Adolescent but not adult rats exhibit ethanol-mediated appetitive second-order conditioning.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos; Myers, Mallory; Spear, Linda Patia; Molina, Juan Carlos; Spear, Norman E
- Year
- 2008
- Journal
- Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research
- PMID
- 18782343
- DOI
- 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00789.x
- PMCID
- PMC2588482
BACKGROUND: Adolescent rats are less sensitive to the sedative effects of ethanol than older animals. They also seem to perceive the reinforcing properties of ethanol. However, unlike neonates or infants, ethanol-mediated appetitive behavior is yet to be clearly shown in adolescents. Appetitive ethanol reinforcement was assessed in adolescent (postnatal day 33, P33) and adult rats (P71) through second-order conditioning (SOC). METHODS: On P32 or P70, animals were intragastrically administered ethanol (0.5 or 2.0 g/kg) paired with intra-oral pulses of sucrose (CS(1), first-order conditioning phase). CS(1) delivery took place either 5-20 (early pairing) or 30-45 minutes (late pairing) following ethanol administration. The time interval between CS(1) exposure and ethanol administration was 240 minutes in unpaired controls. On P33 or P71, animals were presented the CS(1) (second-order conditioning phase) in a distinctive chamber (CS(2), second-order conditioning). Then they were tested for CS(2) preference. RESULTS: Early and late paired adolescents, but not adults, had greater preference for the CS(2) than controls, a result indicative of ontogenetic variation in ethanol-mediated reinforcement. During the CS(1)-CS(2) associative phase, paired adolescents given 2.0 g/kg ethanol wall-climbed more than controls. Blood and brain ethanol levels associated with the 0.5 and 2.0 g/kg doses at the onset of each conditioning phase did not differ substantially across age, with mean blood ethanol concentration of 38 and 112 mg%. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate age-related differences between adolescent and adult rats in terms of sensitivity to ethanol's motivational effects. Adolescents exhibited high sensitivity for ethanol's appetitive effects. These animals also showed ethanol-mediated behavioral activation during the SOC phase. The SOC preparation provides a valuable conditioning model for assessing ethanol's motivational effects across ontogeny.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 0.5 g/kg ethanol dose local | phenotype |
| 12th graders | cohort |
| 14-day olds local | cohort |
| 2.0 g/kg ethanol local | drug |
| 2.0 g/kg ethanol dose local | phenotype |
| 2.0 g/kg group local | cohort |
| 45-day old rats local | cohort |
| acetaldehyde | drug |
| acute tolerance | phenotype |
| Adolescent cohort (P32) local | cohort |
| adolescent rats | cohort |
| adolescents | cohort |
| Adolescent unpaired cohort local | cohort |
| Adult cohort (P70) local | cohort |
| Adult groups local | cohort |
| adult mice | cohort |
| adult rats | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| age | phenotype |
| Age of first alcohol exposure local | phenotype |
| Age-related Bias local | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| amphetamine | drug |
| animals | cohort |
| appetitive conditioning local | phenotype |
| Appetitive effects local | phenotype |
| Appetitive motivational effect local | phenotype |
| aversive conditioning local | phenotype |
| aversive effects | phenotype |
| Aversive motivational learning local | phenotype |
| aversive response | phenotype |
| Basal behavioral activation local | phenotype |
| BECs | phenotype |
| behavioral activation local | phenotype |
| Behavioral activation local | phenotype |
| Behavioral Activation local | phenotype |
| behavioral responsiveness local | phenotype |
| behavioral scores local | phenotype |
| behavioral sensitization | phenotype |
| BELs local | phenotype |
| betaiodine local | drug |
| binge drinking | phenotype |
| Binghamton University local | cohort |
| biological marker | phenotype |
| blood | drug |
| blood alcohol concentration | phenotype |
| blood ethanol concentration | phenotype |
| Blood ethanol level | phenotype |
| Blood ethanol level (BEL) local | phenotype |
| brain | anatomy |
| Brain ethanol concentration local | phenotype |
| Brain ethanol level local | phenotype |
| brain ethanol levels local | phenotype |
| Brain ethanol levels local | phenotype |
| BrELs local | phenotype |
| Center for Developmental Psychobiology local | cohort |
| cocaine | phenotype |
| cognition | phenotype |
| Conditional response local | phenotype |
| conditioned aversion | phenotype |
| Conditioned behavioral activation local | phenotype |
| conditioned motor activation local | phenotype |
| conditioned motor response local | phenotype |
| conditioned place aversion | phenotype |
| conditioned place preference | phenotype |
| Conditioned Place Preference Test local | phenotype |
| Conditioned preference local | phenotype |
| Conditioned Preference local | phenotype |
| conditioned taste aversion | phenotype |
| Conditioned wall-climbing local | phenotype |
| Conditioning group local | cohort |
| Conspecific-directed behaviors local | phenotype |
| CS1 local | drug |
| CS1 local | phenotype |
| CS1-CS2 transfer phase local | phenotype |
| CS2 local | drug |
