Genetic studies of alcohol dependence in the context of the addiction cycle.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Reilly, Matthew T; Noronha, Antonio; Goldman, David; Koob, George F
- Year
- 2017
- Journal
- Neuropharmacology
- PMID
- 28118990
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.017
- PMCID
- PMC6233301
Family, twin and adoption studies demonstrate clearly that alcohol dependence and alcohol use disorders are phenotypically complex and heritable. The heritability of alcohol use disorders is estimated at approximately 50-60% of the total phenotypic variability. Vulnerability to alcohol use disorders can be due to multiple genetic or environmental factors or their interaction which gives rise to extensive and daunting heterogeneity. This heterogeneity makes it a significant challenge in mapping and identifying the specific genes that influence alcohol use disorders. Genetic linkage and (candidate gene) association studies have been used now for decades to map and characterize genomic loci and genes that underlie the genetic vulnerability to alcohol use disorders. These approaches have been moderately successful in identifying several genes that contribute to the complexity of alcohol use disorders. Recently, genome-wide association studies have become one of the major tools for identifying genes for alcohol use disorders by examining correlations between millions of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms with diagnosis status. Genome-wide association studies are just beginning to uncover novel biology; however, the functional significance of results remains a matter of extensive debate and uncertainty. In this review, we present a select group of genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence, as one example of a way to generate functional hypotheses, within the addiction cycle framework. This analysis may provide novel directions for validating the functional significance of alcohol dependence candidate genes. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
Candidate genes for alcohol dependence characterized into stages of the addiction cycle. This schematic shows the three stages of the addiction cycle: (1): binge-intoxication (blue), (2): withdrawal-negative affect (red) and (3): preoccupation-anticipation (green); also shown are behavioral domains linked to each stage of the cycle: incentive salience, negative emotionality, and executive function, respectively. Candidate functional genes identified by non-GWAS approaches are shown in ovals and colored coded according to the relevant addiction stage the gene is hypothesized to function. GWAS candidates are shown in rectangles color coded according to the relevant addiction stage the gene is hypothesized to function. The general biological function of each gene in the figure is highlighted in black. Non-GWAS functional gene relationships are indicated by overlapping ovals. Hypothesized functional relationships between non-GWAS genes and GWAS candidates are indicated by overlapping ovals and rectangles. GWAS candidates in each stage are grouped according to potential biological functional similarities where possible. Finally, one example of pleiotropy is shown in the preoccupation-anticipation stage. BDNF-COMT functional variants have pleiotropic effects in both the preoccupation-anticipation stage and the withdrawal-negative affect stage. This pleiotropic relationship is shown by dual-color shading of the BDNF-COMT ovals reflecting both addiction stages.
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: binge-intoxication stage | Examples of other candidate genes with experimentally derived functional information that areβ¦ |
| 21 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: withdrawal-negative affect stage | Candidate functional genes within the withdrawal-negative affect stage include (see Table 2): CRFβ¦ |
| 22 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: withdrawal-negative affect stage | protein that regulates HPA axis function, is implicated in severity of withdrawal, childhood trauma,β¦ |
| 23 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: withdrawal-negative affect stage | beta-endorphin, dynorphin, leu-enkephalin, rimorphin, and leumorphin. These endogenous opioids areβ¦ |
| 24 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: preoccupation-anticipation stage | Finally, candidate functional genes for the preoccupation-anticipation domain (see Table 2) include:β¦ |
| 25 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: preoccupation-anticipation stage | The gene encoding the enzyme, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), is involved in the degradationβ¦ |
