Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes?
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Belsky, J; Jonassaint, C; Pluess, M; Stanton, M; Brummett, B; Williams, R
- Year
- 2009
- Journal
- Molecular psychiatry
- PMID
- 19455150
- DOI
- 10.1038/mp.2009.44
- PMCID
- PMC2834322
The classic diathesis-stress framework, which views some individuals as particularly vulnerable to adversity, informs virtually all psychiatric research on behavior-gene-environment (G x E) interaction. An alternative framework of 'differential susceptibility' is proposed, one which regards those most susceptible to adversity because of their genetic make up as simultaneously most likely to benefit from supportive or enriching experiences-or even just the absence of adversity. Recent G x E findings consistent with this perspective and involving monoamine oxidase-A, 5-HTTLPR (5-hydroxytryptamine-linked polymorphic region polymorphism) and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) are reviewed for illustrative purposes. Results considered suggest that putative 'vulnerability genes' or 'risk alleles' might, at times, be more appropriately conceptualized as 'plasticity genes', because they seem to make individuals more susceptible to environmental influences-for better and for worse.
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CESD) scores for female caregivers and non-caregiver controls by 5-HTTLPR genotype (Brummett et al.27).
Proportion of female participants with a high level of depression by environmental risk group and 5-HTTLPR genotype (Eley et al.28).
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| Increased brain activity to unpleasant stimuli in individuals with the 7R allele of the DRD4 gene. | Gehricke JG et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| Maintenance of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) in Young CFS Patients Is Associated with the 5-HTTLPR and SNP rs25531 A > G Genotype. | Meyer B et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| Serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype moderates the longitudinal impact of early caregiving on externalizing behavior. | Brett ZH et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| Social stress regulation in 4-month-old infants: contribution of maternal social engagement and infants' 5-HTTLPR genotype. | Montirosso R et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Social support and the serotonin transporter genotype (5-HTTLPR) moderate levels of resilience, sense of coherence, and depression. | Reinelt E et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Synergistic associations of catechol-O-methyltransferase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor with executive function in aging are selective and modified by apolipoprotein E. | Sapkota S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| The 5-HTTLPR variant in the serotonin transporter gene modifies degeneration of brain regions important for emotion in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. | Yokoyama JS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The association between the 5-HTTLPR and neural correlates of fear conditioning and connectivity. | Klucken T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| Raised by depressed parents: is it an environmental risk? | Natsuaki MN et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) regulatory variants: possible association with severity of depression symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. | Gadow KD et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Serotonin transporter [corrected] methylation and response to cognitive behaviour therapy in children with anxiety disorders. | Roberts S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and alcohol use in general population: interaction effect with birth cohort. | Vaht M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Serotonin transporter genotype impacts amygdala habituation in youth with autism spectrum disorders. | Wiggins JL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism modulates parental rearing effects on adult psychiatric symptoms: a community twin-based study. | Ibarra P et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The downside of strong emotional memories: how human memory-related genes influence the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder--a selective review. | Wilker S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The effect of genotype and in utero environment on interindividual variation in neonate DNA methylomes. | Teh AL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The evolutionary history of SLC6A4 and the role of plasticity in Macaca. | Shattuck MR et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The heritability of mental health and wellbeing defined using COMPAS-W, a new composite measure of wellbeing. | Gatt JM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The Maudsley Model of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA): Development, Key Features, and Preliminary Evidence. | Schmidt U et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The multimodal connectivity of the hippocampal complex in auditory and visual hallucinations. | Amad A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Therapygenetics: 5-HTTLPR genotype predicts the response to exposure therapy for agoraphobia. | Knuts I et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The role of attachment styles in regulating the effects of dopamine on the behavior of salespersons. | Verbeke W et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The role of corticolimbic circuitry in the development of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. | Swartz JR et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The role of the monoamine oxidase A gene in moderating the response to adversity and associated antisocial behavior: a review. | Buades-Rotger M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The upstream Variable Number Tandem Repeat polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase type A gene influences trigeminal pain-related evoked responses. | Di Lorenzo C et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Towards personalized treatment of depression: a candidate gene approach. | Landrø NI | — | 2014 | → |
