insights Into the Interplay Between Aging and Kidney Health. | Wang Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genetics of Suicide. | Khalil M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genome-wide association study reveals multiple loci for nociception and opioid consumption behaviors associated with heroin vulnerability in outbred rats. | Kuhn BN et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Genome-wide insights of shared genetic architecture between menstrual traits and bone mineral density. | Lei B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Hypothetical interventional effect of health behaviors for improving depression symptoms among patients diagnosed with cancer: a g-formula based study. | Yang L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Implementation of a smoking cessation intervention for people with severe mental illness in ambulatory mental healthcare (KISMET): A process evaluation. | Küçükaksu MH et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Implementation of stop smoking support by mental healthcare professionals: cross-sectional analysis of why nothing much happens. | Meijer E | — | 2025 | → |
| Independent effects of mental health disorders on breast cancer and their mediating factors: evidence from NHANES and two-step Mendelian randomization. | Ma K et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Insights into modifiable risk factors of migraine: a Mendelian randomization analysis. | Yang J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Integrative evidence for causal links between gut microbiota and Schizophrenia: A Mendelian randomization and 16S rRNA study. | Zeng J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Interactive effect of sleep duration, lifestyle factors and comorbidity on depressive symptoms: Insights from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. | Ju C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Intertwined risk factors of mental health and cardiovascular diseases: A cross-sectional survey in Godawari Municipality of Far-western Nepal. | Ojha R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Investigating whether smoking and alcohol behaviours influence risk of type 2 diabetes using a Mendelian randomisation study. | Reed ZE et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Investigation of Novel Therapeutic Targets for Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Human Plasma Proteome. | Wang H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| IUPHAR review: Moving beyond dopamine-based therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia. | Moran PM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| L3MBTL2 as a novel therapeutic target for trigeminal neuralgia: evidence from integrated TWAS, multi-tissue MR, and experimental validation. | Wang H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Lifestyle behaviours do not moderate the association between childhood maltreatment and comorbid depression and cardiometabolic disease in older adults: a meta-analysis. | Layinka O et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol mediates the causal association between systemic lupus erythematosus and asthma: a mediation mendelian randomization study. | Yin H et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Mediating effects of gastroesophageal reflux disease and smoking behavior on the relationship between depression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Trans-ethnic Mendelian randomization study. | Cheng Z et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Mediators of the association between allergic diseases and bronchiectasis: A bi-directional univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study and mediation analysis. | Zhang PA et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Mendelian randomization analysis of smoking, BMI, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in European descent populations. | Ma L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Mendelian randomization analysis unveiling the genetic connection: How psychiatric disorders heighten cancer risk. | Wang J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Natural active ingredients targeted inflammatory cytokines and major blinding eye diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization and molecular docking analysis. | Shao Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Nicotine Misuse and Treatment of Schizophrenia Exacerbations in Men: An Observational Study in Poland. | Grabowski J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Optimizing treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in cerebral small vessel disease using genetics. | Koohi F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Polygenic overlap of substance use behaviors and disorders with externalizing and internalizing problems independent of genetic correlations. | Al-Soufi L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Protective effects of estradiol on neuroinflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related depression. | Lu J et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Protein Drug Targets for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Proteomic Associations Between Modifiable Risk Factors and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. | Qi Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in the association between menthol cigarette use and mental illness among adults who smoke in the United States. | White AM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Reassessing the link between adiposity and head and neck cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. | Morales Berstein F et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Relationship between carotid atherosclerotic plaques and 90-day prognosis after acute ischemic stroke mediated by multiple inflammatory factors: A cohort and Mendelian randomization study. | Jin T et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Risky behavior and depression are linked to energy drink and tobacco use among Palestinian refugee children in a conflict setting: A cross-sectional study. | Sanduka D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Shared and distinct pathways from anxiety disorder and depression to cardiovascular disease: a UK Biobank prospective cohort study. | Nakada S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Smoking as a causative factor in chronic kidney disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Yang Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Smoking, coffee intake, and Parkinson's disease: Potential protective mechanisms and components. | Hong SW et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Smoking elevating osteoarthritis risk: Insights from genetics, blood DNA methylations and proteome profiles. | Ling D et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Smoking may be a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome: Insights from Mendelian randomization analysis. | Shi W et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Social isolation and lung function in middle-aged and older adults: identifying modifiable pathways across two populations. | Du Y et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Temporal dynamic changes of intrinsic brain regional activity in depression with smoking. | Zhong M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The causal effect of smoking on psychiatric disorders: an examination of brain volume as a potential pathway. | van de Weijer MP et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The causal impact of smoking behavior on osteoarthritis: a Mendelian randomization analysis. | Xiao Q et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The relationship between major depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and coronary artery disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. | Zhang