| 26 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: preoccupation-anticipation stage | processing/executive functioning. The common COMT functional variant, Val158Met, bidirectionallyβ¦ |
| 27 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: preoccupation-anticipation stage | Drug and alcohol dependence can be characterized by a dysfunction in learning and memory processesβ¦ |
| 28 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: preoccupation-anticipation stage | In summary, it can be reasonably concluded from the preceding discussion of candidate genesβ¦ |
| 29 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: preoccupation-anticipation stage | Thus, the firsts methodologies used for identifying genes for AUD, namely, genome-wide linkage andβ¦ |
| 30 | Genetic mapping studies of AUD: linkage and candidate gene association studies β Functional variants: preoccupation-anticipation stage | unsuccessful identification of the many genes for AUD. Genetic linkage studies are conducted usingβ¦ |
| 31 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence | The GWAS approach was made possible by completion of large international genomic projects beginning⦠|
| 32 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence | then tested for association with any phenotypic trait or disease. The GWAS approach is theoretically⦠|
| 33 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence | complex traits and disease, especially for psychiatric disorders. In addition, very stringent⦠|
| 34 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence | Another overall finding from the first era of GWAS is that the heritability explained by SNP⦠|
| 35 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence β Overview of GWAS of alcohol dependence: populations, sample size, genome-wide significance | An initial group of GWAS of alcohol dependence were published over the last the several years. It isβ¦ |
| 36 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence β Overview of GWAS of alcohol dependence: populations, sample size, genome-wide significance | (p < 10β8) and replicable SNPs were located in the following genes or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs):β¦ |
| 37 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence β Subset of GWAS and criteria used for generation functional hypotheses | Currently there is great emphasis on increasing sample size, on the order of 50,000β200,000β¦ |
| 38 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence β Subset of GWAS and criteria used for generation functional hypotheses | strong evidence of functionality identified via candidate gene association or linkage, may provideβ¦ |
| 39 | Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence β Subset of GWAS and criteria used for generation functional hypotheses | this stringent statistical threshold could very well hide evidence for identification of trueβ¦ |
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 1000 Genomes Project | cohort |
| abstinence | phenotype |
| abstinence-induced escalation of alcohol drinking local | phenotype |
| abstinence-related working memory deficits local | phenotype |
| acamprosate | drug |
| acetaldehyde | drug |
| acetylcholine | drug |
| ACF local | drug |
| ACTH | drug |
| addiction | phenotype |
| addiction to drugs and alcohol local | phenotype |
| ADH1B | gene |
| ADH1B Arg48His | variant |
| ADH1C | gene |
| ADH7 | gene |
| adolescents | cohort |
| Adopted-out sons of alcoholics local | cohort |
| Adopted-out sons of non-alcoholics local | cohort |
| Adopted sons of alcoholics local | cohort |
| Adult hippocampus local | anatomy |
| adult offspring of alcohol-dependent probands local | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| African American | cohort |
| age of onset | phenotype |
| age-related macular degeneration | phenotype |
| aggression | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dehydrogenase | gene |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| Alcohol_dependence | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence factor score local | phenotype |
| Alcohol exposure (nonβdependent) local | phenotype |
| Alcoholic humans local | cohort |
| ALCOHOL_INTAKE local | phenotype |
| alcoholism | phenotype |
| Alcohol metabolizing genes local | gene |
| Alcohol neurotoxicity | phenotype |
| alcohol preference | phenotype |
| ALCOHOL_PREFERRING_RAT local | cohort |
| alcohol relapse | phenotype |
| alcohol-related phenotypes | phenotype |
| alcohol self-administration | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | phenotype |
| alcohol withdrawal | phenotype |
| alcohol withdrawal induced anxiety local | phenotype |
| alcohol-withdrawal induced anxiety local | phenotype |
| ALCOHOL_WITHDRAWAL_INDUCED_ANXIETY local | phenotype |