| Translation gone awry: differences between commonsense and science. | Rutter M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Variation in key genes of serotonin and norepinephrine function predicts gamma-band activity during goal-directed attention. | Enge S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| 5-HTTLPR and anxiety modulate brain-heart covariation. | Mueller EM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Acute responsivity of the serotonergic system to S-citalopram and positive emotionality-the moderating role of the 5-HTTLPR. | Wielpuetz C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Adolescent social stress does not necessarily lead to a compromised adaptive capacity during adulthood: a study on the consequences of social stress in rats. | Buwalda B et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Allele-specific associations of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 with ADHD and autism spectrum disorder. | Gadow KD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| An attachment model of depression: integrating findings from the mood disorder laboratory. | Holmes J | — | 2013 | → |
| A neurogenetics approach to understanding individual differences in brain, behavior, and risk for psychopathology. | Bogdan R et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Annual Research Review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children--past, present, and future perspectives. | Cicchetti D | — | 2013 | → |
| A novel differential susceptibility gene: CHRNA4 and moderation of the effect of maltreatment on child personality. | Grazioplene RG et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Antidepressant treatment outcome depends on the quality of the living environment: a pre-clinical investigation in mice. | Branchi I et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A paradoxical association of an oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism: early-life adversity and vulnerability to depression. | McQuaid RJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Association between dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism and age related changes in brain glucose metabolism. | Volkow ND et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A translational neuroscience framework for the development of socioemotional functioning in health and psychopathology. | Wiggins JL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| BDNF Val 66 Met and 5-HTTLPR genotype moderate the impact of early psychosocial adversity on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and depressive symptoms: a prospective study. | Buchmann AF et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Beyond orchids and dandelions: testing the 5-HTT "risky" allele for evidence of phenotypic capacitance and frequency-dependent selection. | Conley D et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: phenotypic plasticity and human development. | Belsky J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Children's risk and resilience following a natural disaster: genetic vulnerability, posttraumatic stress, and depression. | La Greca AM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Confirmatory and competitive evaluation of alternative gene-environment interaction hypotheses. | Belsky J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Differential susceptibility to prevention: GABAergic, dopaminergic, and multilocus effects. | Brody GH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Dopamine D4 receptor gene variation is associated with context-dependent attention for emotion stimuli. | Wells TT et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| DRD4 genotype predicts longevity in mouse and human. | Grady DL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Early community context, genes, and youth body mass index trajectories: an investigation of gene-community interplay over early life course. | Wickrama KK et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Early postnatal interference with the expression of multiple Sp1 regulated genes leads to disparate behavioral response to sub-chronic and chronic stress in rats. | Asor E et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Emotional voice processing: investigating the role of genetic variation in the serotonin transporter across development. | Grossmann T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Epigenetic Modulation of Mood Disorders. | Archer T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Evo-devo of human adolescence: beyond disease models of early puberty. | Hochberg Z et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Family environment and adult resilience: contributions of positive parenting and the oxytocin receptor gene. | Bradley B et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction between dopamine receptor D4 7-repeat polymorphism and early maternal sensitivity predicts inattention trajectories across middle childhood. | Berry D et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Gene × environment interactions in the prediction of response to antidepressant treatment. | Klengel T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic differential sensitivity to social environments: implications for research. | Mitchell C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic moderation of early child-care effects on social functioning across childhood: a developmental analysis. | Belsky J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic polymorphisms in monoamine systems and outcome of cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder. | Andersson E et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic variation in MAOA modulates prefrontal cortical regulation of approach-avoidance reactions. | Ernst LH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic variation in the human brain dopamine system influences motor learning and its modulation by L-Dopa. | Pearson-Fuhrhop KM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genome-wide copy number variation analysis in extended families and unrelated individuals characterized for musical aptitude and creativity in music. | Ukkola-Vuoti L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| How the cerebral serotonin homeostasis predicts environmental changes: a model to explain seasonal changes of brain 5-HTT as intermediate phenotype of the 5-HTTLPR. | Kalbitzer J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Impact of maternal depression across the first 6 years of life on the child's mental health, social engagement, and empathy: The moderating role of oxytocin. | Apter-Levy Y et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Inflammatory vulnerability associated with the rh5-HTTLPR genotype in juvenile rhesus monkeys. | Amaral WZ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in depressive illnesses. | Audet MC et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Looking beyond the DNA sequence: the relevance of DNA methylation processes for the stress-diathesis model of depression. | Booij L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Measuring behaviour in rodents: towards translational neuropsychiatric research. | Homberg JR | — | 2013 | → |