X et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of estimation in Mendelian randomization: should Mendelian randomization investigations provide estimates? | Woolf B et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Tobacco-related toxicant exposure among people with and without experience of psychosis: findings from the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. | Taylor E et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Tobacco Smoking and Gray Matter Volume in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. | Koster M et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Water and sanitation quality on depressive symptoms across urban and rural areas in Indonesia: evidence from IFLS-5 data. | Hilal NAM et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A Genome-wide Association Study of Susceptibility to Upper Urinary Tract Infections. | Flatby HM et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Alcohol Use Disorder-Associated DNA Methylation in the Nucleus Accumbens and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. | White JD et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| A Mendelian randomization study on the association between systemic inflammatory regulators and essential and secondary hypertension. | Ji X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Analysing the causal relationship between potentially protective and risk factors and cutaneous melanoma: A Mendelian randomization study. | Liu M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Analysis of patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) based depression prevalence according to a discordance between quantitative urinary cotinine levels and self-report of second-hand smoke exposure among adults: A cross-sectional study. | Lee HS et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association between a healthy lifestyle and the prevalence of depression in radiology residents in China: findings from a nationwide survey. | Peng Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association between biological ageing and periodontitis: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey and multi-omics Mendelian randomization analysis. | Huang Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association between lifetime smoking and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Lee T et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association between modifiable lifestyle factors and telomere length: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. | Chen M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association between periodontal disease and schizophrenia: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Cao H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association between primary biliary cholangitis with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: A bidirectional multivariable Mendelian randomization study. | Lin YL et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association between tobacco smoke exposure and depression: the NHANES 2005-2018 and Mendelian randomization study. | Guo Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association of Cardiovascular Health With Risk of Incident Depression and Anxiety. | Huang X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association of Genetically Predicted Anxiety and Depression With Functional Outcome After Ischemic Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Zhang Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association of Residential Greenness Exposure with Depression Incidence in Adults 50 Years of Age and Older: Findings from the Cohort Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) in China. | Chen Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Association of Smoking with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 to 5: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Zhang Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization of Causal Relationship between Inflammatory Cytokines and Different Pathological Types of Lung Cancer. | Hu X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Body mass index, smoking behavior, and depression mediated the effects of schizophrenia on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: trans-ethnic Mendelian-randomization analysis. | Ni Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Body size and risk of colorectal cancer molecular defined subtypes and pathways: Mendelian randomization analyses. | Papadimitriou N et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Cardiovascular disease risk factors and infertility: multivariable analyses and one-sample Mendelian randomization analyses in the Trøndelag Health Study. | Skåra KH et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Causal association and shared genetics between telomere length and COVID-19 outcomes: New evidence from the latest large-scale summary statistics. | Zhang J et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Causal effect of the age at first birth with depression: a mendelian randomization study. | Guo W et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Causal relationships between modifiable risk factors and polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive Mendelian randomization study. | Zhao Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Circulating Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA and Depressive Symptoms Among Low-Active Adults Who Smoke. | Daniels TE et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Circulating micronutrient levels and respiratory infection susceptibility and severity: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis. | Wei Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Comparison of caffeine consumption behavior with plasma caffeine levels as exposure measures in drug-target mendelian randomization. | Woolf B et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Construction of a depression risk prediction model for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients based on NHANES 2007-2014. | Yu X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Correlations among nicotine dependence, health-related quality of life, and depression in current smokers: a cross-sectional study with a mediation model. | Xiong H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Decomposition analysis of the difference in depressive symptoms between urban and rural employed people in China: Unpaid work plays an important role. | Jiang Q et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Defining a vitamin A5/X specific deficiency - vitamin A5/X as a critical dietary factor for mental health. | Bánáti D et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Distinct biological signature and modifiable risk factors underlie the comorbidity between major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease. | Bergstedt J et al. | — | 2024 | → |
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| Effect of smoking on prostate cancer: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018 and Mendelian randomization analyses. | He H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
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| Evidence supported by Mendelian randomization: impact on inflammatory factors in knee osteoarthritis. | Xu L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Examining intergenerational risk factors for conduct problems using polygenic scores in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. | Frach L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Examining the independent roles of cannabis use and tobacco use in depression risk: a multivariable Mendelian randomisation study | Burke C et al. | — | 2024 | — |
