The role of BAF (mSWI/SNF) complexes in mammalian neural development.
- Authors
- Son, Esther Y; Crabtree, Gerald R
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics
- PMID
- 25195934
- DOI
- 10.1002/ajmg.c.31416
- PMCID
- PMC4405377
The BAF (mammalian SWI/SNF) complexes are a family of multi-subunit ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers that use ATP hydrolysis to alter chromatin structure. Distinct BAF complex compositions are possible through combinatorial assembly of homologous subunit families and can serve non-redundant functions. In mammalian neural development, developmental stage-specific BAF assemblies are found in embryonic stem cells, neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons. In particular, the neural progenitor-specific BAF complexes are essential for controlling the kinetics and mode of neural progenitor cell division, while neuronal BAF function is necessary for the maturation of postmitotic neuronal phenotypes as well as long-term memory formation. The microRNA-mediated mechanism for transitioning from npBAF to nBAF complexes is instructive for the neuronal fate and can even convert fibroblasts into neurons. The high frequency of BAF subunit mutations in neurological disorders underscores the rate-determining role of BAF complexes in neural development, homeostasis, and plasticity.
BAF complex assemblies in neural developmentDistinct BAF compositions exist in ES cells (esBAF), neural progenitors (npBAF) and postmitotic neurons (nBAF). Each complex serves critical context-dependent functions by interacting with a unique set of cellular factors. During mitotic exit, miR-9* and miR-124 mediate switching at three subunit positions (highlighted in red and orange in esBAF/npBAF and nBAF, respectively).
Most commonly mutated BAF subunits in human cognitive disordersDominant de novo BAF subunit mutations have been found in Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS), Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS), sporadic intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia (SZ) and Kleefstra syndrome. Mutations in BAF250A and BAF250B lead to truncated proteins, indicating that haploinsufficiency of these subunits causes disease. Mutations in the BRG1 and BRM ATPases as well as BAF57 and BAF47 are missense mutations or in-frame deletions, suggesting gain-of-function or dominant negative mechanisms. Microdeletions or translocations are not included. Data taken from the following studies: Hoyer et al. (2012); Kleefstra T. Am J Hum Genet (2012); Koga et al. (2009); Nord et al. (2011); Santen et al. (2012, 2013); Tsurusaki et al. (2012, 2013); Van Houdt et al. (2012); Wieczorek et al. (2013); Wolff et al. (2011).
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| abnormal expansion of IPs local | phenotype |
| Abnormal spine morphology local | phenotype |
| Absence of cerebellum local | phenotype |
| ACTB | gene |
| ACTL6A local | gene |
| ACTL6B local | gene |
| ACTL6B+/- mice local | cohort |
| Agenesis of corpus callosum local | phenotype |
| ALS | phenotype |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | phenotype |
| Anterior olfactory bulb local | anatomy |
| Apical VSNs local | phenotype |
| ARID1a local | gene |
| ARID1A local | gene |
| ARID1b local | gene |
| ARID1B local | gene |
| ASD | phenotype |
| astrocytes | phenotype |
| Asymmetric division of NSCs local | phenotype |
| ATP | drug |
| ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling local | drug |
| autism | phenotype |
| autism spectrum disorder | phenotype |
| axonal outgrowth local | phenotype |
| axonal pruning local | phenotype |
| axonogenesis | phenotype |
| axon pathfinding disruption local | phenotype |
| BAF | drug |
| BAF local | gene |
| BAF155 local | gene |
| BAF155 heterozygous mice local | cohort |
| BAF170 local | gene |
| BAF250 local | gene |
| BAF250a local | gene |