| Neurogenetics of depression: a focus on reward processing and stress sensitivity. | Bogdan R et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Neurotrophic paths in the treatment of depression. | Hayley S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| On the evolution of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in primates. | Dobson SD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Oxytocin and social salience: a call for gene-environment interaction research. | Tabak BA | — | 2013 | → |
| Oxytocin, stress and social behavior: neurogenetics of the human oxytocin system. | Kumsta R et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Parental oxytocin and early caregiving jointly shape children's oxytocin response and social reciprocity. | Feldman R et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Perseverative instrumental and Pavlovian responding to conditioned stimuli in serotonin transporter knockout rats. | Nonkes LJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Polymorphic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor predicts delay discounting as a function of childhood socioeconomic status: evidence for differential susceptibility. | Sweitzer MM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Relation of symptom-induced impairment with other illness parameters in clinic-referred youth. | Gadow KD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Religion priming differentially increases prosocial behavior among variants of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. | Sasaki JY et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Rethinking psychiatry with OMICS science in the age of personalized P5 medicine: ready for psychiatome? | Bragazzi NL | — | 2013 | → |
| Role of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the development of the inward/outward personality organization: a genetic association study. | Nardi B et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| S100B overexpression increases behavioral and neural plasticity in response to the social environment during adolescence. | Buschert J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Social and emotional processing as a behavioural endophenotype in eating disorders: a pilot investigation in twins. | Kanakam N et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is associated with altered hemodynamic responses during appetitive conditioning. | Klucken T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The developmental psychopathology of irritability. | Leibenluft E et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The effect of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on adolescent and adult ADHD symptoms and educational attainment: a longitudinal study. | Kiive E et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The effects of maternal depression and maternal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure on offspring. | Olivier JD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The impact of adverse life events on clinical features and interaction with gene variants in mood disorder patients. | Serretti A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The interaction between child maltreatment, adult stressful life events and the 5-HTTLPR in major depression. | Power RA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The neurobiology of depression and antidepressant action. | Willner P et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The psychiatric vulnerability gene CACNA1C and its sex-specific relationship with personality traits, resilience factors and depressive symptoms in the general population. | Strohmaier J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Therapygenetics: the 5HTTLPR as a biomarker for response to psychological therapy? | Bockting CL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Therapygenetics: Using genetic markers to predict response to psychological treatment for mood and anxiety disorders. | Lester KJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The role of D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphisms in shaping human altruism and prosocial behavior. | Jiang Y et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The role of the serotonergic and GABA system in translational approaches in drug discovery for anxiety disorders. | Olivier JD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The Role of the Val66Met Polymorphism of the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene in Coping Strategies Relevant to Depressive Symptoms. | Caldwell W et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience: toward understanding adaptation to early-life adversity outcome. | Daskalakis NP et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Toward an integration of cognitive and genetic models of risk for depression. | Gibb BE et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Understanding Youth Antisocial Behavior Using Neuroscience through a Developmental Psychopathology Lens: Review, Integration, and Directions for Research. | Hyde LW et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Unexpected effects of early-life adversity and social enrichment on the anxiety profile of mice varying in serotonin transporter genotype. | Kloke V et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Variants at serotonin transporter and 2A receptor genes predict cooperative behavior differentially according to presence of punishment. | Schroeder KB et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Why negative meta-analyses may be false? | Hajek T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| 5-HTTLPR and early childhood adversities moderate cognitive and emotional processing in adolescence. | Owens M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| 5-HTTLPR S-allele: a genetic plasticity factor regarding the effects of life events on personality? | Kuepper Y et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Anger and irritability symptoms among youth with ODD: cross-informant versus source-exclusive syndromes. | Gadow KD et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Association of a functional variant of the