| Exploration of the causal associations between circulating inflammatory proteins, immune cells, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study and mediation analysis. | Chen Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Exploring causal correlations between circulating cytokines and atopic dermatitis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Xuan Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Exploring causal correlations between inflammatory cytokines and Ménière's disease: a Mendelian randomization. | Xie S et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Exploring the Bidirectional Causal Pathways Between Smoking Behaviors and Headache: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Lloyd K et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Exploring the contribution of lifestyle to the impact of education on the risk of cancer through Mendelian randomization analysis. | Zagkos L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Exploring the effect of lifestyle behaviors and socioeconomic status on atrial fibrillation: the mediating role of 91 inflammatory cytokines. | Liu Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Gene × environment effects and mediation involving adverse childhood events, mood and anxiety disorders, and substance dependence. | Kranzler HR et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Genetically influenced tobacco and alcohol use behaviors impact erythroid trait variation. | Shivakumar S et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Genetically Informed Study Highlights Income-Independent Effect of Schizophrenia Liability on Mental and Physical Health. | Kouakou MR et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Genetic association between smoking and DLCO in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. | Yuan Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Genetic associations and potential mediators between psychiatric disorders and irritable bowel syndrome: a Mendelian randomization study with mediation analysis. | Zhang T et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Genetic Associations of Anhedonia: Insights into Overlap of Mental and Somatic Disorders. | Kasyanov E et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Genetic liability to elevated circulating IP-10, IFNγ and SCGFβ levels in relation to thoracic aortic aneurysm: A mendelian randomization study. | Ye Q et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| History of tobacco smoking and alcohol use can predict the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in individuals with schizophrenia: A multicenter clinical trial. | Xie H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Impact of healthy lifestyle on the incidence and progression trajectory of mental disorders: A prospective study in the UK Biobank. | Chen HW et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Impact of smoking cessation duration on lung cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Lai H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Inflammatory cytokines and risk of allergic rhinitis: A Mendelian randomization study. | Zhang X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Investigation of genetic determinants of cognitive change in later life. | Mahedy L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Leisure time television watching, computer use and risks of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomisation analysis. | Papadimitriou N et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Life-Course Associations Between Smoking and Depressive Symptoms. A 30-Year Finnish Follow-up Study. | Kiviruusu O et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Major Depressive Disorder Impacts Peripheral Artery Disease Risk Through Intermediary Risk Factors. | Shakt G et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Major Psychiatric Disorders, Substance Use Behaviors, and Longevity. | Rosoff DB et al. | — | 2024 | → |
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| Mediating Factors in the Association of Maternal Educational Level With Pregnancy Outcomes: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Rogne T et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Causal Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Hospital Costs. | Dixon P et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Modifiable lifestyle factors influencing psychiatric disorders mediated by plasma proteins: A systemic Mendelian randomization study. | Chen Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Multi-ancestry meta-analysis of tobacco use disorder identifies 461 potential risk genes and reveals associations with multiple health outcomes. | Toikumo S et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| MVMRmode: Introducing an R package for plurality valid estimators for multivariable Mendelian randomisation. | Woolf B et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| No Causal Association Between Genetic Markers of Smoking Behaviors and Genetic Markers of Atopic Dermatitis®: Evidence From a Mendelian Randomization Study. | Xiao Y et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Patients with periodontitis might increase the risk of urologic cancers: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Li B et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Reasons for shisha smoking: Findings from a mixed methods study among adult shisha smokers in Nigeria. | Mdege ND et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Recent tobacco smoking, restaurant and in-car secondhand smoke exposure are associated with depressive symptoms among young adults: a population-based cross-sectional analysis. | Mo H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Risk Factors for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Wide-Angled Mendelian Randomization Analysis. | Xiong Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Schizophrenia and Types of Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Nakada S et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Schizophrenia mediating the effect of smoking phenotypes on antisocial behavior: A Mendelian randomization analysis. | Zhang M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Sex differences in contextual fear conditioning and extinction after acute and chronic nicotine treatment. | Keady JV et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Sex-specific associations of serum cotinine levels with depressive symptoms and sleep disorders in American adults: NHANES 2007-2014. | Yang H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Shared genetic basis connects smoking behaviors and bone health: insights from a genome-wide cross-trait analysis. | Qin C et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability among Young Adults at High or Low Risk for Depression. | Nyárády BB et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Smoking and alcohol by HPV status in head and neck cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. | Thakral A et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Smoking and BMI mediate the causal effect of education on lower back pain: observational and Mendelian randomization analyses. | Xu Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Smoking as a mediator in the association between major depressive disorder and schizophrenia on lung cancer risk: a bidirectional/multivariable and mediation Mendelian randomization study. | Zhu X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Smoking behaviors, physical activities, pulmonary diseases and COVID-19 severity: A Mendelian randomization study. | Zheng X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Suicide mortality following the implementation of tobacco packaging and pricing policies in Korea: an interrupted time-series analysis. | Jin T et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The causality between smoking and intervertebral disc degeneration mediated by IL-1β secreted by macrophage: A Mendelian randomization