Addiction circuitry in the human brain.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Volkow, Nora D; Wang, Gene-Jack; Fowler, Joanna S; Tomasi, Dardo
Year: 2012
Journal: Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology
PMID: 21961707
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625
PMCID: PMC3477468

Figure 1

Pharmacokinetics of cocaine and methamphetamine in the human brain and relationship to the drug-induced “high.” (a) Axial brain images of the distribution of [11C]cocaine and [11C]methamphetamine at different times (minutes) after their administration. (b) Time activity curves for the concentration of [11C]cocaine and [11C]methamphetamine in striatum alongside the temporal course for the “high” experienced after intravenous administration of these drugs. Modified from References 20 and 21. Note that the fast brain uptake of these drugs corresponds with the temporal course of the “high,” which suggests that the “high” is associated with the “rate of dopamine increases.”

LLM interpretation

This figure consists of axial PET brain scans (a) and corresponding time-activity curves (b) for $[^{11}\text{C}]\text{cocaine}$ and $[^{11}\text{C}]\text{methamphetamine}$. The brain scans show the distribution of each drug over time, with a color scale indicating intensity from low to high. The line graphs plot the percentage of peak uptake (red open squares) and the subjective "high" (blue solid squares) over time in minutes, showing that the temporal course of the "high" closely follows the rate of drug uptake in the striatum for both substances.

Figure 2

Dopamine (DA) changes induced by intravenous methylphenidate (MPH) in controls and in active cocaine abusers and by cocaine cues in active cocaine abusers. (a) Average nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) images of [11C]raclopride in active cocaine-addicted subjects and controls tested after placebo and after intravenous MPH. MPH reduced D2R availability in controls but not in cocaine-addicted subjects. Note that cocaine abusers show both decreases in baseline striatal D2R availability (placebo measure) and decreases in DA release when given intravenous MPH (measured as decreases in D2R availability from baseline). (b) Average BPND images of [11C]raclopride in cocaine abusers tested while viewing a neutral video (nature scenes) and while viewing a cocaine-cues video (subjects administering cocaine). The cocaine cues decreased D2R in caudate and putamen. Modified from Reference 32. Note that cocaine-addicted subjects did not respond to intravenous MPH but instead responded to the cocaine-cues exposure.

LLM interpretation

This figure consists of PET scan images and corresponding bar charts showing [11C]raclopride binding potential ($\text{BP}_{\text{ND}}$) in the caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum. In panel (a), methylphenidate (MPH) significantly reduces $\text{BP}_{\text{ND}}$ in normal controls ($p < 0.03$ to $p < 0.001$) but shows no significant effect in cocaine-dependent subjects. In panel (b), exposure to cocaine-cue videos significantly decreases $\text{BP}_{\text{ND}}$ in the caudate ($p < 0.05$) and putamen ($p < 0.01$) of cocaine-dependent subjects compared to a control video.

Figure 3

Brain dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) in controls and in methamphetamine abusers and alcoholics and association between D2R in the striatum and metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. (a) Average brain images for D2R availability (BPND) in control subjects and in methamphetamine abusers obtained with [11C]raclopride. (b) Average brain images for D2R availability (BPND) in control subjects and in alcoholics obtained with [11C]raclopride. (c) Correlations between striatal D2R and metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in methamphetamine abusers (top) and in alcoholics (bottom). Modified from Reference 19.

LLM interpretation

This figure consists of PET brain images (a, b) and two scatter plots (c). Panels (a) and (b) show average D2R availability ($\text{BP}_{\text{ND}}$) in the striatum, comparing control subjects to methamphetamine abusers and alcoholics, respectively, using a color scale from low (blue) to high (red). Panel (c) displays positive linear correlations between striatal D2 receptors ($\text{BP}_{\text{ND}}$) on the x-axis and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) metabolism ($\mu\text{mol } 100\text{ g}^{-1}\text{ min}^{-1}$) on the y-axis for both methamphetamine abusers and alcoholics.

Figure 4

(a) Areas of the brain where metabolism differed when cocaine abusers were exposed to the cocaine-cues video with a directive to purposefully inhibit craving versus when they were exposed to the cocaine-cues video with no inhibition. Metabolism was significantly lower in the right NAc and in the right orbitofrontal cortex with inhibition than it was without inhibition (statistical parametric mapping results p < 0.005 not corrected, cluster > 100 voxels). (b) Regression slope for the differences in metabolism (inhibition versus no inhibition) in the right NAc and in the right BA 44 (r = −0.55, p < 0.006).

LLM interpretation

This figure consists of (a) brain imaging scans showing areas of differential metabolism, with highlighted regions in the right nucleus accumbens (NAc) and right orbitofrontal cortex indicating lower metabolism during craving inhibition. Part (b) is a scatter plot with a negative regression line showing a correlation between the differences in metabolism in the right NAc (x-axis) and the right BA 44 (y-axis). The correlation is labeled as r = −0.55, p < 0.006.

#	Section	Preview
20	CONDITIONING IN ADDICTION	Brain imaging studies have shown that cue-elicited craving is associated not only with increased…
21	EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN ADDICTION	Imaging studies have been providing consistent evidence for the involvement of the PFC in the…
22	EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN ADDICTION	The PFC works in tandem with striatal regions via corticostriatal networks that are modulated by DA…
23	EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN ADDICTION	Brain imaging studies have shown that reductions in striatal D2R in addicted subjects are associated…
24	EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN ADDICTION	associated with impulsivity (51, 52), and in rodents, impulsivity predicts compulsive cocaine…
25	EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN ADDICTION	The fundamental role of the PFC in addiction is evidenced by the increased recognition that…
26	EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN ADDICTION	Impaired self-control plays a fundamental role in drug-taking behaviors in addiction. Successful…
27	EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN ADDICTION	Disrupted executive function is also implicated in the exaggerated bias toward immediate smaller…
28	EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITS IN ADDICTION	Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex also interferes with the inhibition of responding to formerly…
29	MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCERS IN ADDICTION	DA plays a critical role in motivation (e.g., vigor, persistence, effort, behavioral activation)…
30	MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCERS IN ADDICTION	The enhanced motivation to procure drugs is a hallmark of addiction, and this is well captured on…
31	MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCERS IN ADDICTION	Brain imaging studies have monitored the shifts in regional brain activity of addicted persons when…
32	MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCERS IN ADDICTION	The enhanced sensitivity of the motivational circuitry to drugs in addicted subjects is exemplified…
33	MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCERS IN ADDICTION	The modulation of motivation by drug cues in addiction may occur even outside of conscious…
34	MOOD AND STRESS REACTIVITY IN ADDICTION	Negative emotions including those triggered by exposure to stressful stimuli provide an important…
35	MOOD AND STRESS REACTIVITY IN ADDICTION	The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the enhanced reactivity to negative emotions including…
36	MOOD AND STRESS REACTIVITY IN ADDICTION	The lateral habenula also projects to the median and dorsal raphe nuclei, which contain serotonin…
37	SELF-AWARENESS IN ADDICTION	In addiction, there is also evidence of a significant disruption in self-awareness, which includes…
38	SUMMARY	Several brain circuits are relevant in the neurobiology of addiction and result in an enhanced…