| BAF250b local | gene |
| BAF250B local | gene |
| BAF45a local | gene |
| BAF45b local | gene |
| BAF45c local | gene |
| BAF45d local | gene |
| BAF47 local | gene |
| BAF53 local | gene |
| BAF53a local | gene |
| BAF53A local | gene |
| BAF53b local | gene |
| BAF53B local | gene |
| BAF53b+/β mice local | cohort |
| BAF53bβ/β mice local | cohort |
| BAF53ΞHD local | variant |
| BAF53ΞHD-expressing mice local | cohort |
| BAF57 local | gene |
| BAF60 local | gene |
| BAF60a local | gene |
| BAF60b local | gene |
| BAF60c local | gene |
| BAF complexes local | drug |
| BAF components local | drug |
| BAP55 local | gene |
| Basal VSNs local | phenotype |
| Bcl11b | gene |
| bias toward upper-layer identities local | phenotype |
| Brahma local | gene |
| brain | anatomy |
| brain development | phenotype |
| brainstem | anatomy |
| BRD7 local | gene |
| BRD9 local | gene |
| BrdU | drug |
| BRG1 | gene |
| Brg1 heterozygous knockout mice local | cohort |
| Brg1 heterozygous mice local | cohort |
| BRG1 in-frame deletion local | variant |
| BRG1 missense mutation local | variant |
| Brmβ/β mice local | cohort |
| BRMβ/β mice local | cohort |
| Ca2+ | drug |
| CALB1 | gene |
| CAMK2A | gene |
| CBP local | drug |
| CBP | gene |
| CDKN2A | gene |
| cell cycle | phenotype |
| cell fate local | phenotype |
| central nervous system | anatomy |
| cerebellum | anatomy |
| CHD1 local | gene |
| CHD2 local | gene |
| CHD3 local | gene |
| CHD4 local | gene |
| CHD5 local | gene |
| CHD6 local | gene |
| CHD7 local | gene |
| CHD8 | gene |
| CHD9 | gene |
| chimeric BAF53a local | gene |
| chromatin | drug |
| chromatin modification local | phenotype |
| CNS | anatomy |
| CNTN4 | gene |
| Coarse facial features local | phenotype |
| Coffin-Siris syndrome local | phenotype |
| cognitive disorders | phenotype |
| colon carcinoma local | phenotype |
| contextual fear local | phenotype |
| Contextual fear memory local | phenotype |
| Copy-number variations local | variant |
| CoREST | gene |
| corpus callosum | anatomy |
| cortex | anatomy |
| cortical layer II/III local | anatomy |
| cortical layer IV local | anatomy |
| cortical layer V | anatomy |
| cortical layer VI | anatomy |
| cortical progenitors local | anatomy |
| corticospinal neurons local | anatomy |
| corticothalamic neurons local | anatomy |
| CREB1 | gene |
| CREST local | gene |
| CSS patients local | cohort |
| CTNNB1 | gene |
| cytoskeletal rearrangements local | phenotype |
| Decreased proliferation local | phenotype |
| Decrease in BrdU+ progenitors local | phenotype |
| deep-layer cortical neurons local | anatomy |
| dendritic defects local | phenotype |
| dendritic outgrowth deficit local | phenotype |
| Dendritic outgrowth phenotype local | phenotype |
| dendritic remodeling local | phenotype |
| dendritogenesis local | phenotype |
| dentate gyrus | anatomy |
| depletion of upper-layer neurons local | phenotype |
| developmental delay | phenotype |
| digit malformations | phenotype |
| DNA | drug |
| DNA methylation | drug |
| DNase I | drug |
| dorsal cortex local | anatomy |
| dorsal hippocampus | anatomy |
| dorsal telencephalic fate local | phenotype |
| dorsal telencephalon local | anatomy |
| dorsal ventricular zone local | anatomy |
| DPF2 local | gene |
| DPF3 local | gene |
| Dyrk1A | gene |
| E2F transcription factors local | gene |
| embryonic lethality | phenotype |
| embryonic neural progenitor division local | phenotype |
| embryonic spinal cord local | anatomy |
| Emx1 | gene |
| Enlarged interphalangeal joints local | phenotype |
| Ependymal lineage local | phenotype |
| Ephexin1 local | gene |
| epilepsy | phenotype |
| esBAF local | drug |
| Exome sequencing studies local | cohort |
| extra neuroblasts local | phenotype |
| EZH2 | gene |
| fasciculation local | phenotype |
| Fifth fingernail hypoplasia local | phenotype |
| Forebrain excitatory neurons local | anatomy |
| GABA | phenotype |