study. | Han Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The causal relationship between genetically predicted blood metabolites and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Pan T et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The causal relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, and renal clear cell carcinoma: a Mendelian randomization study. | Cui H et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The causal role of multiple psycho-emotional disorders in gastroesophageal reflux disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomized study. | Wang J et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The impact of smoking and alcohol consumption on rosacea: a multivariable Mendelian randomization study. | Chu Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The longitudinal analysis for the association between smoking and the risk of depressive symptoms. | Park SK et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The potential causal relationship between various lifestyles and depression: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. | Guo S et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| To analyze the relationship between gut microbiota, metabolites and migraine: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Qu K et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Tobacco smoking, second-hand smoking exposure in relation to psychotic-like experiences in adolescents. | Wang D et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Unraveling the causality between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its common comorbidities using bidirectional Mendelian randomization. | Wang Z et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Unraveling the links between circulating bioactive factors and epilepsy: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. | Wang W et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Using Mendelian Randomisation to search for modifiable risk factors influencing the development of clonal haematopoiesis. | Hislop JM et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| A cross-sectional study of smoking and depression among US adults: NHANES (2005-2018). | Wu Z et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| A Genomic Risk Score Identifies Individuals at High Risk for Intracerebral Hemorrhage. | Myserlis EP et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| A multivariate genome-wide association study of psycho-cardiometabolic multimorbidity. | Baltramonaityte V et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| An investigation of knowledge and attitudes towards antidepressants: a cross-sectional survey of Jordan's six medical schools. | Abdallat M et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Apolipoprotein B and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist: reversing the risk of coronary heart disease. | Yang F et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Assessment of bidirectional relationships between depression and rheumatoid arthritis among adults: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Fang S et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Association between depression and blood pressure in community-dwelling older adults: focus on Bushehr elderly health (BEH) program. | Farhadi A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Association between having a meal together with family and smoking: a cross-sectional nationwide survey. | Cho GH et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Association between psoriatic disease and lifestyle factors and comorbidities: cross-sectional analysis and Mendelian randomization. | Zhao SS et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Association of Behavioral and Clinical Risk Factors With Cataract: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. | Jiang C et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Association of psychological distress with smoking cessation, duration of abstinence from smoking, and use of non-combustible nicotine-containing products: A cross-sectional population survey in Great Britain. | Kock L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Association of smoking with brain gray and white matter volume: a Mendelian randomization study. | Lin W et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Association of volatile organic compounds exposure with the risk of depression in U.S. adults: a cross‑sectional study from NHANES 2013-2016. | Zhu Y et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Associations of inflammatory cytokines with inflammatory bowel disease: a Mendelian randomization study. | Song Z et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Causal Associations Between Tobacco, Alcohol Use and Risk of Infectious Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Zhu H et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Causal effects of maternal circulating amino acids on offspring birthweight: a Mendelian randomisation study. | Zhao J et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Causal Effects of Modifiable Behaviors on Prostate Cancer in Europeans and East Asians: A Comprehensive Mendelian Randomization Study. | Zhan Y et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Clinical guidelines for the use of lifestyle-based mental health care in major depressive disorder: World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Australasian Society of Lifestyle Medicine (ASLM) taskforce. | Marx W et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Cross-talks between gut microbiota and tobacco smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Fan J et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Depression and lifestyle: Focusing on nutrition, exercise, and their possible relevance to molecular mechanisms. | Kunugi H | — | 2023 | → |
| Deriving GWAS summary estimates for paternal smoking in UK biobank: a GWAS by subtraction. | Woolf B et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Dissecting the pathogenic effects of smoking and its hallmarks in blood DNA methylation on colorectal cancer risk. | Zhou X et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Does ACE2 mediate the detrimental effect of exposures related to COVID-19 risk: A Mendelian randomization investigation. | Au Yeung SL et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Educational inequality in multimorbidity: causality and causal pathways. A mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank. | North TL et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety among family members and friends of critically ill COVID-19 patients - an observational study of five cohorts across four countries. | Lovik A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Establishing plausibility of cardiovascular adverse effects of immunotherapies using Mendelian randomisation. | Le NN et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Evaluating the effect of metabolic traits on oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk using Mendelian randomization. | Gormley M et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Examining the Lancet Commission risk factors for dementia using Mendelian randomisation. | Desai R et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Exploring the cross-cancer effect of smoking and its fingerprints in blood DNA methylation on multiple cancers: A Mendelian randomization study. | Zhou Y et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Fluoxetine rescues the depressive-like behaviour induced by reserpine and the altered emotional behaviour induced by nicotine withdrawal in zebrafish: Involvement of tyrosine hydroxylase. | Braida D et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Genetically predicted lifestyle factors, socioeconomic status and risk of coronary artery disease in individuals with diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study. | Mai