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The role of psychological distress in understanding the relationship between habitual decision-making and addictive behaviors.	Brydevall M et al.	—	2025	→
Unveiling the therapeutic potential of octreotide in treating morphine dependence.	Shabani M et al.	—	2025	→
Assessment of Classical and Non-Classical Quantitative Electroencephalographic Measures in Patients with Substance Use Disorders.	Guerrero-Aranda A et al.	—	2024	→
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions in Substance Use Disorders.	Harder EV et al.	—	2024	→
Cingulate cortical thickness in cocaine use disorder: mediation effect between early life stress and cocaine consumption.	Bittencourt AML et al.	—	2024	→
Hippocampal D1-like dopamine receptor as a novel target for the effect of cannabidiol on extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced CPP.	Farrokhi AM et al.	—	2024	→
Imaging of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease.	Prange S et al.	—	2024	→
Incubation of methamphetamine craving in punishment-resistant individuals is associated with activation of specific gene networks in the rat dorsal striatum.	Daiwile AP et al.	—	2024	→
Non-invasive suppression of the human nucleus accumbens (NAc) with transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) modulates the reward network: a pilot study.	Peng X et al.	—	2024	→
Reduced executive and reward connectivity is associated with smoking cessation response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.	Li X et al.	—	2024	→
Social addiction or nicotine addiction? The effect of smoking social motivation on inhibitory control under smoking social cues: Evidence from ERPs.	Zhao B et al.	—	2024	→
Abnormal cerebral metabolism and metabolic connectivity in individuals with heroin dependence: an integrated resting-state PET/fMRI study in large-scale networks.	Jin L et al.	—	2023	→
Brain stimulation therapeutics.	Li X et al.	—	2023	→
Cognitive domain-independent aberrant frontoparietal network strength in individuals with excessive smartphone use.	Henemann GM et al.	—	2023	→
Differential Development of Dendritic Spines in Striatal Projection Neurons of Direct and Indirect Pathways in the Caudoputamen and Nucleus Accumbens.	Kuo HY et al.	—	2023	→
Dopaminergic dysfunction: Role for genetic & epigenetic testing in the new psychiatry.	Blum K et al.	—	2023	→
GDNF gene therapy for alcohol use disorder in male non-human primates.	Ford MM et al.	—	2023	→
Gender difference in network relationship between inter-temporal decisions and prefrontal activation levels in internet gaming disorder.	Zheng H et al.	—	2023	→
Genetic and epigenetic studies of opioid abuse disorder - the potential for future diagnostics.	Abdulmalek S et al.	—	2023	→
Is Deep Brain Stimulation an Effective Treatment for Psychostimulant Dependency? A Preclinical and Clinical Systematic Review.	Eskandari K et al.	—	2023	→
Neurogenetics and Epigenetics of Loneliness.	Bowirrat A et al.	—	2023	→
Relapse risk revealed by degree centrality and cluster analysis in heroin addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.	Wang L et al.	—	2023	→
Relationship between Problematic Smartphone Use, Sleep Quality and Bedtime Procrastination: A Mediation Analysis.	Correa-Iriarte S et al.	—	2023	→
Structural and Functional Neural Alterations in Internet Addiction: A Study Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.	Liu JL et al.	—	2023	→
Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention.	Volkow ND et al.	—	2023	→
The histamine H3 receptor modulates dopamine D2 receptor-dependent signaling pathways and mouse behaviors.	Xu J et al.	—	2023	→
Aberrant intrinsic neural network strength in individuals with "smartphone addiction": An MRI data fusion study.	Schmitgen MM et al.	—	2022	→
Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity in Betel Quid Dependence Chewers: A Resting-State Functional MRI Study With Percent Amplitude of Fluctuation.	Fu L et al.	—	2022	→
Assessment of brain connectome alterations in male chronic smokers using structural and generalized q-sampling MRI.	Weng JC et al.	—	2022	→
Chronic early-life lead exposure sensitizes adolescent rats to cocaine: Role of the dopaminergic system.	Albores-Garcia D et al.	—	2022	→
Clinical Outcomes of Severe Forms of Early Social Stress.	Berhe O et al.	—	2022	→
Cortical surface variation in individuals with excessive smartphone use.	Hirjak D et al.	—	2022	→
Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders and behavioral/cognitive-related indications: Review of the literature and implications for treatment.	Mahoney JJ et al.	—	2022	→
Drug versus non-drug behaviors: A dual-reward model of sex differences and neurobiological mechanisms in rats.	Nall RW et al.	—	2022	→
Integrative Hedonic and Homeostatic Food Intake Regulation by the Central Nervous System: Insights from Neuroimaging.	Campos A et al.	—	2022	→
Oxytocin moderates corticolimbic social stress reactivity in cocaine use disorder and healthy controls.	Joseph JE et al.	—	2022	→
Pharmacological characterization of novel synthetic opioids: Isotonitazene, metonitazene, and piperidylthiambutene as potent μ-opioid receptor agonists.	De Luca MA et al.	—	2022	→
Sex Differences in Psychostimulant Abuse: Implications for Estrogen Receptors and Histone Deacetylases.	Torres OV	—	2022	→
Substance abuse and neurotransmission.	Davis S et al.	—	2022	→
The effect of self-administered methamphetamine on GABAergic interneuron populations and functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.	Robinson KJ et al.	—	2022	→
The Executive Functioning Paradox in Substance Use Disorders.	Jakubiec L et al.	—	2022	→
Ventral striatal subregional dysfunction in late-life grief: Relationships with yearning and depressive symptoms.	Blair NP et al.	—	2022	→
Addiction Research Unit: Affective and cognitive mechanisms of specific Internet-use disorders.	Brand M et al.	—	2021	→
Alterations in reward network functional connectivity are associated with increased food addiction in obese individuals.	Ravichandran S et al.	—	2021	→
A neural mechanism of the relationship between impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in patients with Internet gaming disorder.	Shin YB et al.	—	2021	→