| alcohol withdrawal severity local | phenotype |
| ALDH2 | gene |
| American Indians | cohort |
| amygdala | anatomy |
| anhedonia | phenotype |
| ANP local | drug |
| ANP expression local | drug |
| ANP receptor signaling local | drug |
| antalarmin local | drug |
| anterior cingulate cortex | anatomy |
| anti-social personality local | phenotype |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| anxiety responses local | phenotype |
| ASCT1 local | gene |
| Asian | cohort |
| asthma | phenotype |
| attentional control | phenotype |
| AUD | phenotype |
| Australian of European descent local | cohort |
| Australian population | cohort |
| Australian twin community sample local | cohort |
| BAF | drug |
| basolateral amygdala | anatomy |
| Bdnf | gene |
| BDNF Val66Met polymorphism local | variant |
| beta-endorphin | drug |
| binge drinking | phenotype |
| binge drinking mice local | cohort |
| Binge drinking mice local | cohort |
| binge-intoxication local | phenotype |
| binge/intoxication local | phenotype |
| Biological sons of alcoholics adopted by non-related foster families local | cohort |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| Brain abnormalities characteristic of WKS local | phenotype |
| brain endogenous opioid function local | phenotype |
| cancer | phenotype |
| candidate genes | cohort |
| CARS local | gene |
| catecholamines | drug |
| caudate nucleus | anatomy |
| cerebellar degeneration | phenotype |
| childhood trauma | phenotype |
| children of alcoholics | cohort |
| Chinese | cohort |
| chronic alcoholism | phenotype |
| Clinical diagnosis of alcohol dependence local | phenotype |
| CMTM8 | gene |
| CNS disinhibition | phenotype |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cocaine relapse risk local | phenotype |
| cocaine self-administration | phenotype |
| Coenzyme A local | drug |
| COGEND | cohort |
| cognition | phenotype |
| Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) | cohort |
| common variants | cohort |
| compulsive alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| compulsive alcohol intake | phenotype |
| compulsive drug and alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| Compulsive drug and alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| compulsive drug seeking behavior local | phenotype |
| compulsivity | phenotype |
| COMT | gene |
| corticostriatal pathways local | anatomy |
| Corticostriatal pathways local | anatomy |
| corticotropin-releasing factor | drug |
| cortisol | drug |
| cortisol response | phenotype |
| craving | phenotype |
| CREB1 | gene |
| CREB5 | gene |
| CRF | drug |
| CRH | gene |
| CRHR1 | gene |
| CRHR1 knockout mice | cohort |
| Crhr1 promoter polymorphism local | variant |
| Criterion factor score local | phenotype |
| cue-induced reinstatement | phenotype |
| cysteine | drug |
| cystine | drug |
| DAG1 local | gene |
| deficits in glycine neurotransmission local | phenotype |
| Denmark adoption study local | cohort |
| densely affected families | cohort |
| dependence-induced drinking | phenotype |
| dependent drinking local | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| developmental delay | phenotype |
| diabetes | phenotype |
| discovery sample | cohort |
| disulfiram | drug |
| Dmd | gene |
| dopamine | drug |
| dopaminergic neurons | anatomy |
| dopamine signaling | phenotype |
| dorsal raphe nucleus | anatomy |
| dorsal striatum | anatomy |
| DRD2 | gene |
| DRD4 | gene |
| drinking to avoid emotional or somatic discomfort local | phenotype |
| drug | drug |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| drug-seeking behavior | phenotype |
| drug taking | phenotype |
| drug withdrawal responses local | phenotype |
| d-serine | drug |
| DSM-IV | phenotype |
| DSM-IV alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| dynorphin | drug |
| dynorphin-ΞΊ opioid local | drug |
| early-onset alcoholism local | phenotype |
| Early-onset alcoholism local | phenotype |
| Emotion | phenotype |
| endocannabinoid system | drug |
| Endocannabinoid system local | anatomy |
| Endophenotypes associated with alcoholism local | phenotype |
| enkephalin | drug |
| epistatic interactions local | variant |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| European American case-control GWAS local | cohort |
| European ancestry | cohort |
| European population | cohort |
| Europeans | cohort |
| excessive alcohol consumption | phenotype |
| EXCESSIVE_ALCOHOL_CONSUMPTION local | phenotype |
| Excessive alcohol-drinking behaviors local | phenotype |
| executive function | phenotype |
| executive functioning | phenotype |
| exfoliation glaucoma | phenotype |
| extended amygdala | anatomy |
| families | cohort |