Z et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Genetic liability to gastro-esophageal reflux disease, obesity, and risk of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. | Cotton C et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Genetic predisposition to smoking in relation to the risk of frailty in ageing. | Liu W et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Genetic susceptibility and lifestyle modify the association of long-term air pollution exposure on major depressive disorder: a prospective study in UK Biobank. | Li D et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia after adjustment by genetic susceptibility for smoking: implications in identification of risk genes and genetic correlation with related traits. | Al-Soufi L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Genetic variants for smoking behaviour and risk of skin cancer. | Dusingize JC et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Genome-wide association study of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection in the Million Veteran Program. | Klarin D et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Health-care systems' resource footprints and their access and quality in 49 regions between 1995 and 2015: an input-output analysis. | Andrieu B et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Impairment of kidney function and kidney cancer: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. | Lin Y et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Inference of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with deep learning on raw spirograms identifies new genetic loci and improves risk models. | Cosentino J et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Investigating effect modification between childhood maltreatment and genetic risk for cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank. | Urquijo H et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Investigating modifiable pathways in psoriasis: A Mendelian randomization study. | Chalitsios CV et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Locus for severity implicates CNS resilience in progression of multiple sclerosis. | International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Longitudinal association between cardiovascular risk factors and depression in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. | Chaplin AB et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Longitudinal associations between alcohol use, smoking, genetic risk scoring and symptoms of depression in the general population: a prospective 6-year cohort study. | de Boer N et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Mendelian randomization studies of depression: evidence, opportunities, and challenges. | Ma WR et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Modifiable risk factors of major depressive disorder: A Mendelian randomization study. | Zheng X et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Multi-trait genome-wide association analyses leveraging alcohol use disorder findings identify novel loci for smoking behaviors in the Million Veteran Program. | Cheng Y et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Occupational factors and low back pain: a Mendelian randomization study. | Wang Z et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Prevalence of tobacco smoking in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. | De Micheli A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Proxy gene-by-environment Mendelian randomization study of the association between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and offspring mental health. | Sallis HM et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Risk factors for human papillomavirus infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer: an umbrella review and follow-up Mendelian randomisation studies. | Bowden SJ et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Schizophrenia and cardiometabolic abnormalities: A Mendelian randomization study. | Saadullah Khani N et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Smoking, alcohol consumption, and 24 gastrointestinal diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis. | Yuan S et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Smoking, alcohol consumption, and frailty: A Mendelian randomization study. | Lv J et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Smoking Cessation and Changes in Anxiety and Depression in Adults With and Without Psychiatric Disorders. | Wu AD et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Smoking Habits and Attitudes toward Smoking in Patients with Severe Mental Illness in Residential Facilities in Insular Greece. | Botsari I et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The absence of association between anorexia nervosa and smoking: converging evidence across two studies. | Lloyd EC et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The causal association between smoking, alcohol consumption and risk of upper urinary calculi: insights from a Mendelian randomization study. | Wang L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The causal role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in anxiety disorders and depression: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. | Zeng Y et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The effect of maternal BMI, smoking and alcohol on congenital heart diseases: a Mendelian randomisation study. | Taylor K et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The emerging role of exosomes in Schizophrenia. | Dai J et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The interplay between inflammatory cytokines and cardiometabolic disease: bi-directional mendelian randomisation study. | Karhunen V et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The longitudinal predictive effect of self-reported frequency of premenstrual syndrome on depression: Findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. | Hou L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The public health impact of poor sleep on severe COVID-19, influenza and upper respiratory infections. | Jones SE et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The shared genetic architecture of suicidal behaviour and psychiatric disorders: A genomic structural equation modelling study. | Kootbodien T et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| The UK BiLEVE and Mendelian randomisation: using multivariable instrumental variables to address "damned if you, damned if you don't" adjustment problems. | Woolf B et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Understanding the relationship between loneliness, substance use traits and psychiatric disorders: A genetically informed approach. | Martin E et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Untreated major depression in healthcare workers: Results from the nationwide AMADEUS survey. | Fond G et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Using polygenic risk scores to investigate the evolution of smoking and mental health outcomes in UK biobank participants. | Balbuena L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Why should we prioritise smoking cessation for people with mental health conditions? | Campion J et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity in first-episode, drug-naïve adolescents with major depressive disorder. | Zheng R et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Acute COVID-19 severity and mental health morbidity trajectories in patient populations of six nations: an observational study. | Magnúsdóttir I et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Addictive behavior and incident gallstone disease: A dose-response meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization study. | Bai Y et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Alcohol consumption and smoking in relation