Assessing the role of ghrelin and the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) system in food reward, food motivation, and binge eating behavior.	Micioni Di Bonaventura E et al.	—	2021	→
Childhood maltreatment, prefrontal-paralimbic gray matter volume, and substance use in young adults and interactions with risk for bipolar disorder.	Kirsch DE et al.	—	2021	→
Circuit selectivity in drug versus natural reward seeking behaviors.	Nall RW et al.	—	2021	→
Cortical thickness and subcortical volume abnormalities in male crack-cocaine users.	Bittencourt AML et al.	—	2021	→
Craving for Ketamine and Its Relationship With Clinical Outcome Indicators in Males With Ketamine Use Disorder.	Wang PW et al.	—	2021	→
Delay discounting and neurocognitive correlates among inner city adolescents with and without family history of substance use disorder.	Rodriguez-Moreno DV et al.	—	2021	→
Effective connectivity predicts cognitive empathy in cocaine addiction: a spectral dynamic causal modeling study.	Wei L et al.	—	2021	→
GABA concentrations in the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices: Associations with chronic cigarette smoking, neurocognition, and decision making.	Durazzo TC et al.	—	2021	→
Identifying a novel biological mechanism for alcohol addiction associated with circRNA networks acting as potential miRNA sponges.	Vornholt E et al.	—	2021	→
Mechanistic insights into the efficacy of memantine in treating certain drug addictions.	Montemitro C et al.	—	2021	→
Mind-body approaches targeting the psychological aspects of opioid use problems in patients with chronic pain: evidence and opportunities.	Martel MO et al.	—	2021	→
Multimodal indicators of risk for and consequences of substance use disorders: Executive functions and trait disconstraint assessed from preadolescence into early adulthood.	Wilson S et al.	—	2021	→
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Addiction Severity Differences in Patients With ADHD Seeking Treatment for Cannabis or Cocaine Use Disorders.	Martínez-Luna N et al.	—	2021	→
Sex- and Brain Region-specific Changes in Gene Expression in Male and Female Rats as Consequences of Methamphetamine Self-administration and Abstinence.	Daiwile AP et al.	—	2021	→
Social-networks-related stimuli interferes decision making under ambiguity: Interactions with cue-induced craving and problematic social-networks use.	Wegmann E et al.	—	2021	→
Treating cocaine and opioid use disorder with transcranial magnetic stimulation: A path forward.	Steele VR et al.	—	2021	→
Updating Emotional Stimuli in Heroin Abstainers' Working Memory: An Event-Related Potential Investigation.	Zhang J et al.	—	2021	→
Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum.	Krueger RF et al.	—	2021	→
25B-NBOMe, a novel N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamine (NBOMe) derivative, may induce rewarding and reinforcing effects via a dopaminergic mechanism: Evidence of abuse potential.	Custodio RJP et al.	—	2020	→
Altered core networks of brain connectivity and personality traits in internet gaming disorder.	Chun JW et al.	—	2020	→
A multimodal neuroimaging classifier for alcohol dependence.	Guggenmos M et al.	—	2020	→
Dysfunction of the Prefrontal Cortex in Betel-Quid-Dependent Chewers.	Kong L et al.	—	2020	→
Effects of smartphone addiction on sleep quality among Chinese university students: The mediating role of self-regulation and bedtime procrastination.	Zhang MX et al.	—	2020	→
GluA1 in Central Amygdala Promotes Opioid Use and Reverses Inhibitory Effect of Pain.	Hou YY et al.	—	2020	→
Higher Trait Impulsivity and Altered Frontostriatal Connectivity in Betel-Quid Dependent Individuals.	Qian Z et al.	—	2020	→
Improvement of APOE4-dependent non-cognitive behavioural traits by postnatal cholinergic stimulation in female mice.	Peris-Sampedro F et al.	—	2020	→
Interaction between behavioral inhibition and neural alcohol cue-reactivity in ADHD and alcohol use disorder.	Vollstädt-Klein S et al.	—	2020	→
Motivational factors modulate left frontoparietal network during cognitive control in cocaine addiction.	Barrós-Loscertales A et al.	—	2020	→
Neurobiological influence of comorbid conditions in young patients diagnosed with gaming disorder: A whole-brain functional connectivity study based on a data driven method.	Kuriki S et al.	—	2020	→
Pharmacological NOS-1 Inhibition Within the Hippocampus Prevented Expression of Cocaine Sensitization: Correlation with Reduced Synaptic Transmission.	Artur de la Villarmois E et al.	—	2020	→
Precision therapeutic opioid dosing implications from genetic biomarkers and craving score.	Chang HW et al.	—	2020	→
Psychometric properties of the transaddiction craving triggers questionnaire in alcohol use disorder.	von Hammerstein C et al.	—	2020	→
Reduced Cortical Thickness in the Right Caudal Middle Frontal Is Associated With Symptom Severity in Betel Quid-Dependent Chewers.	Sariah A et al.	—	2020	→
Relapse-Associated Transient Synaptic Potentiation Requires Integrin-Mediated Activation of Focal Adhesion Kinase and Cofilin in D1-Expressing Neurons.	Garcia-Keller C et al.	—	2020	→
Structural and functional correlates of smartphone addiction.	Horvath J et al.	—	2020	→
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and other forms of neuromodulation for substance use disorders: Review of modalities and implications for treatment.	Mahoney JJ et al.	—	2020	→
Underlying Susceptibility to Eating Disorders and Drug Abuse: Genetic and Pharmacological Aspects of Dopamine D4 Receptors.	Botticelli L et al.	—	2020	→
Unmasking neurobiological commonalities between addictive disorders and impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease.	Ramdave S et al.	—	2020	→
Accelerated Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation as a Treatment for Cocaine Use Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept Study.	Steele VR et al.	—	2019	→
Addiction in focus: molecular mechanisms, model systems, circuit maps, risk prediction and the quest for effective interventions.	Goldstein RZ et al.	—	2019	→
Altered striatal reward processing in abstinent dependent cannabis users: Social context matters.	Zimmermann K et al.	—	2019	→
A neural network for information seeking.	White JK et al.	—	2019	→
Buprenorphine and Methadone as Opioid Maintenance Treatments for Heroin-Addicted Patients Induce Oxidative Stress in Blood.	Leventelis C et al.	—	2019	→