| general population | cohort |
| generation of upper-layer cortical neurons local | phenotype |
| GFAP | gene |
| Glial lineage local | phenotype |
| glutamate | drug |
| Granule cell layer local | anatomy |
| greater disease severity local | phenotype |
| Growth delay local | phenotype |
| H3K27me3 | drug |
| ham-3 local | gene |
| Hedgehog signaling pathway local | drug |
| hippocampal neurons | anatomy |
| hippocampus | anatomy |
| histone octamer local | drug |
| Histone tail covalent modifications local | drug |
| homeotic transformations local | phenotype |
| Hox | gene |
| human brain | anatomy |
| human malignancies local | phenotype |
| Human malignancy local | phenotype |
| hyperactivity | phenotype |
| Hypoplasia of fifth fingernails local | phenotype |
| idiopathic intellectual disability local | phenotype |
| impaired self-renewal local | phenotype |
| Increased cell death local | phenotype |
| increased cycling progenitors local | phenotype |
| indirect neurogenesis local | phenotype |
| induced neurons | phenotype |
| Inefficient teratoma formation local | phenotype |
| INO80 local | gene |
| intellectual disability | phenotype |
| intermediate progenitors | anatomy |
| IPs local | phenotype |
| KCl | drug |
| Ki67 | drug |
| Large-scale studies local | cohort |
| lateral ventricle | anatomy |
| LIF | drug |
| long-term memory | phenotype |
| long-term potentiation | phenotype |
| Loss of OCT4 local | phenotype |
| loss of pluripotency local | phenotype |
| LTP | phenotype |
| macrocephaly | phenotype |
| malignant rhabdoid tumor local | phenotype |
| mating type switching local | phenotype |
| maturation local | phenotype |
| medium spiny neurons | anatomy |
| microcephaly | phenotype |
| midbrain | anatomy |
| miR-124 | drug |
| miR-9* local | drug |
| miR-9* local | gene |
| Moira local | gene |
| mSin3A local | gene |
| mSWI/SNF local | drug |
| Multiple organ abnormalities local | phenotype |
| MULTIPOTENT PROGENITORS local | phenotype |
| Nanog | gene |
| nBAF local | drug |
| nBAF complex local | drug |
| nBAF complexes local | drug |
| nBAF-specific subunits local | drug |
| NCBRS patient cohort local | cohort |
| neocortex | anatomy |
| nestin | gene |
| NESTIN::BRG1β/β local | cohort |
| Nestin::Brg1β/β mice local | cohort |
| neural differentiation program local | phenotype |
| neural progenitor cell division local | phenotype |
| Neural progenitor pool depletion local | phenotype |
| Neural tube closure defect local | phenotype |
| Neural tube closure defects local | phenotype |
| NeuroD local | gene |
| NEUROD2 | gene |
| neurodegenerative disease | phenotype |
| neurogenesis | phenotype |
| neurogenic miRNAs local | drug |
| neurological disorders | phenotype |
| neuronal differentiation | phenotype |
| neuronal fate | phenotype |
| neuronal lineage local | phenotype |
| Ngn2 | gene |
| Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome local | phenotype |
| Non-neuronal fate local | phenotype |
| Notch | gene |
| Notch signaling local | drug |
| npBAF local | drug |
| npBAF complex local | drug |
| NSC PROLIFERATION local | phenotype |
| object location memory | phenotype |
| Object recognition memory local | phenotype |
| Oct4 | gene |
| odontogenesis local | phenotype |
| olfactory bulb | anatomy |
| olfactory projection neurons local | anatomy |
| Osa local | gene |
| outer RGs local | phenotype |
| outer SVZ local | anatomy |
| p.Arg366Cys local | variant |
| p.Asp1546Glu local | variant |
| pathfinding local | phenotype |
| patient cohort (Hoyer et al., 2012) local | cohort |
| Pax6 | gene |
| PAX6-null mice local | cohort |
| PBRM1 | gene |
| PcG local | drug |
| PcG local | gene |
| peri-implantation lethal phenotype local | phenotype |
| Perinatal death local | phenotype |
| perinatal lethality | phenotype |
| p.Gln388* local | variant |
| PHF10 local | gene |
| p.Ile123Met local | variant |