to psoriasis: a Mendelian randomization study. | Wei J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| A polygenic approach to the association between smoking and schizophrenia. | Al-Soufi L et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Applications of Mendelian randomization in psychiatry: a comprehensive systematic review. | Saccaro LF et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Applying Mendelian randomization to appraise causality in relationships between smoking, depression and inflammation. | Galan D et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. | Larsson SC et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| A robust method for collider bias correction in conditional genome-wide association studies. | Mahmoud O et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Association between electronic cigarette use and depression among Thai adolescents: The Thailand National Health Examination Survey 2019-2020. | Patanavanich R et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Association of cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviors with aortic aneurysm: A Mendelian randomization study. | Zhou J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Association of smoking, lung function and COPD in COVID-19 risk: a two-step Mendelian randomization study. | Au Yeung SL et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Associations Between Mental Health and Oral Health in Saudi Arabia: An Online Survey-Based Cross-Sectional Study. | AlSuliman FS et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Causal Associations of Obesity With Achilles Tendinopathy: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. | He L et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Causal relationship between obesity, lifestyle factors and risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. | Wang YB et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Cigarette Smoking and Endometrial Cancer Risk: Observational and Mendelian Randomization Analyses. | Dimou N et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Contextual and individual factors associated with depressive symptoms in Latin American residents from eleven cities: Multilevel analysis. | Cruz-Barreda XG et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Depression and cardiovascular risk in primary care patients. | Hooker SA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure and an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator. | Zormpas C et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors. | Mullins N et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Does smoking cause lower educational attainment and general cognitive ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs. | Gage SH et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Does smoking protect against developing osteoarthritis? Evidence from a genetically informed perspective. | Ni J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Educational attainment as a modifier for the effect of polygenic scores for cardiovascular risk factors: cross-sectional and prospective analysis of UK Biobank. | Carter AR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Effectiveness of Mental Health Warnings on Tobacco Packaging in People With and Without Common Mental Health Conditions: An Online Randomised Experiment. | Sawyer K et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Effects of metabolic traits, lifestyle factors, and pharmacological interventions on liver fat: mendelian randomisation study. | Yuan S et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis: bridging Mendelian randomization and observational studies. | Vandebergh M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Evaluation of the causal relationship between smoking and schizophrenia in East Asia. | Su MH et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Examining pathways between genetic liability for schizophrenia and patterns of tobacco and cannabis use in adolescence. | Jones HJ et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Exploring causal correlations between inflammatory cytokines and systemic lupus erythematosus: A Mendelian randomization. | Xiang M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Exploring the Relationship Between Schizophrenia and Cardiovascular Disease: A Genetic Correlation and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study. | Veeneman RR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Factors associated with lifestyle deterioration during the COVID-19 pandemic among Brazilian lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transsexuals, transvestites and related identities: a cross-sectional study. | Braga LHR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetically Predicted Smoking and Alcohol Consumption and Functional Outcome After Ischemic Stroke. | Zhang Z et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetic and clinical determinants of abdominal aortic diameter: genome-wide association studies, exome array data and Mendelian randomization study. | Portilla-Fernandez E et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetic Architecture of Stroke of Undetermined Source: Overlap with Known Stroke Etiologies and Associations with Modifiable Risk Factors. | Georgakis MK et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetic correlation, pleiotropy, and causal associations between substance use and psychiatric disorder. | Jang SK et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetic estimation of correlations and causalities between multifaceted modifiable factors and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. | Sun Y et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetics of common cerebral small vessel disease. | Bordes C et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genetics of smoking and risk of clonal hematopoiesis. | Levin MG et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genome-wide association studies in non-anxiety individuals identified novel risk loci for depression. | Cheng B et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Genome-wide identification of the shared genetic basis of cannabis and cigarette smoking and schizophrenia implicates NCAM1 and neuronal abnormality. | Song W et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Growing Evidence for a Causal Role for Smoking in Mental Health. | Munafò MR | — | 2022 | → |
| How does childhood maltreatment influence cardiovascular disease? A sequential causal mediation analysis. | Soares AG et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Identifying long-term and imminent suicide predictors in a general population and a clinical sample with machine learning. | Balbuena LD et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Investigating the causal nature of the relationship of subcortical brain volume with smoking and alcohol use. | Logtenberg E et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Investigating the effect of sexual behaviour on oropharyngeal cancer risk: a methodological assessment of Mendelian randomization. | Gormley M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Joint Waterpipe and Cigarette Smoking as Key Correlate of History of Depression in Iranian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. | Abdollahpour I et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Maternal Hypertension Increases Risk of Preeclampsia and Low Fetal Birthweight: Genetic Evidence From a Mendelian Randomization Study. | Ardissino M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Mendelian Randomisation Study of Smoking, Alcohol, and Coffee Drinking in Relation to Parkinson's Disease. | Domenighetti C et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Mendelian randomization analyses of 23 known and suspected risk factors and biomarkers for breast cancer overall and by molecular subtypes. | Chen F