Changes in the serum metabolite profile correlate with decreased brain gray matter volume in moderate-to-heavy drinking young adults.	Heikkinen N et al.	—	2019	→
Cognitive dysfunction in individuals with cocaine use disorder: Potential moderating factors and pharmacological treatments.	Mahoney JJ	—	2019	→
Cue-induced craving and symptoms of online-buying-shopping disorder interfere with performance on the Iowa Gambling Task modified with online-shopping cues.	Trotzke P et al.	—	2019	→
Effects of Age and Sex on Subcortical Volumes.	Wang Y et al.	—	2019	→
Effects of cocaine base paste on anxiety-like behavior and immediate-early gene expression in nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex of female mice.	Berardino BG et al.	—	2019	→
Efficacy of Invasive and Non-Invasive Brain Modulation Interventions for Addiction.	Luigjes J et al.	—	2019	→
Extracellular Matrix Signaling Through β3 Integrin Mediates Cocaine Cue-Induced Transient Synaptic Plasticity and Relapse.	Garcia-Keller C et al.	—	2019	→
GIRK Channel Activity in Dopamine Neurons of the Ventral Tegmental Area Bidirectionally Regulates Behavioral Sensitivity to Cocaine.	McCall NM et al.	—	2019	→
Internet gaming disorder: deficits in functional and structural connectivity in the ventral tegmental area-Accumbens pathway.	Wang R et al.	—	2019	→
Investigation of Novel Primary and Secondary Pharmacophores and 3-Substitution in the Linking Chain of a Series of Highly Selective and Bitopic Dopamine D<sub>3</sub> Receptor Antagonists and Partial Agonists.	Shaik AB et al.	—	2019	→
Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research.	Wilson S et al.	—	2019	→
Modulation of orbitofrontal-striatal reward activity by dopaminergic functional polymorphisms contributes to a predisposition to alcohol misuse in early adolescence.	Baker TE et al.	—	2019	→
Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders.	Burns JA et al.	—	2019	→
Neural response to betel quid cues in chewers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.	Ho MC et al.	—	2019	→
Sex Differences in Escalated Methamphetamine Self-Administration and Altered Gene Expression Associated With Incubation of Methamphetamine Seeking.	Daiwile AP et al.	—	2019	→
Shared Neural Correlates Underlying Addictive Disorders and Negative Urgency.	Um M et al.	—	2019	→
Structural and Functional Alterations in Betel-Quid Chewers: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Findings.	Sariah A et al.	—	2019	→
The cellular basis of fetal endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in drug-induced neurodevelopmental deficits.	Tsai SA et al.	—	2019	→
The Craving and Excitement of Social Networking Sites Addicts: Based on Cue-Reactivity.	Leng Y et al.	—	2019	→
The insula in nicotine use disorder: Functional neuroimaging and implications for neuromodulation.	Regner MF et al.	—	2019	→
The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors.	Brand M et al.	—	2019	→
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review.	Marques RC et al.	—	2019	→
21st century neurobehavioral theories of decision making in addiction: Review and evaluation.	Bickel WK et al.	—	2018	→
Adolescent alcohol exposure decreases frontostriatal resting-state functional connectivity in adulthood.	Broadwater MA et al.	—	2018	→
A genetic reduction in the serotonin transporter differentially influences MDMA and heroin induced behaviours.	Brox BW et al.	—	2018	→
Chronic Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC in Rhesus Monkeys: Effects on Cognitive Performance and Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Availability.	John WS et al.	—	2018	→
Closed Loop Deep Brain Stimulation for PTSD, Addiction, and Disorders of Affective Facial Interpretation: Review and Discussion of Potential Biomarkers and Stimulation Paradigms.	Bina RW et al.	—	2018	→
Cross-species molecular dissection across alcohol behavioral domains.	Farris SP et al.	—	2018	→
Drug Refraining and Seeking Potentiate Synapses on Distinct Populations of Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons.	Roberts-Wolfe D et al.	—	2018	→
Evolutionary diversity as a catalyst for biological discovery.	Johnson ZV et al.	—	2018	→
Executive function deficit in betel-quid-dependent chewers: Mediating role of prefrontal cortical thickness.	Zhu X et al.	—	2018	→
Extrinsic functional connectivity of the default mode network in crack-cocaine users.	Martins DLN et al.	—	2018	→
Food Cues and Obesity: Overpowering Hormones and Energy Balance Regulation.	Belfort-DeAguiar R et al.	—	2018	→
Integrating Addiction into the Neuroscience Curriculum.	Napier TC	—	2018	→
Left frontoparietal network activity is modulated by drug stimuli in cocaine addiction.	Costumero V et al.	—	2018	→
Mapping brain functional alterations in betel-quid chewers using resting-state fMRI and network analysis.	Weng JC et al.	—	2018	→
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanoprobes for Revealing the Role of Dopamine in Drug Addiction.	Feng P et al.	—	2018	→
Neuromodulation for substance addiction in human subjects: A review.	Bari A et al.	—	2018	→
Nicotine and cigarette smoke modulate Nrf2-BDNF-dopaminergic signal and neurobehavioral disorders in adult rat cerebral cortex.	Naha N et al.	—	2018	→
Nicotine drug discrimination and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in differentially reared rats.	Bockman CS et al.	—	2018	→
Presumed structural and functional neural recovery after long-term abstinence from cocaine in male military veterans.	He Q et al.	—	2018	→
Regional cerebral blood flow in opiate dependence relates to substance use and neuropsychological performance.	Murray DE et al.	—	2018	→
Reward-related limbic memory and stimulation of the cannabinoid system: An upgrade in value attribution?	Brancato A et al.	—	2018	→
Substance-related disorders: A review of prevalence and correlates among patients with chronic pain.	Martel MO et al.	—	2018	→
The Affective and Neural Correlates of Heroin versus Cocaine Use in Addiction Are Influenced by Environmental Setting But in Opposite Directions.	De Pirro S et al.	—	2018	→
The neural representation of the association between comorbid drug use disorders and childhood maltreatment.	Martins BS et al.	—	2018	→