nitric oxide synthase 1 gene with personality, anxiety, and depressiveness. | Kurrikoff T et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158 Met genotype, parenting practices and adolescent alcohol use: testing the differential susceptibility hypothesis. | Laucht M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. | Millan MJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Current research trends in early life stress and depression: review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics. | Heim C et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Denial of reward in the neonate shapes sociability and serotonergic activity in the adult rat. | Diamantopoulou A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Differential serotonin transport is linked to the rh5-HTTLPR in peripheral blood cells. | Singh YS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Differential susceptibility effects: the interaction of negative emotionality and sibling relationship quality on childhood internalizing problems and social skills. | Morgan JK et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Differential susceptibility in spillover between interparental conflict and maternal parenting practices: evidence for OXTR and 5-HTT genes. | Sturge-Apple ML et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Differential susceptibility to plasticity: a 'missing link' between gene-culture co-evolution and neuropsychiatric spectrum disorders? | Wurzman R et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Distinguishing ordinal and disordinal interactions. | Widaman KF et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Diversity in pathways to common childhood disruptive behavior disorders. | Martel MM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Does the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) polymorphism (rs2254298) confer 'vulnerability' for psychopathology or 'differential susceptibility'? Insights from evolution. | Brüne M | — | 2012 | → |
| Dopamine receptors D1 and D2 are related to observed maternal behavior. | Mileva-Seitz V et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Dopamine transporter polymorphisms affect social approach-avoidance tendencies. | Enter D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Effects of divorce on Dutch boys' and girls' externalizing behavior in Gene × Environment perspective: diathesis stress or differential susceptibility in the Dutch Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey study? | Nederhof E et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Fetal programming by maternal stress: Insights from a conflict perspective. | Del Giudice M | — | 2012 | → |
| Gene × Environment interaction and resilience: effects of child maltreatment and serotonin, corticotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and oxytocin genes. | Cicchetti D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction and the intergenerational transmission of parenting: testing the differential-susceptibility hypothesis. | Beaver KM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic and environmental multidimensionality of well- and ill-being in middle aged twin men. | Franz CE et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic and hormonal sensitivity to threat: testing a serotonin transporter genotype × testosterone interaction. | Josephs RA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic contributions to acute autonomic stress responsiveness in children. | Mueller A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic moderation of sensitivity to positive and negative affect in marriage. | Schoebi D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic sensitivity to the caregiving context: the influence of 5httlpr and BDNF val66met on indiscriminate social behavior. | Drury SS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genetic sensitivity to the environment, across lifetime. | Homberg JR | — | 2012 | → |
| Impact of experience-dependent and -independent factors on gene expression in songbird brain. | Drnevich J et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Infant development in family context: call for a genetically informed approach. | Parade SH et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Interacting effect of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and stressful life events on adolescent depression. | Chen J et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Maternal depression and child and adolescent depression symptoms: an exploratory test for moderation by CRHR1, FKBP5 and NR3C1 gene variants. | Lewis G et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor Iso/Val (rs5522) genotype moderates the association between previous childhood emotional neglect and amygdala reactivity. | Bogdan R et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Mismatch or cumulative stress: toward an integrated hypothesis of programming effects. | Nederhof E et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Neuropeptide Y promoter polymorphism modifies effects of a weight-loss diet on 2-year changes of blood pressure: the preventing overweight using novel dietary strategies trial. | Zhang X et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Psychodynamic psychiatry's green shoots. | Holmes J | — | 2012 | → |
| Serotonin transporter genotype 5HTTLPR as a marker of differential susceptibility? A meta-analysis of child and adolescent gene-by-environment studies. | van Ijzendoorn MH et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Stressful life events, perceived stress, and 12-month course of geriatric depression: direct effects and moderation by the 5-HTTLPR and COMT Val158Met polymorphisms. | Zannas AS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Symptoms of autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in clinically referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. | Gadow KD et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism moderates early deprivation effects on attention problems. | Gunnar MR et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The crisis of psychiatry - insights and prospects from evolutionary theory. | Brüne M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The developmental origins of externalizing behavioral problems: parental disengagement and the role of gene-environment interplay. | Boutwell BB et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The impact of serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype on the development of resting-state functional connectivity in children and adolescents: a preliminary report. | Wiggins JL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The impact of serotonin transporter genotype on default network connectivity in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. | Wiggins JL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The influence of gene-environment interactions on the development of alcoholism and drug dependence. | Enoch MA | — | 2012 | → |