et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Multi-trait genome-wide association study of opioid addiction: OPRM1 and beyond. | Gaddis N et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Neandertal introgression partitions the genetic landscape of neuropsychiatric disorders and associated behavioral phenotypes. | Dannemann M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Noise-augmented directional clustering of genetic association data identifies distinct mechanisms underlying obesity. | Grant AJ et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Gallstone Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Investigation. | Yuan S et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Prenatal smoking, alcohol and caffeine exposure and maternal-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: triangulation of evidence using negative control and polygenic risk score analyses. | Haan E et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Prevalence and determinants of smoking behavior among physicians in emergency department: A national cross-sectional study in China. | Zong Q et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Recent findings on subjective well-being and physical, psychiatric, and social comorbidities in individuals with schizophrenia: A literature review. | He Y et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Reply of the Authors: Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption and pregnancy loss: a Mendelian randomization investigation. | Yuan S et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Smoking, alcohol consumption, and age at onset of Huntington's disease: a Mendelian randomization study. | Wang M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Smoking and nicotine dependence in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress in Egyptian adults: A cross-sectional study. | El-Sherbiny NA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Smoking, health risks, coping mechanisms and depression in the age of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of the Lebanese population. | Maatouk C et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Smoking in early adulthood is prospectively associated with prescriptions of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants and anxiolytics. | Rognli EB et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The association of smoking and smoking cessation with prevalent and incident symptoms of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance in the general population. | Hahad O et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Genetic Architecture of the Etiology of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges in the Era of Genomic Medicine. | Butnariu LI et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The impact of education inequality on rheumatoid arthritis risk is mediated by smoking and body mass index: Mendelian randomization study. | Zhao SS et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The pillars of health: influence of multiple lifestyle behaviors on body mass index and depressive symptoms in adult twins. | Duncan GE et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Role of Sex in Genetic Association Studies of Depression. | Hoth KF et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Tobacco smoking and depressive symptoms in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: Handling missing values in panel data with multiple imputation. | Du X et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Association of Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, and Glycemic Risk Factors With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Kuan V et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Bidirectional effects between loneliness, smoking and alcohol use: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study. | Wootton RE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Cardiometabolic, Lifestyle, and Nutritional Factors in Relation to Varicose Veins: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Yuan S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Cardiometabolic traits mediating the effect of education on osteoarthritis risk: a Mendelian randomization study. | Gill D et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Causal Effects of Lifetime Smoking on Breast and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Mendelian Randomization Study. | Dimou N et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Comorbid major depression in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: Analysis of the Depression in Schizophrenia in China (DISC) study. | Li Z et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Depressive Symptoms and Cigarette Smoking in Adolescents and Young Adults: Mediating Role of Friends Smoking. | Mendo CW et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Designing Lifestyle Interventions for Common Mental Disorders: What Can We Learn from Diabetes Prevention Programs? | Opie RS et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Effects of 7.5% Carbon Dioxide and Nicotine Administration on Latent Inhibition. | Granger KT et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Elevated C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Depression, Independent of Genetic, Health, and Psychosocial Factors: Results From the UK Biobank. | Pitharouli MC et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. | Robinson N et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Evaluating the effects of cardiometabolic exposures on circulating proteins which may contribute to severe SARS-CoV-2. | Richardson TG et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Factors affecting smoking initiation and cessation among adult smokers in Fiji: A qualitative study. | Mohammadnezhad M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Fate or coincidence: do COPD and major depression share genetic risk factors? | Martucci VL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genetic overlap and causal associations between smoking behaviours and mental health. | Barkhuizen W et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genetics of Smoking and Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Levin MG et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Genetics of substance use disorders in the era of big data. | Gelernter J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Impact of smoking Behavior on cognitive functioning in persons at risk for psychosis and healthy controls: A longitudinal study. | van der Heijden HS et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Investigating causality between liability to ADHD and substance use, and liability to substance use and ADHD risk, using Mendelian randomization. | Treur JL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Leveraging Genetic Data to Elucidate the Relationship Between COVID-19 and Ischemic Stroke. | Zuber V et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Machine learning and bioinformatic analysis of brain and blood mRNA profiles in major depressive disorder: A case-control study. | Qi B et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Maternal and child genetic liability for smoking and caffeine consumption and child mental health: an intergenerational genetic risk score analysis in the ALSPAC cohort. | Schellhas L et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Mendelian randomisation study of smoking exposure in relation to breast cancer risk. | Park HA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies of carotid intima-media thickness. | Portilla-Fernández E et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Midlife vascular risk factors and risk of incident dementia: Longitudinal cohort and Mendelian randomization analyses in the UK Biobank. | Malik R et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. | Harshfield