The role of reward circuitry and food addiction in the obesity epidemic: An update.	Leigh SJ et al.	—	2018	→
The thalamus in drug addiction: from rodents to humans.	Huang AS et al.	—	2018	→
What Is the Evidence for "Food Addiction?" A Systematic Review.	Gordon EL et al.	—	2018	→
White matter microstructural correlates of relapse in alcohol dependence.	Zou Y et al.	—	2018	→
A Bayesian Observer Model of Drug Craving.	Gu X et al.	—	2017	→
A commentary on the associations among 'food addiction', binge eating disorder, and obesity: Overlapping conditions with idiosyncratic clinical features.	Davis C	—	2017	→
Allen Cognitive Level Screen for the classification of subjects treated for addiction.	Rojo-Mota G et al.	—	2017	→
Alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and functions.	Akbar MA et al.	—	2017	→
Altered default mode, fronto-parietal and salience networks in adolescents with Internet addiction.	Wang L et al.	—	2017	→
An emerging role for the lateral habenula in aggressive behavior.	Flanigan M et al.	—	2017	→
An initial fMRI study on neural correlates of prayer in members of Alcoholics Anonymous.	Galanter M et al.	—	2017	→
Association between the Intron 8 VNTR Polymorphism of the DAT1 Gene and Crack Cocaine Addiction.	Stolf AR et al.	—	2017	→
Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Chronic Stress: An RDoC Perspective.	Garland EL et al.	—	2017	→
Cocaine addiction is associated with abnormal prefrontal function, increased striatal connectivity and sensitivity to monetary incentives, and decreased connectivity outside the human reward circuit.	Vaquero L et al.	—	2017	→
Cocaine and Caffeine Effects on the Conditioned Place Preference Test: Concomitant Changes on Early Genes within the Mouse Prefrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens.	Muñiz JA et al.	—	2017	→
Cocaine Use Reverses Striatal Plasticity Produced During Cocaine Seeking.	Spencer S et al.	—	2017	→
Core addiction medicine competencies for doctors: An international consultation on training.	Ayu AP et al.	—	2017	→
Definition of Substance and Non-substance Addiction.	Zou Z et al.	—	2017	→
Disrupted Resting-State Default Mode Network in Betel Quid-Dependent Individuals.	Zhu X et al.	—	2017	→
Established risk factors for addiction fail to discriminate between healthy gamers and gamers endorsing DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder.	Deleuze J et al.	—	2017	→
Evaluation of structural connectivity changes in betel-quid chewers using generalized q-sampling MRI.	Weng JC et al.	—	2017	→
Genomewide Association Study of Alcohol Dependence Identifies Risk Loci Altering Ethanol-Response Behaviors in Model Organisms.	Adkins AE et al.	—	2017	→
Genome-wide DNA hydroxymethylation identifies potassium channels in the nucleus accumbens as discriminators of methamphetamine addiction and abstinence.	Cadet JL et al.	—	2017	→
Loss of brain graph network efficiency in alcohol dependence.	Sjoerds Z et al.	—	2017	→
Merging Theoretical Models and Therapy Approaches in the Context of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Personal Perspective.	Young KS et al.	—	2017	→
N-acetylcysteine for treating cocaine addiction - A systematic review.	Nocito Echevarria MA et al.	—	2017	→
Neural Mechanisms of Circadian Regulation of Natural and Drug Reward.	DePoy LM et al.	—	2017	→
Neurobiological findings related to Internet use disorders.	Park B et al.	—	2017	→
Neurobiology of substance use in adolescents and potential therapeutic effects of exercise for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders.	Nock NL et al.	—	2017	→
New Repeat Polymorphism in the <i>AKT1</i> Gene Predicts Striatal Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Availability and Stimulant-Induced Dopamine Release in the Healthy Human Brain.	Shumay E et al.	—	2017	→
Recovery in Substance Use Disorders: What to Know to Inform Practice.	Worley J	—	2017	→
Reduced activity in functional networks during reward processing is modulated by abstinence in cocaine addicts.	Costumero V et al.	—	2017	→
Regional brain volume changes in alcohol-dependent individuals during early abstinence: associations with relapse following treatment.	Durazzo TC et al.	—	2017	→
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces resting-state insula activity and modulates functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal cortex in cigarette smokers.	Li X et al.	—	2017	→
Reward Circuitry in Addiction.	Cooper S et al.	—	2017	→
The biology of addiction.	MacNicol B	—	2017	→
The Effects of Acupuncture Stimulation for Brain Activation and Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy: Functional MRI Study.	Yang CH et al.	—	2017	→
The importance of nutrition in aiding recovery from substance use disorders: A review.	Jeynes KD et al.	—	2017	→
The Role of Adenosine Receptors in Psychostimulant Addiction.	Ballesteros-Yáñez I et al.	—	2017	→
The role of impulsivity in psychostimulant- and stress-induced dopamine release: Review of human imaging studies.	Bosker WM et al.	—	2017	→
Unexpected global impact of VTA dopamine neuron activation as measured by opto-fMRI.	Lohani S et al.	—	2017	→
White matter integrity between left basal ganglia and left prefrontal cortex is compromised in gambling disorder.	van Timmeren T et al.	—	2017	→
White Matter Integrity Deficit Associated with Betel Quid Dependence.	Yuan F et al.	—	2017	→
Adolescent Maturational Transitions in the Prefrontal Cortex and Dopamine Signaling as a Risk Factor for the Development of Obesity and High Fat/High Sugar Diet Induced Cognitive Deficits.	Reichelt AC	—	2016	→
Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity in Betel Quid Dependence: A Resting-state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.	Liu T et al.	—	2016	→
Behavioral and transcriptomic profiling of mice null for Lphn3, a gene implicated in ADHD and addiction.	Orsini CA et al.	—	2016	→
Betel quid dependence is associated with functional connectivity changes of the anterior cingulate cortex: a resting-state fMRI study.	Liu T et al.	—	2016	→
Blood-brain and retinal barriers show dissimilar ABC transporter impacts and concealed effect of P-glycoprotein on a novel verapamil influx carrier.	Chapy H et al.	—	2016	→
Cadherin 13: human <i>cis</i>-regulation and selectively-altered addiction phenotypes and cerebral cortical dopamine in knockout mice.	Drgonova J et al.	—	2016	→