| plasticity of the adult brain local | phenotype |
| p.Lys364del local | variant |
| PNS dendritic morphogenesis defects local | phenotype |
| Polycomb local | gene |
| Polycomb complex local | drug |
| Polycomb complexes local | drug |
| postmitotic zone local | phenotype |
| postsynaptic density local | phenotype |
| POU5F1 | gene |
| PRC2 | drug |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| progenitor population local | phenotype |
| proliferation defects local | phenotype |
| proliferative neural progenitors local | phenotype |
| proliferative zone local | phenotype |
| psa-1 local | gene |
| psa-4 local | gene |
| psychiatric disorders | phenotype |
| radial glia | anatomy |
| reduced BrdU incorporation local | phenotype |
| Reduced Calb1 expression local | phenotype |
| Reduced number of GFAP+ astrocytes local | phenotype |
| Reduced pluripotency local | phenotype |
| Reduced proliferation of neural progenitors local | phenotype |
| reduced proliferative neural progenitors local | phenotype |
| Reduction in size and cell number of dentate gyrus local | phenotype |
| refinement of axons and dendrites local | phenotype |
| Rest | gene |
| retargeting phenotype local | phenotype |
| retinoic acid | drug |
| Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) local | gene |
| rhabdoid tumor local | phenotype |
| schizophrenia | phenotype |
| self-renewal impairment local | phenotype |
| serotonergic neurons | anatomy |
| SEZ local | anatomy |
| Shh | gene |
| Shorter dendrites local | phenotype |
| short-term memory | phenotype |
| short-term potentiation | phenotype |
| Slightly larger than normal local | phenotype |
| SMARCA1 | gene |
| SMARCA2 | gene |
| SMARCA5 | gene |
| SMARCA6 local | gene |
| SMARCB1 local | gene |
| SMARCC1 local | gene |
| SMARCC2 local | gene |
| SMARCE1 local | gene |
| SNF5 local | gene |
| SNF6 local | gene |
| SNR1 local | gene |
| SOX11 | gene |
| SOX11 mutation local | variant |
| Sox2 | gene |
| Sparse hair local | phenotype |
| spinal cord | anatomy |
| Sporadic ID patients local | cohort |
| sporadic intellectual disability local | phenotype |
| SRCAP local | gene |
| SS18 local | gene |
| SS18L1 local | gene |
| STAT3 | gene |
| striatum | anatomy |
| Stunted growth local | phenotype |
| subcerebral projection neurons local | anatomy |
| Subependymal zone local | anatomy |
| Subgranular zone | anatomy |
| subventricular zone | anatomy |
| sucrose | drug |
| sucrose utilization local | phenotype |
| SUZ12 local | gene |
| SWI1/ADR6 local | gene |
| SWI2/SNF2 local | gene |
| SWI3 local | gene |
| synaptic dysfunction | phenotype |
| synaptic plasticity | phenotype |
| synovial sarcoma local | phenotype |
| SZ | phenotype |
| T cell development local | phenotype |
| Thinning of cortex local | phenotype |
| Thinning of midbrain local | phenotype |
| thinning of upper cortical layers local | phenotype |
| trio sequencing study of sporadic ALS local | cohort |
| trithorax local | gene |
| Trithorax local | drug |
| TUBB3 | gene |
| tumorigenesis | phenotype |
| upper cortical layers local | anatomy |
| upper-layer cortical neurons local | anatomy |
| V1r local | gene |
| V2r local | gene |
| ventral telencephalon | anatomy |
| ventricular RGs local | phenotype |
| ventricular zone | anatomy |
| Viable local | phenotype |
| voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels local | drug |
| Vomeronasal sensory neurons local | phenotype |
| Weaver syndrome local | phenotype |
| Ξ²-actin | gene |
| Ξ²-catenin | drug |
| Ξ²-Tubulin-III local | drug |
| Ξ³-aminobutyric acid | drug |
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In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Variation in SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex Proteins is Associated with Alcohol Dependence and Antisocial Behavior in Human Populations. | 2017 | 28981154 |
External
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