EL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Modifiable lifestyle factors and severe COVID-19 risk: a Mendelian randomisation study. | Li S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Modifiable Risk Factors for Intracranial Aneurysm and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Karhunen V et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Multi-Trait Genome-Wide Association Study of Atherosclerosis Detects Novel Pleiotropic Loci. | Bellomo TR et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Polygenic risk score, healthy lifestyles, and risk of incident depression. | Cao Z et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Prevalence and correlates of anxiety and depression in frontline healthcare workers treating people with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. | Tasnim R et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Relationship Between Blood Pressure and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: Linear and Nonlinear Mendelian Randomization Analyses. | Malik R et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Risk factors mediating the effect of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio on cardiovascular outcomes: Mendelian randomization analysis. | Gill D et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Smoking and heart failure: a Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis. | Lu Y et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Smoking and Neuropsychiatric Disease-Associations and Underlying Mechanisms. | Hahad O et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Smoking cessation for improving mental health. | Taylor GM et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Smoking is significantly associated with increased risk of COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. | Rosoff DB et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Surrounding Greenness and Biological Aging Based on DNA Methylation: A Twin and Family Study in Australia. | Xu R et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Testing the association between tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study. | Baumeister SE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Testosterone and socioeconomic position: Mendelian randomization in 306,248 men and women in UK Biobank. | Harrison S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The associations of smoking dependence motives with depression among daily smokers. | Piirtola M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The Effect of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Physical Health Outcomes: A 2-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. | Leppert B et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The impact of postpartum depressive symptoms on self-reported infant health and analgesic consumption at the age of 12 months: A prospective cohort study. | Ruohomäki A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review. | Treur JL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| ACE inhibition and cardiometabolic risk factors, lung <i>ACE2</i> and <i>TMPRSS2</i> gene expression, and plasma ACE2 levels: a Mendelian randomization study. | Gill D et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. | Firth J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| A multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis investigating smoking and alcohol consumption in oral and oropharyngeal cancer. | Gormley M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Associations of cigarette smoking with psychiatric disorders: evidence from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. | Yuan S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Contribution of Alcohol and Nicotine Dependence to the Prevalence of Depressed Mood in Different Ethnic Groups in The Netherlands: The HELIUS Study. | van Binnendijk S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Examining the effect of smoking on suicidal ideation and attempts: triangulation of epidemiological approaches. | Harrison R et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Exploring the Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Mendelian Randomization. | Jones DP et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetic determinants of increased body mass index mediate the effect of smoking on increased risk for type 2 diabetes but not coronary artery disease. | Thom CS et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetic Liability to Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk. | Xu Z et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetic predisposition to smoking in relation to 14 cardiovascular diseases. | Larsson SC et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Genetic predisposition to smoking is associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a Mendelian randomization study. | Qian Y et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Lifetime Smoking and Asthma: A Mendelian Randomization Study. | Shen M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Little evidence for an effect of smoking on multiple sclerosis risk: A Mendelian Randomization study. | Mitchell RE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Minimal phenotyping yields genome-wide association signals of low specificity for major depression. | Cai N et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Modeling smoking-attributable mortality among adults with major depression in the United States. | Tam J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Smoking and Mental Illness: Prevalence, Patterns and Correlates of Smoking and Smoking Cessation among Psychiatric Patients. | Asharani PV et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Smoking and multiple sclerosis risk: a Mendelian randomization study. | Vandebergh M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Smoking, DNA Methylation, and Lung Function: a Mendelian Randomization Analysis to Investigate Causal Pathways. | Jamieson E et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The causal effects of health conditions and risk factors on social and socioeconomic outcomes: Mendelian randomization in UK Biobank. | Harrison S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The effects of polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders and smoking behaviour on psychotic experiences in UK Biobank. | García-González J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Tobacco smoking and health-related quality of life among university students: Mediating effect of depression. | Milic M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| An atlas of polygenic risk score associations to highlight putative causal relationships across the human phenome. | Richardson TG et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Appraising the role of previously reported risk factors in epithelial ovarian cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization analysis. | Yarmolinsky J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Combined health risks of cigarette smoking and low levels of physical activity: a prospective cohort study in England with 12-year follow-up. | Jackson SE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. | Howard DM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| MR-pheWAS with stratification and interaction: Searching for the causal effects of smoking heaviness identified an effect on facial aging. | Millard LAC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Nicotine consumption during the prodromal phase of schizophrenia - a review of the literature. | Gogos A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The effect of body mass index on smoking behaviour and nicotine metabolism: a Mendelian randomization study. | Taylor AE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The relationship between nicotine and psychosis. | Quigley H et al. | — | 2019 | → |