Chemogenomics knowledgebase and systems pharmacology for hallucinogen target identification-Salvinorin A as a case study.	Xu X et al.	—	2016	→
Chronic Cigarette Smoking in Healthy Middle-Aged Individuals Is Associated With Decreased Regional Brain N-acetylaspartate and Glutamate Levels.	Durazzo TC et al.	—	2016	→
Cognitive enhancers versus addictive psychostimulants: The good and bad side of dopamine on prefrontal cortical circuits.	Bisagno V et al.	—	2016	→
Combined Effects of Simultaneous Exposure to Caffeine and Cocaine in the Mouse Striatum.	Muñiz JA et al.	—	2016	→
Compulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and addictions.	Figee M et al.	—	2016	→
Dopamine D2/3- and μ-opioid receptor antagonists reduce cue-induced responding and reward impulsivity in humans.	Weber SC et al.	—	2016	→
Electrophysiology for addiction medicine: From methodology to conceptualization of reward deficits.	Stewart JL et al.	—	2016	→
Extended exposure to sugar and/or caffeine produces distinct behavioral and neurochemical profiles in the orbitofrontal cortex of rats: Implications for neural function.	Franklin JL et al.	—	2016	→
Frontal Metabolite Concentration Deficits in Opiate Dependence Relate to Substance Use, Cognition, and Self-Regulation.	Murray DE et al.	—	2016	→
Gender-related Differences in Food Craving and Obesity.	Hallam J et al.	—	2016	→
Genetic variation and dopamine D2 receptor availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human in vivo molecular imaging studies.	Gluskin BS et al.	—	2016	→
Genetic variation and the D2 dopamine receptor: implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disease.	Mickey BJ	—	2016	→
How psychoactive drugs shape human culture: A multi-disciplinary perspective.	Wadley G	—	2016	→
Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine.	Arreola R et al.	—	2016	→
Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model.	Brand M et al.	—	2016	→
Localization of PPAR isotypes in the adult mouse and human brain.	Warden A et al.	—	2016	→
Mapping Smoking Addiction Using Effective Connectivity Analysis.	Tang R et al.	—	2016	→
Measuring illness insight in patients with alcohol-related cognitive dysfunction using the Q8 questionnaire: a validation study.	Walvoort SJ et al.	—	2016	→
Molecular Mechanisms of Cannabis Signaling in the Brain.	Ronan PJ et al.	—	2016	→
Negative Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Subtype 5 in Addiction: a Therapeutic Window.	Mihov Y et al.	—	2016	→
Neural substrates of cue reactivity: association with treatment outcomes and relapse.	Courtney KE et al.	—	2016	→
PET imaging for addiction medicine: From neural mechanisms to clinical considerations.	Wiers CE et al.	—	2016	→
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Orbital Frontal Cortex in Rats Following Extended Exposure to Caffeine Reveals Extensive Changes to Protein Expression: Implications for Neurological Disease.	Franklin JL et al.	—	2016	→
Quantitative shotgun proteomics reveals extensive changes to the proteome of the orbitofrontal cortex in rats that are hyperactive following withdrawal from a high sugar diet.	Franklin JL et al.	—	2016	→
Reduced sleep duration mediates decreases in striatal D2/D3 receptor availability in cocaine abusers.	Wiers CE et al.	—	2016	→
Reward Contingencies Improve Goal-Directed Behavior by Enhancing Posterior Brain Attentional Regions and Increasing Corticostriatal Connectivity in Cocaine Addicts.	Rosell-Negre P et al.	—	2016	→
Reward Sensitivity of ACC as an Intermediate Phenotype between DRD4-521T and Substance Misuse.	Baker TE et al.	—	2016	→
Scientific and conceptual flaws of coercive treatment models in addiction.	Uusitalo S et al.	—	2016	→
Social change and access to a palatable diet produces differences in reward neurochemistry and appetite in female monkeys.	Michopoulos V et al.	—	2016	→
Socioeconomic status is associated with striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors in healthy volunteers but not in cocaine abusers.	Wiers CE et al.	—	2016	→
The motor way: Clinical implications of understanding and shaping actions with the motor system in autism and drug addiction.	Casartelli L et al.	—	2016	→
Aberrant mesolimbic dopamine-opiate interaction in obesity.	Tuominen L et al.	—	2015	→
A cannabinoid receptor 1 polymorphism is protective against major depressive disorder in methadone-maintained outpatients.	Icick R et al.	—	2015	→
Adaptations of presynaptic dopamine terminals induced by psychostimulant self-administration.	Siciliano CA et al.	—	2015	→
Adding Genetic Testing to Evidence-Based Guidelines to Determine the Safest and Most Effective Chronic Pain Treatment for Injured Workers.	Meshkin B et al.	—	2015	→
Alcohol use disorder with and without stimulant use: brain morphometry and its associations with cigarette smoking, cognition, and inhibitory control.	Pennington DL et al.	—	2015	→
Asymmetrical frontal cortical activity associated with differential risk for mood and anxiety disorder symptoms: An RDoC perspective.	Nusslock R et al.	—	2015	→
[Attributable risk of co-morbid substance use disorder in poor observance to pharmacological treatment and the occurrence of relapse in schizophrenia].	Ameller A et al.	—	2015	→
Brain perfusion in polysubstance users: relationship to substance and tobacco use, cognition, and self-regulation.	Murray DE et al.	—	2015	→
Brain size, sex, and the aging brain.	Jäncke L et al.	—	2015	→
Caffeine increases striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the human brain.	Volkow ND et al.	—	2015	→
CAMKII-conditional deletion of histone deacetylase 2 potentiates acute methamphetamine-induced expression of immediate early genes in the mouse nucleus accumbens.	Torres OV et al.	—	2015	→
Circuitry of self-control and its role in reducing addiction.	Tang YY et al.	—	2015	→
Cocaine self-administration disrupts mesolimbic dopamine circuit function and attenuates dopaminergic responsiveness to cocaine.	Siciliano CA et al.	—	2015	→
Comparison of Regional Brain Perfusion Levels in Chronically Smoking and Non-Smoking Adults.	Durazzo TC et al.	—	2015	→
Cortico-striatal circuits: Novel therapeutic targets for substance use disorders.	Kravitz AV et al.	—	2015	→