| Family-based replication study local | cohort |
| Family study of cocaine dependence | cohort |
| fatty acids | drug |
| fenofibrate | drug |
| Finland | cohort |
| Finnish population | cohort |
| first-degree relatives | cohort |
| Fkbp5 | gene |
| fluid intelligence local | phenotype |
| Foroud 2007 cohort local | cohort |
| Frank et al. 2012 GWAS local | cohort |
| GABA | phenotype |
| GABA-B receptor subunit 1 local | gene |
| GATA4 | gene |
| genetic variants | cohort |
| German cohort | cohort |
| German male follow-up sample local | cohort |
| German sample of males local | cohort |
| glutamate | drug |
| glutathione | drug |
| glycine | drug |
| GlyR | drug |
| greater alcohol-cue reactivity local | phenotype |
| greater brain activation during alcohol-cue task local | phenotype |
| greater subjective reinforcement from alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| GRIN1 | gene |
| GRM5 | gene |
| GWAS | cohort |
| habitual behavior | phenotype |
| Half-siblings raised by alcoholic families local | cohort |
| Half-siblings raised by foster non-alcoholic families local | cohort |
| HapMap | cohort |
| Heaviness of drinking local | phenotype |
| heaviness of drinking factor score local | phenotype |
| high alcohol preference | phenotype |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| HPA axis local | drug |
| HRAS | gene |
| Htr1a | gene |
| HTR1A variant local | variant |
| HTR2B | gene |
| HTR2B stop codon | variant |
| human alcoholic brain local | cohort |
| Human Alcoholic Brain local | cohort |
| human brain | anatomy |
| Human Genome Project | cohort |
| hyperekplexia-like phenotype local | phenotype |
| Hyperekplexia-like phenotype local | phenotype |
| hypomyelination | phenotype |
| hypothalamicβpituitaryβadrenal axis | anatomy |
| hypothalamus | anatomy |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| irritability | phenotype |
| Kcnj6 | gene |
| Kcnma1 | gene |
| Koreans | cohort |
| Korsakoff's syndrome | phenotype |
| KRAS | gene |
| l-cysteine | drug |
| leu-enkephalin local | drug |
| leumorphin local | drug |
| limbic brain areas local | anatomy |
| limbic brain regions local | anatomy |
| limbic gray matter volume local | anatomy |
| limbic gray matter volume local | phenotype |
| LIMBIC_REGION local | anatomy |
| limbic regions | anatomy |
| LOC100507053 | gene |
| l-serine | drug |
| MAOB | gene |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| maximum drinks | phenotype |
| Maximum drinks (24h) local | phenotype |
| MBNL2 local | gene |
| mesolimbic dopamine system | drug |
| mice | cohort |
| microcephaly | phenotype |
| missing heritability | phenotype |
| Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample | cohort |
| mouse brain | anatomy |
| Mpdz | gene |
| msP rat line local | cohort |
| MSX1 local | gene |
| myoclonus-dystonia syndrome local | phenotype |
| N-acetylcysteine | drug |
| naltrexone | drug |
| NAP1 local | drug |
| NAP1L1 local | gene |
| NAP1L2 local | gene |
| NAP1L3 local | gene |
| NAP1L4 local | gene |
| NAP1L5 | gene |
| Native Americans | cohort |
| negative affect | phenotype |
| Negative affective state local | phenotype |
| negative affective state during protracted abstinence local | phenotype |
| negative emotional state local | phenotype |
| negative reinforcement | phenotype |
| NESARC | cohort |
| neurodegeneration | phenotype |
| nicotine | drug |
| NMDA receptor | drug |
| Novel pharmacotherapies local | drug |
| novelty seeking | phenotype |
| NPY | gene |
| NPY variant local | variant |
| nucleus accumbens | anatomy |
| Opioid reward system local | anatomy |
| OPRK1 | cohort |
| OPRK1 variant local | variant |
| OPRM1 | cohort |
| OSBPL5 local | gene |
| oxidative stress | phenotype |
| parietal cortex | anatomy |
| past 12-month frequency local | phenotype |
| Pdyn | gene |
| PECR | gene |
| PHLDA2 local | gene |
| PKNOX2 | gene |
| Pomc | gene |
| poor decision making | phenotype |
| poor executive functioning | phenotype |
| poor inhibitory control | phenotype |
| population-based case-control samples local | cohort |
| population-based epidemiologic studies local | cohort |
| PPAR | gene |
| PPARA | gene |
| PPARG | gene |
| PPARGC1A | gene |
| precuneus | anatomy |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| preoccupation-anticipation domain local | phenotype |
| propensity to drink in negative emotional states local | phenotype |
| Protracted abstinence from alcohol local | phenotype |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| Psychiatric Genomics Consortium | cohort |
| psychostimulants | drug |
| RAC1 | gene |
| rare variant | cohort |
| RASL11A local | gene |
| rats | cohort |
| reactive oxygen species | drug |
| Reduced neuroplasticity local | phenotype |