| CS2 local | phenotype |
| CS2 preference local | phenotype |
| CS2 preference scores local | phenotype |
| dependence | phenotype |
| Developing rats local | cohort |
| dose local | drug |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| Early adolescent unpaired cohort local | cohort |
| Early pairing local | cohort |
| Early pairing (EP) local | cohort |
| Early postadministration time local | phenotype |
| early unpaired controls local | cohort |
| EP local | cohort |
| EP local | phenotype |
| EP group local | cohort |
| EP paired group local | cohort |
| ethanol 0.5 g/kg | drug |
| ethanol 2.0 g/kg local | drug |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| Ethanol dosage local | drug |
| Ethanol-mediated conditioning local | phenotype |
| Ethanol-mediated learning local | phenotype |
| Ethanol motivational properties local | phenotype |
| ethanol reinforcement | phenotype |
| ethanol-related problems local | phenotype |
| Experimental condition local | cohort |
| First-order conditioned responses local | phenotype |
| First-order conditioning local | phenotype |
| Gatorgrit Sandpaper local | drug |
| general locomotion local | phenotype |
| head shaking local | phenotype |
| head-shaking local | phenotype |
| Head shaking local | phenotype |
| Head-shaking local | phenotype |
| Head-Shaking local | phenotype |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| hedonic effects | phenotype |
| hyperactivity | phenotype |
| Hypnotic effect local | phenotype |
| impulsivity | phenotype |
| intraoral sucrose local | drug |
| isoflurane | drug |
| Late adolescent unpaired cohort local | cohort |
| Late pairing local | cohort |
| Late Pairing Condition local | cohort |
| Late pairing (LP) local | cohort |
| Late postadministration time local | phenotype |
| Lithium chloride | drug |
| location preference test local | phenotype |
| locomotion | phenotype |
| locomotor activity | phenotype |
| LP local | phenotype |
| LP group local | cohort |
| LP Group local | cohort |
| LP paired group local | cohort |
| motor coordination | phenotype |
| narcosis local | phenotype |
| Neonatal rats | cohort |
| neonates | cohort |
| Neosporin local | drug |
| neutral compartment local | phenotype |
| nicotine | drug |
| novelty seeking | phenotype |
| Older animals local | cohort |
| oxygen | drug |
| P28 local | cohort |
| P32 local | cohort |
| P33 animals local | cohort |
| P60 local | cohort |
| P70 local | cohort |
| Paired group local | cohort |
| Paired groups local | cohort |
| PAT local | phenotype |
| Pavlovian learning local | phenotype |
| Peer interaction | phenotype |
| pharmacokinetic measurements local | phenotype |
| Phase 1 conditioning local | cohort |
| phase 2 local | phenotype |
| pine shavings local | drug |
| place preference | phenotype |
| Place preference assessment local | phenotype |
| Place-preference conditioning local | phenotype |
| Play behavior | phenotype |
| PL condition local | cohort |
| PL Condition local | cohort |
| polyethylene tube local | drug |
| Positive motivational reinforcing effects local | phenotype |
| Postadministration time local | phenotype |
| Postnatal day 28 local | phenotype |
| Postnatal day 42 local | phenotype |
| Postnatal day 60 local | phenotype |
| Preference for sandpaper local | phenotype |
| preference for sandpaper-lined compartment local | phenotype |
| Preference for sandpaper-lined floor local | phenotype |
| Preweanling rats local | cohort |
| primary conditioned activation local | phenotype |
| rewarding effects | phenotype |
| risk taking | phenotype |
| Sandpaper CS2 local | phenotype |
| sandpaper-lined compartment (CS2) local | phenotype |
| Sandpaper preference local | phenotype |
| Sandpaper Preference local | phenotype |
| Sandpaper score local | phenotype |
| sandpaper scores local | phenotype |
| Sandpaper texture local | phenotype |
| second-order conditioning local | phenotype |
| Second-order conditioning local | phenotype |
| second order conditioning phase local | cohort |
| Second-order tactile aversion local | phenotype |
| sedative effects | phenotype |
| sedatives | drug |
| smooth-floor compartment local | phenotype |
| social inhibition | phenotype |
| SOC preparation local | anatomy |
| spatial ability | phenotype |
| Sprague-Dawley rats | cohort |
| subjects | cohort |
| sucrose | drug |
| Sucrose intake | phenotype |
| Sucrose seeking local | phenotype |
| SuperGlue local | drug |
| Tactile aversion local | phenotype |
| Tactile conditioned preference local | phenotype |
| tactile preference local | phenotype |
| Tactile preference local | phenotype |
| Tactile Preference local | phenotype |
| Tactile preferences local | phenotype |
| treatment group | cohort |
| underage drinking | phenotype |
| Unpaired animals local | cohort |
| unpaired condition local | cohort |
| Unpaired controls local | cohort |
| unpaired controls (UP) local | cohort |
| Unpaired controls (UP) local | cohort |
| UP local | cohort |
| UP local | phenotype |
| wall climbing local | phenotype |
| wall-climbing local | phenotype |
| Wall climbing local | phenotype |
| Wall-climbing local | other |
| Wall-climbing local | phenotype |
| Wall-Climbing local | phenotype |
| Wall-climbing scores local | phenotype |
| water | drug |
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