Cue reactivity and its relation to craving and relapse in alcohol dependence: a combined laboratory and field study.	Witteman J et al.	—	2015	→
Effect of voluntary alcohol consumption on Maoa expression in the mesocorticolimbic brain of adult male rats previously exposed to prolonged maternal separation.	Bendre M et al.	—	2015	→
FDA cigarette warning labels lower craving and elicit frontoinsular activation in adolescent smokers.	Do KT et al.	—	2015	→
How Imaging Glutamate, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, and Dopamine Can Inform the Clinical Treatment of Alcohol Dependence and Withdrawal.	Hillmer AT et al.	—	2015	→
Hyperactivation to pleasant interoceptive stimuli characterizes the transition to stimulant addiction.	Stewart JL et al.	—	2015	→
Molecular and functional imaging of internet addiction.	Zhu Y et al.	—	2015	→
Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction.	Zatorre RJ	—	2015	→
Neurochemical abnormalities in anterior cingulate cortex on betel quid dependence: a 2D (1)H MRS investigation.	Liu T et al.	—	2015	→
Neuropsychological Consequences of Chronic Drug Use: Relevance to Treatment Approaches.	Cadet JL et al.	—	2015	→
NIDA-Drug Addiction Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS) Relapse as a Function of Spirituality/Religiosity.	Schoenthaler SJ et al.	—	2015	→
Overlapping patterns of brain activation to food and cocaine cues in cocaine abusers: association to striatal D2/D3 receptors.	Tomasi D et al.	—	2015	→
Pharmacophore-based discovery of inhibitors of a novel drug/proton antiporter in human brain endothelial hCMEC/D3 cell line.	Chapy H et al.	—	2015	→
Reducing Ventral Tegmental Dopamine D2 Receptor Expression Selectively Boosts Incentive Motivation.	de Jong JW et al.	—	2015	→
Relationship between emotional processing, drinking severity and relapse in adults treated for alcohol dependence in Poland.	Kopera M et al.	—	2015	→
Resting state connectivity in alcohol dependent patients and the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.	Jansen JM et al.	—	2015	→
Stimulation of in vivo dopamine transmission and intravenous self-administration in rats and mice by JWH-018, a Spice cannabinoid.	De Luca MA et al.	—	2015	→
Sympathoneural and adrenomedullary responses to mental stress.	Carter JR et al.	—	2015	→
The accumbofrontal tract: Diffusion tensor imaging characterization and developmental change from childhood to adulthood.	Karlsgodt KH et al.	—	2015	→
The brain disease model of addiction: is it supported by the evidence and has it delivered on its promises?	Hall W et al.	—	2015	→
Treating tobacco use disorder in pregnant women in medication-assisted treatment for an opioid use disorder: a systematic review.	Akerman SC et al.	—	2015	→
Abstinence duration modulates striatal functioning during monetary reward processing in cocaine patients.	Bustamante JC et al.	—	2014	→
ADHD, stimulant treatment in childhood and subsequent substance abuse in adulthood - a naturalistic long-term follow-up study.	Dalsgaard S et al.	—	2014	→
Altered intrinsic hippocmapus declarative memory network and its association with impulsivity in abstinent heroin dependent subjects.	Zhai TY et al.	—	2014	→
A preliminary examination of cortical neurotransmitter levels associated with heavy drinking in posttraumatic stress disorder.	Pennington DL et al.	—	2014	→
Carrier-mediated cocaine transport at the blood-brain barrier as a putative mechanism in addiction liability.	Chapy H et al.	—	2014	→
Changes in cerebral CB1 receptor availability after acute and chronic alcohol abuse and monitored abstinence.	Ceccarini J et al.	—	2014	→
Chronic exposure to a gambling-like schedule of reward predictive stimuli can promote sensitization to amphetamine in rats.	Zack M et al.	—	2014	→
Compulsivity in anorexia nervosa: a transdiagnostic concept.	Godier LR et al.	—	2014	→
Contributions of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in the regulation of stress, motivation, and mood.	Hsu DT et al.	—	2014	→
Crack cocaine users show differences in genotype frequencies of the 3' UTR variable number of tandem repeats of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3).	Stolf AR et al.	—	2014	→
Decreased dopamine brain reactivity in marijuana abusers is associated with negative emotionality and addiction severity.	Volkow ND et al.	—	2014	→
Delineation of domains within the cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors that mediate the formation of the heterodimer complex.	Khan SS et al.	—	2014	→
Dopamine challenge reveals neuroadaptive changes in marijuana abusers.	Madras BK	—	2014	→
Dopamine receptor activation increases HIV entry into primary human macrophages.	Gaskill PJ et al.	—	2014	→
Drug testing of health care professionals to improve overall wellness and patient care.	Merlo LJ	—	2014	→
Dual role of nicotine in addiction and cognition: a review of neuroimaging studies in humans.	Jasinska AJ et al.	—	2014	→
Glial-neuronal ensembles: partners in drug addiction-associated synaptic plasticity.	Cadet JL et al.	—	2014	→
Gut-brain peptides in corticostriatal-limbic circuitry and alcohol use disorders.	Vadnie CA et al.	—	2014	→
Individual differences underlying susceptibility to addiction: Role for the endogenous oxytocin system.	Buisman-Pijlman FT et al.	—	2014	→
Interactions of HIV and drugs of abuse: the importance of glia, neural progenitors, and host genetic factors.	Hauser KF et al.	—	2014	→
Interactive effects of chronic cigarette smoking and age on brain volumes in controls and alcohol-dependent individuals in early abstinence.	Durazzo TC et al.	—	2014	→
Intracranial self-stimulation to evaluate abuse potential of drugs.	Negus SS et al.	—	2014	→
In vivo imaging of cerebral dopamine D3 receptors in alcoholism.	Erritzoe D et al.	—	2014	→
Is there more to psychosocial treatments in addiction than brief interventions?	Kelleher E	—	2014	→
"Meaningful use" provides a meaningful opportunity.	Rabius V et al.	—	2014	→
Model-based and model-free Pavlovian reward learning: revaluation, revision, and revelation.	Dayan P et al.	—	2014	→
Neuropathology of substance use disorders.	Cadet JL et al.	—	2014	→
New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons.	Chandler DJ et al.	—	2014	→
New perspectives on using brain imaging to study CNS stimulants.	Lukas SE	—	2014	→