| The interplay between parental monitoring and the dopamine D4 receptor gene in adolescent cannabis use. | Otten R et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The mismatch hypothesis of psychiatric disease. | Nederhof E | — | 2012 | → |
| Therapygenetics: the 5HTTLPR and response to psychological therapy. | Eley TC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The reciprocal interaction between serotonin and social behaviour. | Kiser D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The serotonin transporter gene and functional and pathological adaptation to environmental variation across the life span. | Homberg JR et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region is associated with the behavioral response to repeated stress exposure in infant rhesus macaques. | Spinelli S et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The stress-coping (mis)match hypothesis for nature × nurture interactions. | Homberg JR | — | 2012 | → |
| The trade-offs of emotional reactivity for youths' social information processing in the context of maternal depression. | Flynn M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Toward a mechanistic understanding of how variability in neurobiology shapes individual differences in behavior. | Bogdan R et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Treatment resistance and psychodynamic psychiatry: concepts psychiatry needs from psychoanalysis. | Plakun E | — | 2012 | → |
| A common and functional mineralocorticoid receptor haplotype enhances optimism and protects against depression in females. | Klok MD et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Affective and neuroendocrine stress reactivity to an academic examination: influence of the 5-HTTLPR genotype and trait neuroticism. | Verschoor E et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Animal models for depression and the mismatch hypothesis of disease. | Schmidt MV | — | 2011 | → |
| Animal models of anxiety disorders in rats and mice: some conceptual issues. | Steimer T | — | 2011 | → |
| An interaction between a neuropeptide Y gene polymorphism and early adversity modulates endocrine stress responses. | Witt SH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| An Interdisciplinary Approach to Studying Gene-Environment Interactions: From Twin Studies to Gene Identification and Back. | Dick DM | — | 2011 | → |
| Annual Research Review: Parenting and children's brain development: the end of the beginning. | Belsky J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Association between childhood maltreatment and adult emotional dysregulation in a low-income, urban, African American sample: moderation by oxytocin receptor gene. | Bradley B et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Association between DRD4 genotype and Autistic Symptoms in DSM-IV ADHD. | Reiersen AM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Biological sensitivity to context moderates the effects of the early teacher-child relationship on the development of mental health by adolescence. | Essex MJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Brain illness and creativity: mechanisms and treatment risks. | Flaherty AW | — | 2011 | → |
| Childhood adversity and allostatic overload of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: a vulnerability model for depressive disorders. | Wilkinson PO et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Children's 5-HTTLPR genotype moderates the link between maternal criticism and attentional biases specifically for facial displays of anger. | Gibb BE et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| CHRM2, parental monitoring, and adolescent externalizing behavior: evidence for gene-environment interaction. | Dick DM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (CRHR1) genetic variation and stress interact to influence reward learning. | Bogdan R et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Cumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting and adolescent self-regulation. | Belsky J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Deviant peer affiliation and antisocial behavior: interaction with Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) genotype. | Lee SS | — | 2011 | → |
| Differential susceptibility in youth: evidence that 5-HTTLPR x positive parenting is associated with positive affect 'for better and worse'. | Hankin BL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Differential susceptibility to adolescent externalizing trajectories: examining the interplay between CHRM2 and peer group antisocial behavior. | Latendresse SJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary--neurodevelopmental theory. | Ellis BJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| DRD4-exonIII-VNTR moderates the effect of childhood adversities on emotional resilience in young-adults. | Das D et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Emerging self-regulation in toddlers born preterm or low birth weight: differential susceptibility to parenting? | Poehlmann J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Forecasting aggression: toward a new interdisciplinary understanding of what makes some troubled youth turn violent. | Schechter DS | — | 2011 | → |
| Gene-by-environment experiments: a new approach to finding the missing heritability. | van Ijzendoorn MH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction in psychological traits and disorders. | Dick DM | — | 2011 | → |