| reinforcement learning | phenotype |
| relapse risk | phenotype |
| replication sample | cohort |
| response inhibition | phenotype |
| reward anticipation | phenotype |
| reward system function local | phenotype |
| rimorphin local | drug |
| rs10224675 local | variant |
| rs10893366 local | variant |
| rs1344694 | variant |
| rs1426153 local | variant |
| rs1693482 | variant |
| rs1789891 | variant |
| rs4770403 local | variant |
| rs6483362 local | variant |
| rs750338 | variant |
| rs7590720 | variant |
| rs9512637 | variant |
| rs9556711 local | variant |
| Rsu1 local | gene |
| RSU1 local | gene |
| SAGE | cohort |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| SERINC2 | gene |
| SERINC2 SNPs | variant |
| serotonin | drug |
| severe alcohol use disorder | phenotype |
| SGCA local | gene |
| SGCB local | gene |
| SGCE local | gene |
| SGCG | gene |
| SIGMAR1 local | drug |
| SIGMAR1 local | gene |
| SIGMAR1_ANTAGONISTS local | drug |
| single-nucleotide polymorphism | variant |
| SLC22A18 local | gene |
| Slc7a11 | gene |
| smoking | phenotype |
| SNORA54 local | gene |
| SNP | cohort |
| Social drinkers | phenotype |
| sphingolipids | drug |
| stress | phenotype |
| stress-induced reinstatement | phenotype |
| stress-resilience local | phenotype |
| Stress-resilience local | phenotype |
| stress response | phenotype |
| striatum | anatomy |
| Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment | cohort |
| substance use | phenotype |
| suicide | phenotype |
| Sweden | cohort |
| Sweden adoption study local | cohort |
| tesaglitazar | drug |
| thiamine | drug |
| thiamine deficiency | drug |
| thiamine pyrophosphate | drug |
| Thiamine signaling local | phenotype |
| Tiihonen 1999 cohort local | cohort |
| TPK1 local | gene |
| TPK1 SNP local | variant |
| trait anxiety | phenotype |
| treatment response | phenotype |
| treatment response to naltrexone local | phenotype |
| Treutlein et al., 2009 local | cohort |
| Treutlein et al. 2009 GWAS | cohort |
| type 1 alcoholism local | phenotype |
| type 2 alcoholism local | phenotype |
| United Kingdom | cohort |
| United States | cohort |
| United States adoption study local | cohort |
| Val158Met | gene |
| ventral striatum | anatomy |
| ventral tegmental area | anatomy |
| Violent criminal offenders local | phenotype |
| Voisey 2011 cohort local | cohort |
| voluntary alcohol consumption | phenotype |
| WAY100635 local | drug |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome | phenotype |
| Wernicke's encephalopathy | phenotype |
| withdrawal-negative affect addiction cycle local | phenotype |
| withdrawal severity | phenotype |
| working memory | phenotype |
| Ξ²-catenin | drug |
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In this knowledge base
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
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| Central amygdala single-nucleus atlas reveals chromatin and gene transcription dynamics in human alcohol use disorder. | Lee CY et al. | β | 2026 | β |
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| Epigenetic regulation of <i>SYNGAP1</i> in alcohol use disorder in whole blood and saliva. | Edelmann S et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Genome Variation in Alcohol Use Disorder by Whole-Exome Sequencing. | Liu L et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| High prevalence of alcohol use disorders in 454 young adult offspring from the San Diego prospective study. | Schuckit MA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Integrated single-cell multiomic profiling of caudate nucleus suggests key mechanisms in alcohol use disorder. | Green NC et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Investigating the Impact of Long-Term Alcohol Consumption on Serum Chemical Changes: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Human Blood Serum. | Guleken Z et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Research progress of DNA methylation on the regulation of substance use disorders and the mechanisms. | Liu Y et al. | β | 2025 | β |
| Selectively counteracting cerebellar adaptations to chronic alcohol exposure reduces acute alcohol withdrawal severity in C57BL6/N mice. | McLean NA et al. | β | 2025 | β |
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| Under the Influence: The Epidemic of Excessive Alcohol Use and Its Impact on Heart and Liver Health. | Dhand A et al. | β | 2025 | β |
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| Introduction: Approved treatments for alcohol use disorder by regulatory agencies. | Camarini R et al. | β | 2024 | β |
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| Triple Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with Coexisting Bipolar and Alcohol Use Disorders: Clinical Aspects and Pharmacological Treatments. | Weiss F et al. | β | 2023 | β |