Novel approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant and opioid abuse - focus on opioid receptor-based therapies.	Bailey CP et al.	—	2014	→
PET imaging reveals brain functional changes in internet gaming disorder.	Tian M et al.	—	2014	→
Pilot randomized trial demonstrating reversal of obesity-related abnormalities in reward system responsivity to food cues with a behavioral intervention.	Deckersbach T et al.	—	2014	→
Remembering the forgotten non-communicable diseases.	Lopez AD et al.	—	2014	→
Repeated binge-like ethanol drinking alters ethanol drinking patterns and depresses striatal GABAergic transmission.	Wilcox MV et al.	—	2014	→
Short-term ethanol exposure causes imbalanced neurotrophic factor allocation in the basal forebrain cholinergic system: a novel insight into understanding the initial processes of alcohol addiction.	Miki T et al.	—	2014	→
Smoking automaticity and tolerance moderate brain activation during explore-exploit behavior.	Addicott MA et al.	—	2014	→
Smoking but not cocaine use is associated with lower cerebral metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 density in humans.	Hulka LM et al.	—	2014	→
Stimulant-induced dopamine increases are markedly blunted in active cocaine abusers.	Volkow ND et al.	—	2014	→
Stress, sex, and addiction: potential roles of corticotropin-releasing factor, oxytocin, and arginine-vasopressin.	Bisagno V et al.	—	2014	→
The association between premenstrual dysphoric disorder and internet use disorder.	Ko CH et al.	—	2014	→
The behavioral economics of substance use disorders: reinforcement pathologies and their repair.	Bickel WK et al.	—	2014	→
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Deep Brain Stimulation in the treatment of alcohol dependence.	Alba-Ferrara L et al.	—	2014	→
Unique functional abnormalities in youth with combined marijuana use and depression: an FMRI study.	Ford KA et al.	—	2014	→
Volumetric differences in the anterior cingulate cortex prospectively predict alcohol-related problems in adolescence.	Cheetham A et al.	—	2014	→
What's deficient in reward deficiency?	Leyton M	—	2014	→
A computational hypothesis for allostasis: delineation of substance dependence, conventional therapies, and alternative treatments.	Levy YZ et al.	—	2013	→
Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation abnormalities in adolescents with online gaming addiction.	Yuan K et al.	—	2013	→
Are addictions diseases or choices?	Leyton M	—	2013	→
Arguments in favour of compulsory treatment of opioid dependence.	Wu Z	—	2013	→
Assessing addiction vulnerability with different rat strains and place preference procedures: the role of the cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript.	Salas E et al.	—	2013	→
Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease (recent update).	Sharma S et al.	—	2013	→
Changes in morphine reward in a model of neuropathic pain.	Cahill CM et al.	—	2013	→
Chronic cocaine dampens dopamine signaling during cocaine intoxication and unbalances D1 over D2 receptor signaling.	Park K et al.	—	2013	→
CREB phosphorylation regulates striatal transcriptional responses in the self-administration model of methamphetamine addiction in the rat.	Krasnova IN et al.	—	2013	→
Deep brain stimulation surgery for alcohol addiction.	Voges J et al.	—	2013	→
Differential striatal spine pathology in Parkinson's disease and cocaine addiction: a key role of dopamine?	Villalba RM et al.	—	2013	→
Does a shared neurobiology for foods and drugs of abuse contribute to extremes of food ingestion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa?	Kaye WH et al.	—	2013	→
Gender versus brain size effects on subcortical gray matter volumes in the human brain.	Tang T et al.	—	2013	→
Neural and behavioral effects of a novel mu opioid receptor antagonist in binge-eating obese people.	Cambridge VC et al.	—	2013	→
Outcome specificity in deepened extinction may limit treatment feasibility: co-presentation of a food cue interferes with extinction of cue-elicited cocaine seeking.	Tunstall BJ et al.	—	2013	→
Physician education in addiction medicine.	Wood E et al.	—	2013	→
Predominance of D2 receptors in mediating dopamine's effects in brain metabolism: effects of alcoholism.	Volkow ND et al.	—	2013	→
Prospective effects of adolescent indicators of behavioral disinhibition on DSM-IV alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug dependence in young adulthood.	Palmer RH et al.	—	2013	→
Recent advances in quantitative neuroproteomics.	Craft GE et al.	—	2013	→
Reexposure to nicotine during withdrawal increases the pacemaking activity of cholinergic habenular neurons.	Görlich A et al.	—	2013	→
Region-specific depression of striatal activity in Wistar rat by modest ethanol consumption over a ten-month period.	Adermark L et al.	—	2013	→
Sex, drugs and Parkinson's disease.	Ushe M et al.	—	2013	→
Striatocortical pathway dysfunction in addiction and obesity: differences and similarities.	Tomasi D et al.	—	2013	→
The functional anatomy of impulse control disorders.	Probst CC et al.	—	2013	→
The primacy of cognition in the manifestations of substance use disorders.	Cadet JL et al.	—	2013	→
Extrastriatal dopaminergic abnormalities of DA homeostasis in Parkinson's patients with medication-induced pathological gambling: a [11C] FLB-457 and PET study.	Ray NJ et al.	—	2012	→
Neurogenetic Impairments of Brain Reward Circuitry Links to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Potential Nutrigenomic Induced Dopaminergic Activation.	Blum K et al.	—	2012	→
Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model?	Ziauddeen H et al.	—	2012	→
Preclinical evidence that activation of mesolimbic alpha 6 subunit containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors supports nicotine addiction phenotype.	Brunzell DH	—	2012	→
Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability.	Shumay E et al.	—	2012	→
Social 'wanting' dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications.	Kohls G et al.	—	2012	→
The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction.	Burkett JP et al.	—	2012	→
The clinical significance of drug craving.	Tiffany ST et al.	—	2012	→
The genetics of substance dependence.	Wang JC et al.	—	2012	→
The relationship of appetitive, reproductive and posterior pituitary hormones to alcoholism and craving in humans.	Kenna GA et al.	—	2012	→