| Gene-environment interaction in the etiology of mathematical ability using SNP sets. | Docherty SJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Gene-environment interactions: early life stress and risk for depressive and anxiety disorders. | Nugent NR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Gene - Environment Interplay, Family Relationships, and Child Adjustment. | Horwitz BN et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Gene-environment interplay in common complex diseases: forging an integrative model—recommendations from an NIH workshop. | Bookman EB et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Individual Differences in Developmental Plasticity May Result From Stochastic Sampling. | Frankenhuis WE et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Interaction between COMT haplotypes and cannabis in schizophrenia: a case-only study in two samples from Spain. | Costas J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Interaction of serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region and stressful life events predicts cortisol stress response. | Mueller A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Looking on the bright side of serotonin transporter gene variation. | Homberg JR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Pituitary glucocorticoid receptor deletion reduces vulnerability to chronic stress. | Wagner KV et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity? | Pluess M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Psychopathological aspects of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in adolescence and young adulthood. | Nemoda Z et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Recognition of scared faces and the serotonin transporter gene in young children: the Generation R Study. | Székely E et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Reduced cortical thickness as an outcome of differential sensitivity to environmental risks in schizophrenia. | Habets P et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Re-examining heritability: genetics, life history and plasticity. | Wells JC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Role of mother's genes and environment in postpartum depression. | Mitchell C et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Serotonergic modulation in executive functioning: linking genetic variations to working memory performance. | Enge S et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Serotonin receptor 2A gene moderates the effect of childhood maternal nurturance on adulthood social attachment. | Salo J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Serotonin Transporter (5-HTTLPR) Genotype and Childhood Trauma are Associated with Individual Differences in Decision Making. | Stoltenberg SF et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Serotonin transporter allelic variation in mothers predicts maternal sensitivity, behavior and attitudes toward 6-month-old infants. | Mileva-Seitz V et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Serotonin transporter polymorphism moderates effects of prenatal maternal anxiety on infant negative emotionality. | Pluess M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Similarity in temperament between mother and offspring rhesus monkeys: sex differences and the role of monoamine oxidase-a and serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism genotypes. | Sullivan EC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept. | Koolhaas JM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The association between parenting and attachment security is moderated by a polymorphism in the mineralocorticoid receptor gene: evidence for differential susceptibility. | Luijk MP et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism modulates the effects of parental rearing on personality traits in healthy subjects. | Suzuki A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD. | Martel MM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The double edged sword of neural plasticity: increasing serotonin levels leads to both greater vulnerability to depression and improved capacity to recover. | Branchi I | — | 2011 | → |
| The four dimensions: a model for the social aetiology of psychosis. | Shah J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The richness of social stimuli shapes developmental trajectories: Are laboratory mouse pups impoverished? | Branchi I et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The serotonin transporter gene alters sensitivity to attention bias modification: evidence for a plasticity gene. | Fox E et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Using gene-environment interactions to target personalized treatment in mood disorder. | Klengel T et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| 5-HTTLPR moderates effects of current life events on neuroticism: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. | Pluess M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| A season-of-birth/DRD4 interaction predicts maximal body mass index in women with bulimia nervosa. | Levitan RD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Consilient research approaches in studying gene x environment interactions in alcohol research. | Sher KJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Differential susceptibility to fathers' care and involvement: The moderating effect of infant reactivity. | Ramchandani PG et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Ethnicity, gender, genotype, and anger as related to nocturnal dipping. | Bishop GD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Evidence for plasticity genotypes in a gene-gene-environment interaction: the TRAILS study. | Nederhof E et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| FADS2 polymorphisms modify the effect of breastfeeding on child IQ. | Steer CD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| From nature versus nurture, via nature and nurture, to gene x environment interaction in mental disorders. | Wermter AK et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Genetic polymorphism in the serotonin transporter promoter region and ecological success in macaques. | Chakraborty S et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Genetics of human social behavior. | Ebstein RP et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Glutamate transporter gene (SLC1A1) single nucleotide polymorphism (rs301430) and repetitive behaviors and anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder. | Gadow KD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Harsh discipline, childhood sexual assault, and MAOA genotype: an investigation of main and interactive effects on diverse clinical externalizing outcomes. | Derringer J et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Impact of psychological stress on the associations between apolipoprotein E variants and metabolic traits: findings in an American sample of caregivers and controls. | Kring SI et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Interaction between 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on HPA axis reactivity in preschoolers. | Dougherty LR et al. | — | 2010 | → |
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