| AUD Risk, Diagnoses, and Course in a Prospective Study Across Two Generations: Implications for Prevention. | Schuckit MA | β | 2022 | β |
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| Epigenetic Effects of Addictive Drugs in the Nucleus Accumbens. | Anderson EM et al. | β | 2022 | β |
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| Promoter Specific Methylation of <i>SSTR4</i> is Associated With Alcohol Dependence in Han Chinese Males. | Zhao R et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| The role of alcohol intake in the pharmacogenetics of treatment with clozapine. | Monroy-Jaramillo N et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Why haven't we solved the addiction crisis? | Blum K et al. | β | 2022 | β |
| Association of <i>PIP4K2A</i> Polymorphisms with Alcohol Use Disorder. | Fedorenko OY et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Behavioral Profiles of Adolescent Alcohol-Preferring/Non-preferring (P/NP) and High/Low Alcohol-Drinking (HAD/LAD) Rats Are Dependent on Line but Not Sex. | Lundberg S et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Clinical Neuroscience of Addiction: What Clinical Psychologists Need to Know and Why. | Ray LA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Cross-sectional and prospective associations of drinking characteristics with scores from the Self-Report of the Effects of Alcohol questionnaire and findings from alcohol challenges. | Schuckit MA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Epigenetics of alcohol use disorder-A review of recent advances in DNA methylation profiling. | Longley MJ et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| ERR and dPECR Suggest a Link Between Neuroprotection and the Regulation of Ethanol Consumption Preference. | Velo Escarcena L et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Psychiatry in the Digital Age: A Blessing or a Curse? | Roth CB et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Reaction Time and Visual Memory in Connection to Hazardous Drinking Polygenic Scores in Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. | Mazumder AH et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Cytoarchitectural Common Neurobiological Trait of All Addictions. | Blum K et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Subjective Responses to Alcohol in the Development and Maintenance of Alcohol Use Disorder. | King A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Etiologic, Theory-Based, Ontogenetic Hierarchical Framework of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Translational Systematic Review of Reviews. | Boness CL et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| The Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Genetics, Epigenetics, and Nutrition in AUD: An Amazing Triangle. | Siomek-Gorecka A et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Viral-Mediated Knockdown of Nucleus Accumbens Shell PAC1 Receptor Promotes Excessive Alcohol Drinking in Alcohol-Preferring Rats. | Minnig MA et al. | β | 2021 | β |
| Addiction by Any Other Name is Still Addiction: Embracing Molecular Neurogenetic/Epigenetic Basis of Reward Deficiency. | Edwards D et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Alcohol Induced Depression: Clinical, Biological and Genetic Features. | FarrΓ© A et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| A Rationale for Allopregnanolone Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders: Basic and Clinical Studies. | Morrow AL et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Epigenetic changes on rat chromosome 4 contribute to disparate alcohol drinking behavior in alcohol-preferring and -nonpreferring rats. | Spence JP et al. | β | 2020 | β |
| Maternal ethanol consumption before paternal fertilization: Stimulation of hypocretin neurogenesis and ethanol intake in zebrafish offspring. | Collier AD et al. | β | 2020 | β |
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| Spontaneous Early Withdrawal Behaviors after Chronic 24-hour Free-Choice Access to Ethanol. | Hauser SR et al. | β | 2020 | β |
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| A Mechanism Linking Two Known Vulnerability Factors for Alcohol Abuse: Heightened Alcohol Stimulation and Low Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptors. | Bocarsly ME et al. | β | 2019 | β |
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| Convergent Evidence From Humans and Drosophila melanogaster Implicates the Transcription Factor MEF2B/Mef2 in Alcohol Sensitivity. | Schmitt RE et al. | β | 2019 | β |
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